Somalia new PM
Somalia parliament voted Mohamed
Hussein Roble unanimously to become
new Prime Minister of the nation.
His predecessor, Hassan Ali
Khaire, was ousted by parliament in
July 2020 in a no- confidence vote tied
directly to his failure to present a
roadmap to holding democratic elec-
tions due before February 2021.
India-Denmark Green StrategicPartnership
Prime Minister Narendra Modi and
Denmark Prime Minister Mette
Frederiksen participated in virtual bilat-
eral summit on 28 September 2020.
A joint statement was issued
after the summit said that the new
“green strategic partnership” will build
on an existing Joint Commission
for Cooperation, created in 2009, for
cooperation in politics, economics
and commerce, science and
technology, energy, environment and
education.
Cargo Ferry to the Maldives
The first-ever Cargo Ferry Service
between India and the Maldives was
launched on 21 September 2020. The
Cargo Ferry Vessel MCP Linz operated
by the Shipping Corporation of India
that will connect Tuticorin and Cochin
ports in India with Kulhudhuhfushi and
Male ports in the Maldives.
Class of Young Leaders for SDGs
Udit Singhal, a teen from India has
been named by the United Nations to
the 2020 cohort of young leaders for
the Sustainable Development Goals.
He has been named to the 2020
Class of 17 Young Leaders for the
Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs). Udit is the founder of
Glass2Sand, a zero-waste ecosystem
that addresses the growing menace of
glass waste in Delhi.
It is the highest-profile recognition
opportunity at the world body for young-
sters who are leading efforts to combat
the world's most pressing issues.
UNEP Ambassador
Khushi Chindaliya, a 17-year-old girl
from Surat appointed as Regional
Ambassador for UN Environment
Programme-Tunza Eco-Generation.
The nature lover and passionate
environmentalist, she invested a lot of
time working on the environment, trying
to understand the causes of degradation
and looking for the plans to correct it.
Khushi Chindaliya’s appointment
will give a platform to spread aware-
ness about the safeguard of environ-
mental treasures and discuss India’s
contribution to environmental conserva-
tion.
The influential people list
Prime Minister Narendra Modi is one
among the five Indians have been fea-
tured in TIME Magazine’s annual list of
the world’s 100 most influential people.
This is fourth time for PM Modi to find
the place in the list since he took office
in 2014. He was named under the cat-
egory of leaders along with US
President Donald Trump and Chinese
President Xi Jinping.
Didi Bilkis, the 82-year-old grand-
mother who relentlessly protested
against the Citizenship Amendment
ACT (CAA) at Delhi’s Shaheen Bagh,
Bollywood actor Ayushmann Khurrana,
Alphabet and Google CEO Sundar
Pichai, Ravindra Gupta, the professor
of clinical microbiology at the
Cambridge University is a doctor of
Indian origin are other Indian origin
found in the list.
GH
ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù ÍÚÁdñô¢ª 7, 2020 n e-mail: [email protected]
17
Amara Veeraswamy
Subject Expert
Writer
General
Awareness
BrahMos
The new version of the extended
range BrahMos supersonic cruise mis-
sile which can hit a target of 400 Km
range, blasted off and flew straight to
its target successfully off the coast of
Odisha. The BrahMos with its super-
sonic speed of 2.8 Mach (almost 3,000
kmph) making it extremely difficult for
enemy fighters to intercept and shoot-
down. The missile has been developed
as a joint venture between DRDO and
the Federal State Unitary Enterprise
NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of
Russia.
Parliament passed 3 bills
Both houses of Parliament passed
three labour code Bills for the welfare
and protection of workers.
The Occupational Safety, Health
and Working Conditions Code 2020,
seeks to amend the laws regulating the
occupational safety, health and work-
ing conditions of the persons employed
in an establishment. The Industrial
Relations Code 2020, aims at amend-
ing the laws relating to Trade Unions,
conditions of employment in industrial
establishment or undertaking, investi-
gation and settlement of industrial dis-
putes. The Code on Social Security,
2020 seeks to amend the laws relating
to the social security of the employees
in the country.
Institutions of National Importance
Parliament passed the Indian Institutes
of Information Technology Laws
(Amendment) Bill 2020. The Bill seeks
to declare five IIITs set up under the
Public-private partnership (PPP)
mode in Surat, Bhopal, Bhagalpur,
Agartala, and Raichur as institutions of
national importance. There are 25 IIITs
in the country out of which 5 are pure-
ly run by the central government and
15 operate under public private part-
nership (PPP) mode.
Major Port Authorities Bill-2020
On 23 September 2020, Lok Sabha
passed the Major Port Authorities Bill,
2020. The Bill seeks to provide for reg-
ulation, operation and planning of
major ports in the country and provide
greater autonomy to these ports.
ABHYAS
On 22 September 2020, the Defence
Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) conducted the
successful flight test of ABHYAS-High-
speed Expendable Aerial Target
(HEAT). The flight test was done from
the Interim Test Range, Balasore in
Odisha.
ABHYAS is designed and devel-
oped by Aeronautical Development
Establishment (ADE), DRDO
ATGM
Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) successfully
test-fired the indigenously-developed
Laser-Guided Anti Tank Guided
Missile (ATGM) from the Main Battle
Tank (MBT) Arjun at KK Ranges in
Ahmednagar in Maharashtra to
enhance the armoured warfare capa-
bilities.
The missile was fired at a range of
around 3 km in the test and success-
fully took out a target. While the missile
is currently being tested from the MBT
Arjun, it has been designed so that it
can be fired from other platforms too.
International
1. Whose tenure has been extended
by the central government as
Deputy National Security Adviser?
1) Sunil Sethi
2) Narayanaswamy
3) Pankaj Saran
4) Archana Soreng
5) Shikha Sharma
2. Who heads the High-Level Task
Force that constituted to improve
the air quality in the National
Capital Region of Delhi?
1) Amitabh Kant 2) Dr V K Paul
3) Dr. P. K. Mishra 4) Preeti Sudan
5) Kapil Mishra
3. Who had beaten Diego
Schwartzman of Argentina to win
his fifth Italian Tennis Open title?
1) Rafael Nadal
2) Alexander Zverev
3) Novak Djokovic
4) Dominic Thiem
5) Stefanos Tsitsipas
4. Which state introduced 'Moksha
Kalash Yojana-2020' to allow free
bus travel to two members of a fam-
ily to immerse ashes of their loved
ones in the Ganga in Haridwar?
1) MP 2) Rajasthan
3) Andhra Pradesh
4) Chhattisgarh 5) Tamil Nadu
5. Parliament passed the bill for the
inclusion of Kashmiri …… and
Hindi in the list of official languages
in Jammu and Kashmir, in addition
to the existing Urdu and English.
1) Dogri 2) Pashto 3) Punjabi
4) Nepali 5) Persian
6. International Day of Democracy
observed on…
1) 30 September 2) 24 September
3) 28 September 4) 15 September
5) 29 September
7. Union Minister of State for Railways
Suresh Angadi passed away. He
represented which Loksabha con-
stituency in Karnataka?
1) Belagavi 2) Kolar 3) Gulbarga
4) Hassan 5) Bijapur
8. India's first Coast Guard Academy
will be established at..
1) Kochi 2) Goa
3) Machilipatnam 4) Mangaluru
5) Chennai
9. Brookwater Golf Club women’s
championship won by..
1) Ko Jin-young 2) Ashleigh Barty
3) Nelly Korda 4) Danielle Kang
5) Brooke Henderson
'Moksha Kalash Yojana-2020'
introduced by..?
Model Questions
National
World Tourism Day
World Tourism Day is commemorated
each year on the 27th of September.
The 2020 edition of World Tourism
Day, with the theme of “Tourism and
Rural Development”, celebrated the
unique role that tourism plays in pro-
viding opportunities outside of big cities
and preserving cultural and natural
heritage all around the world.
UNWTO (United Nations World
Tourism Organisation) revealed the
data that 100 to 120 million direct
tourism jobs are at risk due to COVID
pandemic.
On this eve, the Home Minister Amit
Others
Shah inaugurated the Destination
North East 2020 on the occasion of
world tourism day. For Destination
North East 2020, the theme is "The
Emerging Delightful Destinations".
Golden Pen of Freedom Award
The Golden Pen of Freedom, the
annual press freedom award of the
World Association of News Publishers
(WAN-IFRA) was awarded to
Colombian journalist, Jineth Bedoya
Lima. The award conferred on Jineth
for her tireless work in promoting and
protecting the rights of women. She
reported on the armed conflict in her
native Colombia as well as drug traf-
ficking and gender issues that nour-
ished her journalistic work over the
past two decades.
International Translation Day
International Translation Day is
observed on September 30 to cele-
brate the work of language translation
professionals which facilitates dia-
logue, understanding, and cooperation,
contributing to the development and
strengthening of world peace and
security. The theme of International
Translation Day 2020 is “Finding the
words for a world in crisis”.
1-3 2-3 3-3 4-2 5-1 6-4
7-1 8-4 9-2.
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Key
Udit Singhal
4 Marks Questions
Q: Draw labelled diagram of the V.S. of Kidney.
Q: Explain micturition.
A: Micturition is the process of sending out the
urine. The neural mechanism involved is
called "micturition reflex". Urine formed by
the nephrons is ultimately carried to the uri-
nary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary
signal is given by CNS. The signal is initiat-
ed by the stretching to the urinary bladder as
it gets filled with urine. In response, the
stretch receptors on the walls of the bladder
send signals to to the CNS. Then CNS
sends motor messages to initiate the con-
traction of smooth muscles of the bladder
and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral
sphincter, causing the release of urine. An
adult human excretes 1 to 2 litres of urine
per day on an average and 25-30 gr. of urea
is excreted with it.
2 Marks Questions
Q: What is juxta glomerular apparatus?
A: The juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) is the
region in each nephron where the afferent
arteriole comes into contact with DCT. The
crowded cells of DCT in this region is macu-
la densa. Modified smooth muscle cells in
the wall of afferent renal arteriole are JG
cells. Macula densa together with JG cells
form JGA. It responds to decrease in blood
pressure and volume.
Q: Distinguish between the enzymes renin and
rennin.
A: Renin enzyme (angiotensinogenase) is
secreted by Juxta glomerular cells, when
there is a fall in glomerular blood pressure. It
initiates RAAS mechanism.
Enzyme rennin is a proteolytic enzyme pre-
vent in the gastric juice of infants. It is secreted
by chief cells or peptic cells of gastric glands. It
converts casein (milk protein) into calcium para-
caseinate in presence of calcium ions.
RenninCasein → Calcium paracaseinate
Ca++
(curd)
Q: Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
A: The amount of filtrate formed in all the renal
corpuscles of both the kidneys per minute is
called as Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
In a healthy person it is approximately 125
ml. per minute i,e. 180 litres per day.
Q: Name the blood vessels that enter and exit
the kidney.
A: The blood vessel that enters the kidney is
renal artery where as the blood vessel that
comes out of the kidney is renal vein.
Q: What are column of Bertin?
A: The projection of renal cortex that extend
between renal pyramids in the kidney are
called Renal columns or columns of Bertin.
2 Marks Questions
Q: What is meant by chloride shift?
A: Chloride shift occurs during the transport
of CO2. During this Cl− ions move from
plasma into RBC and HCO−
3 ions move from
RBC into plasma. It facilitates more transport
of CO2 as bicarbonates by blood plasma.
It is also called Hamburger's phenomenon.
Q: What is the effect of PCO2 on oxygen
transport?
A: The effect of partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2)
and H+ ions on the oxygen carrying capacity
of haemoglobin is called Bohr effect.
Decrease in pH, increase in H+ concentra-
tion and increase in CO2 (in tissues) results
in reduction is the affinity of haemoglobin for
oxygen.
Q: What are conchae?
A: Conchae or turbinals are thin, twisted bony
plates present in the respiratory parts of
nasal chambers. They are involved in condi-
tioning the temperature of inhaled air.
2 Marks Questions
Q: What is a 'motor unit' with reference to mus-
cle and nerve?
A: A motor neuron and the set of muscle fibres
innervated by all its telodendrites is a motor
unit. The junction between a motor neuron
and the sarcolemma of a muscle fibre is
called motor end plate or neuromuscular
junction.
Q: Distinguish between red muscle fibres and
white muscle fibres?
A:
Q: Human skull is described as dicondylic skull.
Give the reason.
A: In human skull two occipital condyles are
present one on each side of the foramen
magnum. Hence it is dicondylic type of skull.
Q: What is triad system?
A: In a striated muscle fibre/ cell, sarcolemma
invaginates at the junction of A and I bands
to form T-tubule or transverse tubules.
Terminal cisternae formed from sarcoplasmic
reticulum on either side of T-tubule. T-tuble
and two terminal cisternae on its sides form
triad system. Calcium ions required for mus-
cle contraction are stored in the cisternae.
Q: Name the cranial sutures and their locations.
A: The skull bones are joined by sutures.
Coronal suture joins parietal bones with
frontal bone (fore head bone). Lambdoid
suture joins parietal bones posteriorly to the
oceipital bone.
4 Marks Questions
Q: What is Cori’s cycle - explain the process.
A: Cori cycle was proposed by cori and cori
who got nobel prize. it occurs in the muscles
and liver. During rapid contraction of skeletal
muscles under low oxygen availability (gly-
colysis) pyruvic acid is formed and it is con-
verted into lactic acid or laetate in the
cytosol. It leads to muscle fatigue. Lactic
acid is released into blood and carried to the
liver. liver converts it into pyruvic acid or
pyruvate. It is then converted to glucose
through gluconeogenesis. The glucose mol-
ecules are then released into blood circula-
tion and they are absorbed by skeletal mus-
cle fibres. It is used immediately if required
or else, used to rebuild there glycogem
reserves. This shuffling of lactate to the liver
and glucose back to muscle cells is called
the coricycle.
Q: Write short notes on the ribs of human
being.
A: Human chest consists of 12 pairs of ribs.
Each rib is a thin, flat bone connected dor-
sally to vertebral column and ventrally to the
sternum. It has two articulating surfaces as
dorsal end for attachment to thoralic verte-
brae. Hence these are bicephalic ribs. First
seven pairs of ribs are true ribs or vertebro
sternal ribs as they are attached dorsally to
thoralic vertebral and vertrally to sternum
with the help of hyaline cartilages. Pairs
8,9,10 are false ribs or vertebro chondral ribs
and are attached indirectly to sternum by
means of cartilages with sternal part of 7th
rib. Last two pairs (11th and 12th) of ribs are
floating ribs or vertebral ribs as they are not
connected vertrally either to the sternum or
to the anterior ribs. The thoralic vertebrae,
ribs and sternum together form the rib case.
Breathing and exchange of gases
Musculoskeletal System
ZOOLOGY
Dr. M.R. Prasad
Subject Expert
Writer
What is meant by chloride shift?Excretory products and
their elimination
2 Marks Questions
Q: Why the arteries are more elastic than
veins?
A: Arteries are more elastic due to the pres-
ence of two elastic laminae one each on
either side of middle layer tunica media
which is relatively thicker than in veins.
Veins have thin tunica media and only one
elastic lamina on the inner side of tunica
media. This feature helps in pressure flow of
blood in arteries.
Q: Where is the valve of Thebesius in the heart
of man?
A: Thebesius valve is present at the opening
of coronary sinus into the right atrium of the
heart. It collects the blood from the
myocardium (wall of heart) into the right atri-
um.
Q: Name the aortic arches arising from the
ventricles of the heart of man?
A: Pulmonary arch is the aortic arch that arises
from the left anterior angle of the right ven-
tricle. Left systemic arch is the aortic arch
that arises from the left ventricle.
4 Marks Questions
Q: Explain the mechanism of clotting of blood.
A: Clotting of blood (haemostasis) is a complex
cascade of enzymatic reactions that occur in
plasma, when a blood vessel is damaged. It
occurs in 3 steps.
H Step 1: Formation of prothrombin activator
occurs in it by the interaction of clotting fac-
tors present in the blood. It is formed by cas-
cade of chemical reactions, that occur in two
pathways.
a) Intrinsic pathway: It takes place when the
blood comes into contact with the collagen
of injured endothelium of blood vessel. It
activates factor XII (Hageman's factor) and
as a result of cascade reactions, the final
product prothrombin activator is formed.
b) Extrinsic pathway: It begins with chemicals
that are outside the blood when there is a
severe damage in the vascular wall and
when extra vascular tissue is exposed to the
blood. This activates the release of the tis-
sue thromboplastin (factor III) from the dam-
aged tissue. It activates factor VII
(Proconvertin or stable factor). Due to these
cascade reactions, the final product pro-
thrombin activator is formed.
H Step 2: The prothrombin activator, in the
presence of sufficient amount of ionic ca++,
causes the conversion of inactive prothrom-
bin protein of plasma to active thrombin.
H Step 3: Thrombin causes the conversion of
soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into solu-
ble fibrin monomers which are weakly bond-
ed with each other by hydrogen bonds.
Factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor) released
from the platelets forms a 'mesh work' by
replacing hydrogen bonds with covalent
bonds and cross links the fibres. The insolu-
ble mesh work of fibrin fibres spreading in all
directions adhere to the damaged surfaces
and trap the blood cells and platelets. This
strengthens the clot.
After clot is formed, it begins to condense
into a more compact structure by the process
called clot retraction. The fluid that is squeezed
out of clot during clot retraction is serum
(Plasma without fibrinogen).
Body fluids and circulationRed muscle fibers
1. Content of myo-
globin, a red
coloured oxygen
storing pigment is
high in these
fibres.
2. Mitochondria are
plenty.
3. These are aerobic
muscles as they
depend on aerobic
process for
release of energy.
White muscle fibers
1. These muscle
fibres possess a
very less quantity
of myoglobin and
so appear pale or
whitish.
2. Mitochondria are
few in number.
3. These are anaero-
bic muscles as they
depend on anaero-
bic process for
energy release.
VAIBHAV Summit
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugu-
rated Vaishvik Bhartiya Vaigyanik
(VAIBHAV) Summit on 2 October 2020
through video conference. The Summit
is a global virtual summit of overseas
and resident Indian researchers and
academicians.
Over 3000 overseas Indian origin
academicians and scientists from 55
countries and more than 10000 resi-
dent academicians and scientists are
taking part in this summit. It will con-
clude on 31 October 2020.
The summit aims to bring Indian
origin luminaries in academic institutes
and Research and Development orga-
nizations across the world and resident
counterparts on a single platform to
debate upon collaboration mechanisms
to strengthen academic and Science
and Technology based in India for glob-
al development.
Global Climate Summit
United Nations and Britain will co-host
a global climate summit on 12
December 2020.
National governments will be invit-
ed to present more ambitious and high-
quality climate plans at the summit,
which would involve government lead-
ers as well as the private sector and
civil society. The December summit is
intended to increase momentum ahead
of the U.N. Climate Change
Conference (COP 26) to be held in
Glasgow in November 2021.
PM address in UNGA
On 26 September 2020, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi virtually addressed the
75th session of the United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA) in Hindi.
He focused on reforming the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC). In
his pre-recorded video statement PM
questioned for how long will India, the
world’s largest democracy and home to
130 crore people, be kept out of the
decision-making structures of the
United Nations, asserting that reform in
the responses, processes and the very
character of the global body is the
“need of the hour”.
The event was held under the theme
“The Future We Want, the UN We
Need: Reaffirming our Collective
Commitment to Multilateralism”.
‘Declaration on the Commemoration
of the 75th Anniversary of the United
Nations' was adopted at the high-level
meeting of the 193-member Assembly.
25th Anniversary of the Fourth
World Conference on Women
Union Minister for Women and Child
Development Smriti Irani participated in
the 25th Anniversary of the Fourth
World Conference on Women virtually
and said that India recognises the cen-
trality of gender equality and women's
empowerment in all aspects in the
developmental agenda.
On this eve, the UN Women
Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo
Ngcuka called for big and bold steps to
accelerate progress towards gender
equality.
G4 Nations meeting
On the eve of 75th session of the
United Nations General Assembly, the
Foreign Ministers of the G4 countries -
India, Brazil, Japan, and Germany met
virtually and highlighted the urgency of
reforming the United Nations and
updating its main decision-making bod-
ies to better reflect contemporary reali-
ties.
Broader membership of the Security
Council will allow it to preserve its cred-
ibility and create the political backing
needed for the peaceful resolution of
today’s international crises.
GH
ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù ÍÚÁdñô¢ª 7, 2020 n e-mail: [email protected]
17
Amara Veeraswamy
Subject Expert
Writer General
Awareness
Ghar Tak Fibre
On 21 September 2020, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated
nine highway projects and the ‘Ghar
Tak Fibre’ scheme via video-confer-
ence in Bihar.
‘Ghar Tak Fibre’ scheme will con-
nect all 45,945 villages of Bihar
through optical fibre internet service
brings a “digital revolution” to reach the
state’s remotest corner”. The project
will include setting up of Wi-Fi and free
connections at government institutions
such as primary schools, Anganwadi
centres, Aasha workers, Jeevika Didi.
The highway projects inaugurated
cover a road length of about 350 kilo-
metres and will be completed at a cost
of Rs. 14,258 crore.
Ambedkar Social InnovationIncubation Mission
Union Minister of Social Justice and
Empowerment Thaawarchand Gehlot
launched a programme named
‘Ambedkar Social Innovation
Incubation Mission’ (ASIIM) on 30
September 2020, to promote innova-
tion and entrepreneurship among
Scheduled Caste (SC) students in the
higher education campuses.
The programme helps the SC
techies refine a raw startup idea in the
best technological facilities and take it
to commercial launch, to create 1,000
SC startups over three years.
ASIIM will run for 3 years with a
total budget of Rs. 308.8 crore. The
funds will be routed through the social
justice ministry’s “Venture Capital
Fund for SCs” which is managed by
the IFCI Venture Capital Fund Limited.
Atal Tunnel
On 3 October 2020, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi inaugurated the strate-
gically important, all-weather Atal
Tunnel at Rohtang in Himachal
Pradesh. It connects Manali to the
Lahaul-Spiti valley and reduces travel
time to Leh in the Union Territory of
Ladakh by five hours.
The Border Roads Organisation
(BRO) completed the construction of
the tunnel within its estimated cost of
construction.
The tunnel is built with ultra-mod-
ern specifications in the Pir Panjal
range of Himalayas at an altitude of
3,000 metres (10,000 feet) from the
Mean Sea Level (MSL).
The 9.02 km-long longest highway
tunnel in the world is a horseshoe-
shaped built at a cost of about Rs.
3,300 crore. The tunnel has a tele-
phone facility at every 150 metre, a fire
hydrant every 60 metre, emergency
exits every 500 metre, a turning cavern
every 2.2 km, air quality monitors every
1 km, broadcasting system and auto-
matic incident detection system with
CCTV cameras every 250 metre.
The central government decided to
name the Rohtang Tunnel as Atal
Tunnel in December 2019.
International
1. Who is appointed as the first
Chairman of the National Medical
Commission?
1) Randeep Guleria
2) Balram Bhargava
3) Suresh Chandra Sharma
4) Soumya Swaminathan
5) Lav Agarwal
2. Sheikh Nawaf Al Ahmad Al Sabah
became the emir of ….
1) UAE 2) Saudi Arabia
3) Qatar 4) Kuwait 5) Oman
3. Who is appointed as the new chief
of National Technical Research
Organisation (NTRO)?
1) Usha Padhee 2) Aveek Sarkar
3) Anil Dhasmana
4) Subhash Kamath
5) Rajat Sud
4. 'Ganga Avalokan', the first muse-
um on Ganga aimed at showcasing
the culture, biodiversity and rejuve-
nation activities done in the river
inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi
in …
1) UP 2) Uttarakhand
3) West Bengal 4) Bihar
5) Jharkhand
5. What is the theme of the
International Day of Peace 2020
that observed on 21 September?
1) Peace from Carona
2) Peace for SDG
3) Shaping Peace Together
4) Peace for 21st Century
5) Achieving the Peace
6. Which company won the contract
to build new parliament building for
Rs. 861.9 crores?
1) L & T 2) Lodha Group
3) TATA projects
4) Shapoorji Pallonji & Co Ltd
5) GMR Group
7. Rashtriya Raksha University will be
established in…
1) Rajasthan 2) Gujrat
3) Telangana 4) Odisha
5) Kerala
8. Russian Grand Prix 2020 won by..
1) Lewis Hamilton
2) Max Verstappen
3) Valtteri Bottas
4) Daniel Ricciardo
5) Charles Leclerc
9. ‘Jeevani’, a health drink aimed at
enhancing the immunity levels of
people launched by which state
Agriculture University?
1) Andhra Pradesh 2) Telangana
3) Karnataka 4) Bihar 5) Kerala
'Ganga Avalokan'
located in which state?
Model Questions
National
Swachh Bharat Awards-2020
On 2 October 2020, Union Jal Shakti
Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat
conferred the Swachh Bharat Awards-
2020 to States, Districts, Blocks and
Village Panchayats.
The awards were given particularly
under the drinking water and cleanli-
ness categories.
The government of India had earli-
er launched three missions under
Swachh Sundar Samudayik
Shouchalaya, Samudayik
Shouchalaya Abhiyan and Gandagi
Mukth Bharat. Under the Swachh
Sundar Samudayik Shouchalaya cat-
Others
egory, Gujarat bagged the first posi-
tion at state level whereas Tirunelveli
in Tamil Nadu got the award for
cleanliness at District Level.
Khachrod block in Ujjain district in
Madhya Pradesh was awarded the
first position and Chinnanur Village in
Tamil Nadu bagged the top slot at
Gram Panchayat level.
Under the Samudayik Shouchalaya
Abhiyan, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh
were awarded as the best performing
states whereas Prayagraj and Bareilly
got it for being the best performing dis-
tricts. Under the Gandagi Mukth Bharat
Mission, Haryana and Telangana were
awarded the top slot.
SDG Special HumanitarianAction Award
Veteran actor Sonu Sood was con-
ferred with the prestigious SDG
Special Humanitarian Action Award
by the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) on 28
September 2020 during a virtual cer-
emony.
He tirelessly worked to help stranded
migrant workers get to their homes dur-
ing the lockdown and often dubbed as
the “messiah of migrants”.
1-3 2-4 3-3 4-2 5-3 6-3
7-2 8-3 9-5
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4 Marks Questions
Q: Draw labelled diagram of the V.S. of Kidney.
Q: Explain micturition.
A: Micturition is the process of sending out the
urine. The neural mechanism involved is
called "micturition reflex". Urine formed by
the nephrons is ultimately carried to the uri-
nary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary
signal is given by CNS. The signal is initiat-
ed by the stretching to the urinary bladder as
it gets filled with urine. In response, the
stretch receptors on the walls of the bladder
send signals to to the CNS. Then CNS
sends motor messages to initiate the con-
traction of smooth muscles of the bladder
and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral
sphincter, causing the release of urine. An
adult human excretes 1 to 2 litres of urine
per day on an average and 25-30 gr. of urea
is excreted with it.
2 Marks Questions
Q: What is juxta glomerular apparatus?
A: The juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) is the
region in each nephron where the afferent
arteriole comes into contact with DCT. The
crowded cells of DCT in this region is macu-
la densa. Modified smooth muscle cells in
the wall of afferent renal arteriole are JG
cells. Macula densa together with JG cells
form JGA. It responds to decrease in blood
pressure and volume.
Q: Distinguish between the enzymes renin and
rennin.
A: Renin enzyme (angiotensinogenase) is
secreted by Juxta glomerular cells, when
there is a fall in glomerular blood pressure. It
initiates RAAS mechanism.
Enzyme rennin is a proteolytic enzyme pre-
vent in the gastric juice of infants. It is secreted
by chief cells or peptic cells of gastric glands. It
converts casein (milk protein) into calcium para-
caseinate in presence of calcium ions.
RenninCasein → Calcium paracaseinate
Ca++
(curd)
Q: Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
A: The amount of filtrate formed in all the renal
corpuscles of both the kidneys per minute is
called as Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
In a healthy person it is approximately 125
ml. per minute i,e. 180 litres per day.
Q: Name the blood vessels that enter and exit
the kidney.
A: The blood vessel that enters the kidney is
renal artery where as the blood vessel that
comes out of the kidney is renal vein.
Q: What are column of Bertin?
A: The projection of renal cortex that extend
between renal pyramids in the kidney are
called Renal columns or columns of Bertin.
2 Marks Questions
Q: What is meant by chloride shift?
A: Chloride shift occurs during the transport
of CO2. During this Cl− ions move from
plasma into RBC and HCO−
3 ions move from
RBC into plasma. It facilitates more transport
of CO2 as bicarbonates by blood plasma.
It is also called Hamburger's phenomenon.
Q: What is the effect of PCO2 on oxygen
transport?
A: The effect of partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2)
and H+ ions on the oxygen carrying capacity
of haemoglobin is called Bohr effect.
Decrease in pH, increase in H+ concentra-
tion and increase in CO2 (in tissues) results
in reduction is the affinity of haemoglobin for
oxygen.
Q: What are conchae?
A: Conchae or turbinals are thin, twisted bony
plates present in the respiratory parts of
nasal chambers. They are involved in condi-
tioning the temperature of inhaled air.
2 Marks Questions
Q: What is a 'motor unit' with reference to mus-
cle and nerve?
A: A motor neuron and the set of muscle fibres
innervated by all its telodendrites is a motor
unit. The junction between a motor neuron
and the sarcolemma of a muscle fibre is
called motor end plate or neuromuscular
junction.
Q: Distinguish between red muscle fibres and
white muscle fibres?
A:
Q: Human skull is described as dicondylic skull.
Give the reason.
A: In human skull two occipital condyles are
present one on each side of the foramen
magnum. Hence it is dicondylic type of skull.
Q: What is triad system?
A: In a striated muscle fibre/ cell, sarcolemma
invaginates at the junction of A and I bands
to form T-tubule or transverse tubules.
Terminal cisternae formed from sarcoplasmic
reticulum on either side of T-tubule. T-tuble
and two terminal cisternae on its sides form
triad system. Calcium ions required for mus-
cle contraction are stored in the cisternae.
Q: Name the cranial sutures and their locations.
A: The skull bones are joined by sutures.
Coronal suture joins parietal bones with
frontal bone (fore head bone). Lambdoid
suture joins parietal bones posteriorly to the
oceipital bone.
4 Marks Questions
Q: What is Cori’s cycle - explain the process.
A: Cori cycle was proposed by cori and cori
who got nobel prize. it occurs in the muscles
and liver. During rapid contraction of skeletal
muscles under low oxygen availability (gly-
colysis) pyruvic acid is formed and it is con-
verted into lactic acid or laetate in the
cytosol. It leads to muscle fatigue. Lactic
acid is released into blood and carried to the
liver. liver converts it into pyruvic acid or
pyruvate. It is then converted to glucose
through gluconeogenesis. The glucose mol-
ecules are then released into blood circula-
tion and they are absorbed by skeletal mus-
cle fibres. It is used immediately if required
or else, used to rebuild there glycogem
reserves. This shuffling of lactate to the liver
and glucose back to muscle cells is called
the coricycle.
Q: Write short notes on the ribs of human
being.
A: Human chest consists of 12 pairs of ribs.
Each rib is a thin, flat bone connected dor-
sally to vertebral column and ventrally to the
sternum. It has two articulating surfaces as
dorsal end for attachment to thoralic verte-
brae. Hence these are bicephalic ribs. First
seven pairs of ribs are true ribs or vertebro
sternal ribs as they are attached dorsally to
thoralic vertebral and vertrally to sternum
with the help of hyaline cartilages. Pairs
8,9,10 are false ribs or vertebro chondral ribs
and are attached indirectly to sternum by
means of cartilages with sternal part of 7th
rib. Last two pairs (11th and 12th) of ribs are
floating ribs or vertebral ribs as they are not
connected vertrally either to the sternum or
to the anterior ribs. The thoralic vertebrae,
ribs and sternum together form the rib case.
Breathing and exchange of gases
Musculoskeletal System
ZOOLOGY
Dr. M.R. Prasad
Subject Expert
Writer
What is meant by chloride shift?Excretory products and
their elimination
2 Marks Questions
Q: Why the arteries are more elastic than
veins?
A: Arteries are more elastic due to the pres-
ence of two elastic laminae one each on
either side of middle layer tunica media
which is relatively thicker than in veins.
Veins have thin tunica media and only one
elastic lamina on the inner side of tunica
media. This feature helps in pressure flow of
blood in arteries.
Q: Where is the valve of Thebesius in the heart
of man?
A: Thebesius valve is present at the opening
of coronary sinus into the right atrium of the
heart. It collects the blood from the
myocardium (wall of heart) into the right atri-
um.
Q: Name the aortic arches arising from the
ventricles of the heart of man?
A: Pulmonary arch is the aortic arch that arises
from the left anterior angle of the right ven-
tricle. Left systemic arch is the aortic arch
that arises from the left ventricle.
4 Marks Questions
Q: Explain the mechanism of clotting of blood.
A: Clotting of blood (haemostasis) is a complex
cascade of enzymatic reactions that occur in
plasma, when a blood vessel is damaged. It
occurs in 3 steps.
H Step 1: Formation of prothrombin activator
occurs in it by the interaction of clotting fac-
tors present in the blood. It is formed by cas-
cade of chemical reactions, that occur in two
pathways.
a) Intrinsic pathway: It takes place when the
blood comes into contact with the collagen
of injured endothelium of blood vessel. It
activates factor XII (Hageman's factor) and
as a result of cascade reactions, the final
product prothrombin activator is formed.
b) Extrinsic pathway: It begins with chemicals
that are outside the blood when there is a
severe damage in the vascular wall and
when extra vascular tissue is exposed to the
blood. This activates the release of the tis-
sue thromboplastin (factor III) from the dam-
aged tissue. It activates factor VII
(Proconvertin or stable factor). Due to these
cascade reactions, the final product pro-
thrombin activator is formed.
H Step 2: The prothrombin activator, in the
presence of sufficient amount of ionic ca++,
causes the conversion of inactive prothrom-
bin protein of plasma to active thrombin.
H Step 3: Thrombin causes the conversion of
soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into solu-
ble fibrin monomers which are weakly bond-
ed with each other by hydrogen bonds.
Factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor) released
from the platelets forms a 'mesh work' by
replacing hydrogen bonds with covalent
bonds and cross links the fibres. The insolu-
ble mesh work of fibrin fibres spreading in all
directions adhere to the damaged surfaces
and trap the blood cells and platelets. This
strengthens the clot.
After clot is formed, it begins to condense
into a more compact structure by the process
called clot retraction. The fluid that is squeezed
out of clot during clot retraction is serum
(Plasma without fibrinogen).
Body fluids and circulationRed muscle fibers
1. Content of myo-
globin, a red
coloured oxygen
storing pigment is
high in these
fibres.
2. Mitochondria are
plenty.
3. These are aerobic
muscles as they
depend on aerobic
process for
release of energy.
White muscle fibers
1. These muscle
fibres possess a
very less quantity
of myoglobin and
so appear pale or
whitish.
2. Mitochondria are
few in number.
3. These are anaero-
bic muscles as they
depend on anaero-
bic process for
energy release.
Sheikh Nawaf Al Ahmad Al Sabah
Key: