B2 Module II Internet, Ic Ts And Business Contexts

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LAZ B2 Language and LAZ B2 Language and Culture for BusinessCulture for Business

Module II Internet, ICT’s and Business Module II Internet, ICT’s and Business ContextsContexts

Prof. Peter CullenProf. Peter Cullen

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ICT’s and Changes in ICT’s and Changes in CommunicationCommunication

Technology has significantly altered the way people in Technology has significantly altered the way people in societies communicate.societies communicate.

It has allowed people to:It has allowed people to:

build greater and more complex build greater and more complex networksnetworks

speed communicationspeed communication

increase access to information increase access to information (memory)(memory)

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ICT’s and Changes in CommunicationICT’s and Changes in Communication

Students in 2000-2010 have lived through the development of:Students in 2000-2010 have lived through the development of:

Cameras in phones (once spy-equipment!)Cameras in phones (once spy-equipment!)FacebookFacebookMp3Mp3TwitterTwitterFlickrFlickrBlogsBlogs(messenger and ICQ were around in the 1990s)(messenger and ICQ were around in the 1990s)

But the But the communications revolutioncommunications revolution began 550 years ago. began 550 years ago.

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Technical developments in the Technical developments in the Renaissance: printingRenaissance: printing

16° century woodcut of 16° century woodcut of a press shopa press shop

Johannes Gutenberg 1398-Johannes Gutenberg 1398-1468 (Mainz)1468 (Mainz)

Was a goldsmith and Was a goldsmith and engraver.engraver.

Fully developed hisFully developed his printing printing presspress by 1455.by 1455.

The Gutenburg bible was in The Gutenburg bible was in print (300 copies) by 1455.print (300 copies) by 1455.

Indulgences were also Indulgences were also printed inprinted in massive numbersmassive numbers by 1455.by 1455.

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Madonna in the Clouds Madonna in the Clouds BarocciBarocci1581/821581/82

Through its application as a Through its application as a medium for etched engravings, medium for etched engravings, the printing press allowed the printing press allowed images to beimages to be cheaply cheaply reproducedreproduced in massive numbers in massive numbers – with or without accompanying – with or without accompanying texts.texts.

This changed the face of the art This changed the face of the art market, allowingmarket, allowing previews previews and and marketing with a level of detail marketing with a level of detail not seen before.not seen before.

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VeniceVenice quickly became the quickly became the centre for printing in Italy.centre for printing in Italy.

It was territoriallyIt was territorially safesafe from from the Papacy and other the Papacy and other monarchical interferences.monarchical interferences.

It had a longIt had a long traditiontradition of of papermaking.papermaking.

It had Leonardo da Vinci in It had Leonardo da Vinci in 1499 and Pacioli.1499 and Pacioli.

It had aIt had a needneed for accounting for accounting and record keeping: i.e. mass and record keeping: i.e. mass information.information. The Arsenal by CanalettoThe Arsenal by Canaletto

17321732

San Marco in the eveningSan Marco in the evening

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Nicolas Jensen’s Roman Nicolas Jensen’s Roman type printed in Venice type printed in Venice in 1470in 1470

Both Da Vinci and Pacioli Both Da Vinci and Pacioli published in Venice.published in Venice.

Pacioli: Pacioli:

Summa de arithmetica, Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et geometria, proportioni et proportionalitaproportionalita ( (Venice 1494) 1494)

Contained aContained a standardisationstandardisation of of double-entry accounting double-entry accounting principles established in the principles established in the 14° century: balance sheets, 14° century: balance sheets, trial balances, assets trial balances, assets (receivalbes and inventory), (receivalbes and inventory), liabilites, etc.liabilites, etc.

Manutius Manutius and Griffo and Griffo print ALL print ALL Greek Greek classicsclassicsDevelop Develop italic italic font font1490-15151490-1515

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice

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Together Da Vinci and Pacioli Together Da Vinci and Pacioli publish: publish:

De divina proportioneDe divina proportione (written (written in Milan in 1496–98,in Milan in 1496–98, publishedpublished in Venice in 1509)in Venice in 1509)

Da Vinci did theDa Vinci did the illustrationsillustrations, , Pacioli explained the math – Pacioli explained the math – particularly the “golden ratio” particularly the “golden ratio” or Fibonacci sequence.or Fibonacci sequence.

Fra Pacioli saw Catholic Fra Pacioli saw Catholic religious significance in the religious significance in the ratio – making thisratio – making this proportionproportion acceptable to all types of acceptable to all types of artists and engineers.artists and engineers.

The Golden Ratio:The Golden Ratio:A+B is to a as a is to bA+B is to a as a is to b

Vitruvian Vitruvian proportion proportion IS NOT IS NOT goldengolden

LdV 1487LdV 1487

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Religious developments in the Religious developments in the Renaissance: ReformationRenaissance: Reformation

The spread of humanism, The spread of humanism, particularly Erasmian humanism, particularly Erasmian humanism, throughthrough book printingbook printing (including (including illustrations) broke open debate illustrations) broke open debate about the nature of church about the nature of church hierarchy in relation to man’s hierarchy in relation to man’s salvation.salvation.

Problems:Problems:Economic recovery from the Economic recovery from the plagueplague concentrated capitalconcentrated capital in in the towns – in Italy and N. Europethe towns – in Italy and N. Europe

Renaissance popes were seen as Renaissance popes were seen as using ecclesiastical revenues to using ecclesiastical revenues to support temporal policies – support temporal policies – concentrating European capital concentrating European capital in Italyin Italy

The Pope (Leo X) as The Pope (Leo X) as Antichrist in Luther’s Antichrist in Luther’s Passional Christi und Passional Christi und Antichristi Antichristi (1521); (1521); woodcut by Lucas Cranach woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elderthe Elder

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Erasmus wrote extensively on Erasmus wrote extensively on the relationship between man as the relationship between man as a subject of God and man in a subject of God and man in relationship to Churchrelationship to Church hierarchyhierarchy. . He criticized abuses of the He criticized abuses of the Renaissance church – particularlyRenaissance church – particularly indulgences, simony, and indulgences, simony, and nepotismnepotism – temporal abuses.– temporal abuses.

He followed Petrarch’s interest in He followed Petrarch’s interest in translating Greek texts, and the translating Greek texts, and the Bible – into Greek.Bible – into Greek.His Greek translation of the bible His Greek translation of the bible was printed just before the was printed just before the Complutense Polyglot Bible – the Complutense Polyglot Bible – the Church sanctionedChurch sanctioned multi-vulgatemulti-vulgate bible. They competed to get bible. They competed to get their books to print. Why?their books to print. Why?

Erasmus of Rotterdam: Erasmus of Rotterdam: 1466/69-15361466/69-1536Catholic humanist Catholic humanist proponent of reform from proponent of reform from within the churchwithin the church

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Erasmus and Luther shared the Erasmus and Luther shared the need for reform – particularly onneed for reform – particularly on indulgencesindulgences (read fiscal abuse by (read fiscal abuse by the Church). They differed on the Church). They differed on transubstantiation and the transubstantiation and the question of free will.question of free will.

Luther separated human reason Luther separated human reason from God – denying man’s free from God – denying man’s free will as a path to salvation.will as a path to salvation.

WroteWrote the 95 Theses (1517) the 95 Theses (1517) against the collection of against the collection of indulgences to buildindulgences to build St. PetersSt. Peters (i,e. German money to pay for (i,e. German money to pay for Michelangelo). The 95 theses Michelangelo). The 95 theses WERE NOT a break with Rome.WERE NOT a break with Rome.

Martin Luther: 1466/69-Martin Luther: 1466/69-15361536Prof at Wittenberg Prof at Wittenberg (Saxony) and proponent of (Saxony) and proponent of reform from outside the reform from outside the ChurchChurch

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Modern ICT’s – Automation and Modern ICT’s – Automation and Information ProcessingInformation Processing

Industrial processes developed 18°-19° centuries created an Industrial processes developed 18°-19° centuries created an interest it automated processes.interest it automated processes.

The printing press was a semi-automated process – and The printing press was a semi-automated process – and difusion of information relied on ancient distribution difusion of information relied on ancient distribution technologies (walking, horse-courier and ship=technologies (walking, horse-courier and ship=

AutomationAutomation involves_ involves_

autonomous operationsautonomous operationsreduced human intervention in execution and reduced human intervention in execution and

controlcontrolpath towards computingpath towards computing

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Economic aspects of AutomationEconomic aspects of Automation

Automation is aimed at Automation is aimed at reducing execution cost/timereducing execution cost/time – but involves – but involves higher setup cost/time. It is more efficient if expected number of higher setup cost/time. It is more efficient if expected number of executions exceeds the executions exceeds the break-even pointbreak-even point..

i.e. the telegraph: Marconi 1901-1907 successfully built a telegraph i.e. the telegraph: Marconi 1901-1907 successfully built a telegraph connection across the Atlantic ocean, from Nova Scotia to Ireland.connection across the Atlantic ocean, from Nova Scotia to Ireland.

Telegraph: manual input – automated mechanical conversion of Telegraph: manual input – automated mechanical conversion of signalsignal

High initial cost, incredible value in terms of:High initial cost, incredible value in terms of:

TimeTime – messages sent almost instantly – messages sent almost instantly

DistanceDistance – messages sent over 1000 km – messages sent over 1000 km

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Automation and market sizeAutomation and market size

Generic commercial products require a Generic commercial products require a set-up cost set-up cost

Both initial investment and target profit need to be covered by Both initial investment and target profit need to be covered by returnsreturns earned over the product’s earned over the product’s life-cyclelife-cycle..

The larger the market size, the lower the unit-price. As The larger the market size, the lower the unit-price. As market size increases – unit price market size increases – unit price asymptoticallyasymptotically tends to tends to the marginal production cost of each unit.the marginal production cost of each unit.

Market Size

Cost Break even

Unit price

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Economic aspects of automationEconomic aspects of automation

Assume an automated equipment produces an automatic Assume an automated equipment produces an automatic solution to a given problem.solution to a given problem.

Then: set up of the Then: set up of the automated solutionautomated solution reduces to reduces to purchasing the automatic equipment.purchasing the automatic equipment.

The The purchase pricepurchase price of the automatic solution is due to the of the automatic solution is due to the purchase price of the automatic equipment.purchase price of the automatic equipment.

The larger the market The larger the market the lower the purchase cost and the lower the purchase cost and the lower the number of the lower the number of breakeven executionsbreakeven executions – – automation is more cost-efficientautomation is more cost-efficient

i.e. the difference between a Renaissance printing press and a i.e. the difference between a Renaissance printing press and a photocopier.photocopier.

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For this to work, however, society must For this to work, however, society must internalise the valueinternalise the value of the automatic solution.of the automatic solution.

It must want to free up labour from processes of production or It must want to free up labour from processes of production or services.services.

i.e. converting switch-board operators into post-sales i.e. converting switch-board operators into post-sales service technicians (call-centre)service technicians (call-centre)

In communications: networks must reach a critical mass of In communications: networks must reach a critical mass of end-users for the network set up to be economically end-users for the network set up to be economically viableviable (have a long life-cycle with robust cost-efficiency)(have a long life-cycle with robust cost-efficiency)

The invention of the telegraph, telephone and electrical grids The invention of the telegraph, telephone and electrical grids required a shift in social behaviour 1880’s-1950’s.required a shift in social behaviour 1880’s-1950’s.

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General purpose vs special purpose General purpose vs special purpose machinesmachines

A A general purposegeneral purpose machine can execute different purposes. machine can execute different purposes.

A A special purposespecial purpose machine is tailored for a specific application. machine is tailored for a specific application.

General purpose machines (i.e. computers) are General purpose machines (i.e. computers) are cost-effectivecost-effective because they can be sold at a lower price and have multiple because they can be sold at a lower price and have multiple applications.applications.

The large market size and easy-to-reach break even point create The large market size and easy-to-reach break even point create a postive feed-back loop: adding to a postive feed-back loop: adding to competitive advantagecompetitive advantage..

i.e. mini vans and SUVs, computers and blackberrys.i.e. mini vans and SUVs, computers and blackberrys.

But: they are usually lower performance than special purpose But: they are usually lower performance than special purpose ones.ones.

i.e. the 4x4 Panda v the Ferrari Evo.i.e. the 4x4 Panda v the Ferrari Evo.

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General purposes can be re-configured or General purposes can be re-configured or programmedprogrammed. (i.e. . (i.e. SUVs or laptops)SUVs or laptops)

Programming: Programming:

programmable machines are not designed to solve complex programmable machines are not designed to solve complex problems. They execute elementary instructions from a problems. They execute elementary instructions from a given given set of instructions.set of instructions.

Programmed input will automatically produce the desired Programmed input will automatically produce the desired process.process.

A computer is only as good as its input.A computer is only as good as its input.

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Information theoryInformation theory

The ICT revolution occured because of a virtuous relationship The ICT revolution occured because of a virtuous relationship between between technology, information theory and social needstechnology, information theory and social needs..

Information theory changed as inventors learned how to transform Information theory changed as inventors learned how to transform audio signals into electrical signals (both use waves)audio signals into electrical signals (both use waves)

George George BooleBoole developed the theory that logical relationships can be developed the theory that logical relationships can be described as accumulative (AND), alternative (OR), or negative described as accumulative (AND), alternative (OR), or negative (NOT)(NOT)

Information can be expressed in Information can be expressed in binary languagebinary language: I or 0 – or “on” : I or 0 – or “on” and “off”. This means that complex instructions may be and “off”. This means that complex instructions may be communicated by stringing together binary code 10110110001 communicated by stringing together binary code 10110110001 (if you can read it!)(if you can read it!)

This meant that in the This meant that in the industrial ageindustrial age, initial computing was , initial computing was developed through the use of “switch on” and “switch off” developed through the use of “switch on” and “switch off” commands.commands.

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By the 1950’s Boolean theory, switch theory and electronic By the 1950’s Boolean theory, switch theory and electronic technology allowed the creation of the first technology allowed the creation of the first electronic electronic computercomputer using networks of millions of switches. (ENIAC) using networks of millions of switches. (ENIAC)

Advances in this technology aimed at decreasing the size of Advances in this technology aimed at decreasing the size of switch networks, allowing more information to be switch networks, allowing more information to be communicated through the logic-gates – communicated through the logic-gates – increasing increasing functionality and decreasing costfunctionality and decreasing cost..

Today: 100 milion transistors can be integrated on a single chip. Today: 100 milion transistors can be integrated on a single chip. Large scale production makes chips accessible at low prices.Large scale production makes chips accessible at low prices.

Computers are truly general purpose automatic information Computers are truly general purpose automatic information processing systems based on programmable switching processing systems based on programmable switching networks. The cost is in the networks. The cost is in the programmingprogramming. Hardware costs . Hardware costs are lower than software costs.are lower than software costs.

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Change and automationChange and automation

In the post-WWII nuclear era, communications studies was at In the post-WWII nuclear era, communications studies was at the heart of two powerful movements:the heart of two powerful movements:

a)a) MilitaryMilitary technological development – US, UK and Russia technological development – US, UK and Russia

b)b) Interest in Interest in popularpopular culture culture

Global military powers were interested in solving problems of Global military powers were interested in solving problems of communicationcommunication in the event of nuclear war – developing in the event of nuclear war – developing the internet by the early 1970’s as a solution to the internet by the early 1970’s as a solution to centralised communications networks (switch-board centralised communications networks (switch-board communications)communications)

Social scientists and cultural figures (musicians, artists, radio Social scientists and cultural figures (musicians, artists, radio djs etc.) were interested in developing djs etc.) were interested in developing popular voicespopular voices and and messages for the mass-markets.messages for the mass-markets.

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Culture and technologyCulture and technology

The post war world rebuilt society around the values of social The post war world rebuilt society around the values of social constantsconstants aimed at minimising aimed at minimising riskrisk. .

Lessons of WWII, and cold-war dangers meant that military Lessons of WWII, and cold-war dangers meant that military conflict could never be a solution to social and economic conflict could never be a solution to social and economic tensions in Europe – as was held to be the primary cause of tensions in Europe – as was held to be the primary cause of WWII.WWII.

Society expected peace and governments aligned this with Society expected peace and governments aligned this with rapid and permanent economic well-being – creating a rapid and permanent economic well-being – creating a virtuous circle between military technological development virtuous circle between military technological development and social/market availability of technology.and social/market availability of technology.

Cultural expectations changed with the wide-spread use of TV Cultural expectations changed with the wide-spread use of TV and transistor radios by the and transistor radios by the baby boomer baby boomer generation.generation.

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Culture and TechnologyCulture and Technology

Technological development was in a culturally driven virtuous Technological development was in a culturally driven virtuous circle and a rapidly expanding business cycle 1945 circle and a rapidly expanding business cycle 1945

The base-line assumption was that technology improved The base-line assumption was that technology improved standards of living. As it became cheaper to the end-user, it standards of living. As it became cheaper to the end-user, it became part of became part of every-day lifeevery-day life, whether for business or , whether for business or personal use.personal use.

Cultural acceptance of media and network technology drove Cultural acceptance of media and network technology drove producers to new business models – producers to new business models – market-pull modelmarket-pull model..

Companies are under market pressure to keep up with demand, Companies are under market pressure to keep up with demand, although people do not always know which direction/form although people do not always know which direction/form change should take in material terms. Today – ICT life-cycle change should take in material terms. Today – ICT life-cycle of about 18 months.of about 18 months.

i.e. – we have developed a culture of i.e. – we have developed a culture of expected changeexpected change. This is . This is new.new.

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Marshall McLuhan: Understanding Marshall McLuhan: Understanding MediaMedia

Canadian media theoristCanadian media theorist

““Understanding Media: The Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man” Extensions of Man” (1964)(1964)

Media Media are extensions of are extensions of human senseshuman senses

Lectured via TV to more Lectured via TV to more than 400 students in than 400 students in 19641964

McLuhan: 1911-1980McLuhan: 1911-1980

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Marshall McLuhan: Understanding Marshall McLuhan: Understanding MediaMedia

The extension operates as a The extension operates as a ratio between environmental ratio between environmental input and human perception.input and human perception.

The extension can become out of The extension can become out of proportion to the perception, proportion to the perception, becoming itself the message.becoming itself the message.

The media is the messageThe media is the message

Media Media may also may also amputate amputate human human perception.perception.

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What is communication?What is communication?

The language process uses a The language process uses a codecode to to communicatecommunicate a a messagemessage from a from a producerproducer to a to a receiverreceiver – but: – but:

Each variable depends on its relationship to the other Each variable depends on its relationship to the other variables for understanding to happen.variables for understanding to happen.

ProducerProducercodecode

messagemessage

communicationcommunication

receiverreceiver

understandingunderstanding

Feedback loop at each Feedback loop at each stagestage

MEMORYMEMORY

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Understanding Media in Understanding Media in LearningLearningThe The multi-mediamulti-media classroom: classroom:

Many forms of media, to facilitate Many forms of media, to facilitate communication communication of of

MESSAGEMESSAGE

Multimedia classrooms became fundamental to North Multimedia classrooms became fundamental to North American teaching qualifications by 1996 American teaching qualifications by 1996

HistoryHistoryLanguageLanguageSciencesSciencesMath, etc., etc., etc.Math, etc., etc., etc.

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Understanding Media in LearningUnderstanding Media in Learning

The multi-media The multi-media classroom:classroom:

Dual-codeDual-code learning learning

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Multi-media and the MessageMulti-media and the Message

Classroom problems: Classroom problems: learning styleslearning stylestime/scheduletime/schedulespace/distance to messagespace/distance to message

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Today Multi-Media = Digital MediaToday Multi-Media = Digital Media

Digital media changes Digital media changes our access to our access to memorymemory..

PortablePortable and easily and easily transferrabletransferrable memorymemory

NetworkNetwork structure is structure is the keythe key

Goal: Many to many Goal: Many to many communication of communication of messagemessage

ACCESS TO INFORMATIONACCESS TO INFORMATION

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Distance educationDistance education

Digital media allows Digital media allows much greater much greater accessaccess

But which But which formatsformats work?work?

These questions These questions have practical have practical and and culturalcultural answers.answers.

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Many to Many communication drives Many to Many communication drives wiki-learningwiki-learning

WikipediaWikipedia

WikimediaWikimedia

YoutubeYoutube

SlideshareSlideshare

FacebookFacebook

MyspaceMyspace

BloggerBlogger

WordpressWordpress Skype TwitterSkype Twitter

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Media in Language LearningMedia in Language Learning

Jukka KorpelaJukka Korpela(U Helsinki Network IT spec. (U Helsinki Network IT spec. 2001)2001)

Language Language differencesdifferences. .

On the Internet, for example, On the Internet, for example, the lingua franca is badly written and poorly understood English..

Some people use it as their native language; other Some people use it as their native language; other learned some of it from various sources.learned some of it from various sources.

In any case, whatever you say will be In any case, whatever you say will be interpretedinterpreted in a myriad of ways, whether you use idiomatic in a myriad of ways, whether you use idiomatic English or not. English or not.

http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/lingua-franca.html













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Cultural differences.Cultural differences.

Whatever you assume about the recipients of your Whatever you assume about the recipients of your message - the message - the wider the audiencewider the audience, the more of them , the more of them will will failfail to meet your assumptions. to meet your assumptions.

On the Internet, this virtually guarantees you will be On the Internet, this virtually guarantees you will be misunderstood. What you misunderstood. What you intendintend to say as a to say as a neutralneutral matter of fact will be interpreted (by different matter of fact will be interpreted (by different people) as a detestable political opinion, a people) as a detestable political opinion, a horrendous blasphemy, and a lovely piece of poetry. horrendous blasphemy, and a lovely piece of poetry.

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Intercultural Intercultural communicationcommunication is is about learning to about learning to understand message understand message across across cultural cultural historieshistories..

AssumptionAssumptionBeliefBeliefParticipationParticipation

Some important Some important areas of global areas of global business have business have different different information culture information culture that change on that change on different different schedules: China, schedules: China, India, Russia, India, Russia, BrasilBrasil

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Personal differences.Personal differences.

Any Any assumptionassumption about the prior knowledge on the about the prior knowledge on the subject matter fails for any reasonably large subject matter fails for any reasonably large audience.audience.

Problems ofProblems of

timetime

energyenergy

learning background/culturelearning background/culture

prioritypriority

equipmentequipment

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Blogging:Blogging:

Managed Managed many to manymany to many communication. communication.

Functions: Functions: PostingPostingSpecific resource or topic pagesSpecific resource or topic pagesMedia uploadMedia uploadLinks to other web-sites or blogLinks to other web-sites or blog

www.cl4englishlistening.wordpress.comwww.cl4englishlistening.wordpress.com

But different services have different positive features.But different services have different positive features.

http://www.cl4englishlistening.wordpress.com/

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Media and Learning: Food for Media and Learning: Food for ThoughtThought

Blogs, online, multimedia:Blogs, online, multimedia:

permit permit relativerelative and and selectiveselective participationparticipation

learning on demandlearning on demand requires requires greatergreater

organisational skills on the part of organisational skills on the part of the studentthe student

accentuate the accentuate the personal personal consumption of message:consumption of message:

cultureculturelanguagelanguage

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Media and networksMedia and networks

Networks must serve a Networks must serve a functionfunction or they dissolve. or they dissolve.

Function is determined byFunction is determined by

the goals of the participants inthe goals of the participants in

relation torelation to cost/benefit cost/benefit of input/of input/

return on communication.return on communication.

Different cultures have differentDifferent cultures have different

reasonsreasons for networking. for networking.

i.e. youth culture or businessi.e. youth culture or business

AND different AND different modesmodes of networking! i.e. face to face v of networking! i.e. face to face v facebook.facebook.

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Networks operate on different life-cycles – they are Networks operate on different life-cycles – they are convergentconvergent

communications systems.communications systems.

Dependent on:Dependent on:

purposepurpose

meansmeans

Understanding the relationshipUnderstanding the relationship

between purpose and means ofbetween purpose and means of

networking is fundamental tonetworking is fundamental to

understanding the network culture. understanding the network culture. Why do the form?Why do the form?

How do they work?How do they work?

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Networks are constructed around the active desire to Networks are constructed around the active desire to communicate.communicate.

They are form around They are form around groupgroup

identitiesidentities. So they are both. So they are both

inclusive and exclusive.inclusive and exclusive.

Borders may be fluid.Borders may be fluid.

Some networks are special-Some networks are special-

purpose, like E-Bay.purpose, like E-Bay.

Others are open-purpose but special function – like Others are open-purpose but special function – like FacebookFacebook

4242Internet is a differentiated global network.It is physical – cabled and stored.

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Networks are increasingly Networks are increasingly multi-mediamulti-media..

Innovation has gone beyond Innovation has gone beyond technology to focus on technology to focus on modesmodesof sharing information.of sharing information.

This changes This changes social valuessocial values..

i.e.i.e. open-source softwareopen-source softwareintellectual propertyintellectual property

We expect information to be available – often for free.We expect information to be available – often for free.

Remember Napster? Ever downloaded a film?Remember Napster? Ever downloaded a film?

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At the same time, on-line networks fuel our desire to At the same time, on-line networks fuel our desire to express.express.

ExpressionExpression has become has become compressed – but probably compressed – but probably reflects current need forreflects current need forinteraction.interaction.

This is not uniform across This is not uniform across cultures.cultures.

Factors of:Factors of:AgeAgeOccupationOccupationRegionRegion

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ICT’s have allowed a great degree of ICT’s have allowed a great degree of personalisationpersonalisation of of communication:communication:

Basic input is automatedBasic input is automated

Networked programming has produced vast sub-Networked programming has produced vast sub-functions for functions for human interface formatshuman interface formats..

Individuals do not have to be technicians to use the Individuals do not have to be technicians to use the equipment.equipment.

Equipment is cheap and serves immediate functions.Equipment is cheap and serves immediate functions.

This has produced an explosion of expression – and This has produced an explosion of expression – and information consumption.information consumption.

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Business networks: teams Business networks: teams and human capital value and human capital value

chainschains

A team is a group of people who work together to A team is a group of people who work together to acheive a common goal via commonly established acheive a common goal via commonly established and followed procedures, processes and rules.and followed procedures, processes and rules.

m+m+m+m = 4m? m+m+m+m = 4m? associationassociation

m+m+m+m = N? m+m+m+m = N? communitycommunity

A team has direction.A team has direction.A team agrees on process and rules for completing A team agrees on process and rules for completing tasks.tasks.A team is a finite sphere of cultural interaction.A team is a finite sphere of cultural interaction.A team may or may not have a team leader.A team may or may not have a team leader.Teams may be formal or informal.Teams may be formal or informal.

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Understanding networks and Understanding networks and globalisationglobalisation

Globalisation:Globalisation:

““The process of The process of transformationtransformation of local or regional of local or regional phenomena into global ones. This process is a phenomena into global ones. This process is a combination of economic, technological, socio-combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, and political forces.” Sheila Croucher (Miami cultural, and political forces.” Sheila Croucher (Miami U).U).

Global systems are NOT new. Global systems are NOT new.

The current scale of globalisation is.The current scale of globalisation is.

““Globalisation” as a theory developed from academic Globalisation” as a theory developed from academic interest in capitalism and imperialism.interest in capitalism and imperialism.

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Understanding teamwork Understanding teamwork and globalisationand globalisation

Information:Information:

Information Technology (Information Technology (ITIT) has increased ) has increased participation in global processes.participation in global processes.

““global villageglobal village” term popularised by communications ” term popularised by communications theorist M. McLuhan between 1962-1964.theorist M. McLuhan between 1962-1964.

ICTs now influence ICTs now influence processesprocesses of: of:personal communicationpersonal communication film/TV/musicfilm/TV/music

marketingmarketing personal consumption personal consumption (Amazon)(Amazon)

financefinance transport consumption transport consumption (e-tickets)(e-tickets)

managementmanagement behavioural interactionbehavioural interaction

languagelanguage ICT development itselfICT development itself

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Recent globalisation has dramatically changed the Recent globalisation has dramatically changed the field of interactionfield of interaction across societies. across societies.

BUT: BUT: each society functions according to its owneach society functions according to its own cultural cultural learninglearning – initially.– initially.

How can culturally different people from different How can culturally different people from different societiessocieties findfind common valuescommon values and forms ofand forms of communication communication for the purpose of acheiving a goal or for the purpose of acheiving a goal or goals through shared processes?goals through shared processes?

Lakshmi Mittal – Lakshmi Mittal – CEO/owner of CEO/owner of Arcelor MittalArcelor Mittal

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Globalised teamwork may take two forms:Globalised teamwork may take two forms:

Division of competenciesDivision of competencies among teams across the among teams across the globeglobe(traditional multinational corporate model)(traditional multinational corporate model)

InteractionInteraction withinwithin a global team.a global team.(globalisation of management)(globalisation of management)

In companies, each form suggests a different In companies, each form suggests a different approach to teamwork andapproach to teamwork and

LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

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What is leadership?What is leadership?

LeadershipLeadership is the act is the act andand quality of leading other quality of leading other people in a common effort to acheive a goal.people in a common effort to acheive a goal.

Leaders Leaders may be people or institutions.may be people or institutions.

LeadershipLeadership may be formal, informal or both. may be formal, informal or both.

LeadershipLeadership requires structures, systems and requires structures, systems and processes of communication. It is institutionalised.processes of communication. It is institutionalised.

IT IS A FORM OF IT IS A FORM OF CULTURAL COMMUNCATIONCULTURAL COMMUNCATION

Date post:	01-Nov-2014
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B2 Module II Internet, Ic Ts And Business Contexts

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