b52a2PG IInd Semester Notes

7/27/2019 b52a2PG IInd Semester Notes

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Correspondence for a job includes cover letter, resume and a follow up letter. Writtencommunication whether hard copy or e-mail serves many purposes in a jobsearch. In a thorough job search, you will write many types of letters. Cover letters,which accompany and introduce yourresume (so called because you place it on top of,and thus cover, your resume), are the ones you may hear about most (and NEVER

send a resume without one), but are not the only letters you will need. Letters alsoprecede, follow-up and confirm verbal conversations, so they serve as a record andreminder of interactions, as well as evidence of your communication skills. You will needto apply in writing for most jobs for most jobs. This usually means preparing two items, aletter of application and your resume.Job ApplicationMany employers require all applicants, regardless of the job they apply for, to completea job application form. This way the employer will have consistent data on file for allprospective applicants.Print, practice filling out this job application form, and use it as a guide when completingapplications for employment. Then, review more job applications and information on

applying for jobs.Job Application FormInstructions: Print clearly in black or blue ink. Answer all questions. Sign and date theform.PERSONAL INFORMATION:First Name _____________________________Middle Name ___________________________Last Name _____________________________Street Address

_______________________________________________________City, State, Zip Code

_______________________________________________________Phone Number(___)___________________________________

Are you eligible to work in the United States?Yes _______ No_______If you are under age 18, do you have an employment/age certificate?Yes ___ No ___Have you been convicted of or pleaded no contest to a felony within the last five years?Yes_______ No_______If yes, please explain: _________________________________________

__________________________________________________________POSITION/AVAILABILITY:Position Applied For

________________________________________Days/Hours AvailableMonday ____Tuesday ____Wednesday ____Thursday ____
http://www.career.vt.edu/jobsearchguide/Correspondence.htmlhttp://jobsearch.about.com/od/jobapplications/a/jobapplication.htmhttp://jobsearch.about.com/od/jobapplications/a/jobapplication.htmhttp://www.career.vt.edu/jobsearchguide/Correspondence.html


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Friday ____Saturday ____Sunday ____Hours Available: from _______ to ______What date are you available to start work?

________________________________________EDUCATION:Name and Address Of School - Degree/Diploma - Graduation Date

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Skills and Qualifications: Licenses, Skills, Training, Awards

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY:Present Or Last Position:Employer: _____________________________________________________

Address:______________________________________________________Supervisor: ____________________________________________________Phone: _______________________________Email: ________________________________Position Title: _________________________From: ______________ To: ______________Responsibilities: ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________Salary: _______________Reason for Leaving: ____________________________________________===========Previous Position:Employer: _____________________________________________________

Address:______________________________________________________Supervisor: ____________________________________________________Phone: _______________________________Email: ________________________________Position Title: _________________________From: ______________ To: ______________Responsibilities: ___________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________Salary: _______________Reason for Leaving: ____________________________________________May We Contact Your Present Employer?Yes _____ No _____References:Name/Title Address Phone


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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________I certify that information contained in this application is true and complete. I understandthat false information may be grounds for not hiring me or for immediate termination of

employment at any point in the future if I am hired. I authorize the verification of any orall information listed above.Signature______________________________Date__________________________________

A rsum is a document that summarizes your education, experiences, andcompetencies. It's designed to introduce you to an employer andhighlight your qualifications for a specific job or type of work.

A curriculum vitae (CV) is a more comprehensive document that details ALL your pasteducation, experiences, and competencies, includingpublic presentations, academic writing and professional development. It's designed tointroduce you to employers in academics, advanced

research, post-secondary teaching and fine arts.The terms rsum and CV are sometimes used interchangeably. However, a rsum isused for work search, and a CV is used when applyingfor contracts, advanced research or post-secondary teaching positions. For those whouse the two terms synonymously, the terms "academicrsum" or "academic CV" are often used to differentiate advanced research and post-secondary teaching documents.Why develop a rsum or CV?Both are meant to encourage an employer or supervisor to consider you as: an employee a candidate for further studies the right fit for a contract

What is the difference between a curriculum vitae (CV) and a resume?The primary differences between a resume and a curriculum vitae (CV) are the length,what is included and what each is used for. A resume is a one or two page summary ofyour skills, experience and education. While a resume is brief and concise - no morethan a page or two, a curriculum vitae is a longer (at least two page) and more detailedsynopsis.

A curriculum vitae includes a summary of your educational and academic backgroundsas well as teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards,honors, affiliations and other details.One of the biggest differences between a rsum and a CV is in the audience.

A CV speaks largely to an academic audience and documents your academicand intellectual accomplishments.

A rsum is read by hiring managers in a nonacademic organization, and shouldbe tailored to this group. Managers often review hundreds of applicants, andeach rsum is reviewed for an average of fifteen seconds. Your rsum musttherefore be concise and clear enough to make an immediate impression.


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Both must provide a persuasive account of your specific skills and experiencesas they relate to the specific job.

CV Rsum

AudienceFellow academics in your field

of study

A general audience of employers who

hire for a wide variety of positions

GoalTo present your full academichistory including teaching,research, awards, and service

To demonstrate that you have theskills and experience necessary tosucceed within the position you areseeking

Length As long as necessary One or two pages only

FocusDemonstrating your academicachievements and scholarlypotential

Representing your experiences job-related, extracurricular and volunteer,as well as the skills you've gainedfrom these

EssentialInformation

Lists of publications,presentations, teachingexperiences, education,honors, and grants

Skills and experiences you havegained as related to the job you areseeking

References Include Do not include

Making your rsum or CV look goodThe average employer spends about eight seconds looking at a single rsum, and afew minutes glancing at a CV. Make your document easy toskim so that the most important information stands out by following these guidelines.

Use white space Balance and organize the information Limit your use of borders and lines Use simple fonts Use clear and concise language Make the most important information stand out Keep it free from mistakes Submit your document in the format requestedWhat is a rsum and what should it include?

A rsum on its own won't get you a jobits purpose is to encourage an employer toconsider you for an interview. You can

use a rsum in a number of different situations: Applying for work Networking with potential employers Applying for graduate school, co-op programs, internships, scholarships, etc Participating in networking events such as career fairs, recruiting events, etcWhat are the common rsum formats?There are three commonly used rsum formats:1. Chronological
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2. Functional3. Combination (functional and chronological)What distinguishes these formats from one another is how your competencies andaccomplishments are presented in the document. Competencies are described in waysthat are:

Observable Measurable Linked to the workplace, academic environment and other life experiences Transferable Based on performanceSteps to building your rsum or CVBefore you write your rsum or CV, follow these steps. Theyll help you make the rightimpression.1. Understand how your experience relates to your goal: A job description or

posting may give you the specific qualifications. If you don't have a jobposting/description, you can find information about qualifications for different kinds of

work through labour market information resources. You can also look up jobpostings to find required qualifications for similar positions and descriptions. Thenthink about how yourcompetencies relate to the requirements of the role by using the Deconstruct a jobposting - worksheet.

2. Choose your format: Check out the What is a rsum and what content should itinclude - info sheet, plus rsum samples in this section to choose the type ofdocument that is most appropriate.

3. Identify your references and prepare your reference list: Identify three to fourreferences and decide either to include them at the end of your document or preparea separate document. Contact your references to confirm that you have permissionto use their names, and that you have their most recent contact information. Seethe All about references - info sheet for details.

4. Make style decisions: Decide on the general layout and appearance, including thesections, order, fonts, etc. Check out samples in the tool kit as you make yourdecision.

5. Write your first draft: Need help picking unique verbs to make your statementsstand out? Use the Action verb list. Once youve prepared your first draft, review itcarefully.

6. Get feedback: Ask two to three people to look at your document and give youfeedback. If possible, these people should know you well and/or be knowledgeable about the field you are targeting. You can always stop byyourCo-op and Career office for help.

7. Write your final draft: Make any changes you feel you need to make based on yourown proofreading and the feedback from others.

Written applicationsWritten applications generally are a key part of an employers recruitment process.Employers use recruitment processes to select who they should interview for a job by
http://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/Deconstruct_a_job_posting_worksheet.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/Deconstruct_a_job_posting_worksheet.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/What_is_a_resume_and_what_content_should_it_include.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/What_is_a_resume_and_what_content_should_it_include.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/All_about_references.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/corecompetencies/Action_verb_list_infosheet.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/corecompetencies/Action_verb_list_infosheet.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/studentsalumni/resources/contact/index.phphttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/studentsalumni/resources/contact/index.phphttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/corecompetencies/Action_verb_list_infosheet.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/All_about_references.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/What_is_a_resume_and_what_content_should_it_include.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/What_is_a_resume_and_what_content_should_it_include.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/Deconstruct_a_job_posting_worksheet.pdfhttp://www.uvic.ca/coopandcareer/assets/docs/coretool/Deconstruct_a_job_posting_worksheet.pdf


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assessing skills, qualities, experience and qualifications. Some employers will also userecruitment processes to identify writing skills if these are important to the job.

ensure you research the employer and the position you are applying for identify skills, attributes, knowledge, experience and qualifications which will

appeal to the employer.

Cover letterMany employers are very busy, so the cover letter needs to be concise.What to include

Customise your cover letter so it is relevant to the employer and the job. Focus on what the employer wants to know, not what you want from them. Try to convince them that you can do the job, that youll do a great job, youll fit in

and be an asset to their organisation. Make sure you include your contact details. Keep your letter no longer than one page.

StructureExplain the purpose of your letter in the opening paragraph. Mention the position you

are applying for and where you heard about it or where it was advertised.In the next paragraph, show you can do the job and do it well. You should summariseyour qualifications, skills, abilities and experience. State what makes you perfect for the

job advertised.Next, state that you are keen to work for the company and why. Try to give someinformation about what type of person you are. Keep in mind what you know about theemployer. Mention your personal qualities which you think they are looking for.Before finishing, thank them for taking the time to review your application. Also mentionany attachments including your resume and any work examples.Final checkCheck your application before sending it. Ask someone else to check it for mistakes.Ensure that you have read the job advertisement and any other information. Check ifthe employer asked you to send several copies of your application. Some employersmay want you to address specific selection criteria.

You should also complete the following check: Dont send too much. Employers are very busy and will not want information they

havent asked for. Send copies of your original documents. If the employer has requested copies of

certificates and other formal documents, only send copies. You can show themthe originals at your interview, if required.

Ensure your application is professionally presented as employers pridethemselves on their professionalism. They are looking at your application toensure that you share their values. For example:

o type your application, unless they specify for you to write ito use clean A4 papero dont make manual corrections, such as crossing something out or using

correction fluido make sure it is easy to read. The print must be clear. There should be

spaces between paragraphs. Use a suitable font size and appropriate


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margins. The print shouldnt start too close to the top of the page or gotoo close to the edges or bottom of the page

o Use an A4 envelope so that you don't have to fold your applicationo use a standard font, nothing too fancyo tailor your application to the job you are applying for. If you are applying

for a creative industry job, it might be appropriate to show your creativity.For most jobs, concentrate on making the application clear, simple and tothe point.

o number the pages in the applicationo include your name in the header or footer of each page in case they

become separatedo if posting your application make sure you send it in plenty of time,

otherwise try and drop it off in person.Follow up Letter

you finally get an interview for your dream job - you attend the interview and do agood job of impressing the company and its hiring managers and they thank you

very much for having attended and say that they will let you know their decision in acouple of days time. Now, what would you do? Sit back and relax, wait for their callor should you become a tad smarter and do something that is bound to impressthem.Once you are done with your job interview and you get home to wait for that callofconfirmation, there is one step you can take to impress them more if you haventdone enough already! Send them a follow-up letter. Yes, it is indeed important tosend them a follow-up letter to let them know you are truly interested in working intheir organization and are therefore evincing keen interest in letting them know justso.

A job interview well done is not adequate. You must be proactive in yourjobsearchand take a step forward in impressing a potential employer. This is where afollow-up letter will definitely make them lean positively towards taking you. A follow-up letter is said to be a vital component in getting placed in the company. Once a jobinterview is over, make it a point to send a short and professional courtesy letter thatis addressed directly to the person that interviewed you.Your follow-up letter should be sent out within 48 hours of the job interview.Remember that a handwritten note is always better appreciated and remembered aswell. However, you can always send a follow-up letter through email. You mustremember though, that while sending emails, keep it formal and always sendindividual and separate mails to each of those interviewers on the panel.You can earn their respect by following up with a thank you for having spent timewith you on the job interview despite their busy schedules. You can also go a stepfurther and illustrate how you think you fit the bill in their organization with yourrelevant skills. A letter helps them remember you better as not too many candidatestake the trouble of sending a follow up letter after a job interview.Be brief in your follow-up letter and to the point, highlighting your qualifications oncemore. You will find that the interviewers are very impressed with this gesture andyou will definitely be in the running. A job interview with a follow-up letter is the bestway to turn tables in your favor.
http://jobaccess.gov.au/Jobseekers/Getting_work/How_to_apply_for_a_job/How_to_write_a_job_application/Pages/home.aspxhttp://jobaccess.gov.au/Jobseekers/Getting_work/How_to_apply_for_a_job/How_to_write_a_job_application/Pages/home.aspxhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://www.career-launch.com/blog/career-advice/the-importance-of-a-follow-up-letter-after-a-job-interview.htmlhttp://jobaccess.gov.au/Jobseekers/Getting_work/How_to_apply_for_a_job/How_to_write_a_job_application/Pages/home.aspxhttp://jobaccess.gov.au/Jobseekers/Getting_work/How_to_apply_for_a_job/How_to_write_a_job_application/Pages/home.aspx


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By now most job seekers know that sending a follow-up letter after a job interview isvital and could mean the difference between getting hired or not.Thank-you letters continue to be an important component of a successful job searchcampaign. But the focus has shifted from a simple courtesy and show of appreciation toa targeted self-marketing tool. It allows you to reinforce a connection with the

interviewer after youve met her. Market yourself. Beyond a polite gesture, a thank you letter gives you a chance to

sell your strengths in a document the interviewer can refer back to. Address points you neglected to discuss during the interview.

. It thanks the interviewer for taking the time to interview you. This is especiallyimportant because they are busy people and its a nice way of acknowledging that youvalue their time.

2. It gives you one final chance to remind the interviewer what skills and experience youwill bring to the position. This gives you an edge over the competition for 2 reasons. A)

Many candidates never send one and B) It keeps you and your skills fresh in theirminds.This can give you the edge needed over the competition to sway their decision in yourfavor. Since it can have a dramatic impact on the hiring decision, it should be writtencarefully and with much thought.Because hiring managers literally view hundreds of resumes for a single position, theycant remember all the details of a particular resume. Its your job to make sure theydont forget you or your skills. This is why it is extremely important to use a follow-upletter to get their attention one last time.Constructing a good follow-up letter is key to continuing the professional appearanceyou need to portray to a potential employer. The first paragraph should thank" thehiring manager. The second paragraph can restate key skills, abilities or experience thatyou mentioned during the interview. Keep it brief, but choose your words carefully.Make sure to mail it no later than the day after the interview.Dont pass up the chance to sell your qualifications to a perspective employer one lasttime, it really is your final opportunity. It can mean the difference of getting the positionor losing it to someone else. So send it off and put yourself one step ahead of yourcompetition.

As a professional in the working world, there will be times when you will be required toparticipate in group discussions. This section offers helpful articles analyzing the rules


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for success in group discussions. Your career and status within your field can improve ifyou learn some guidelines and tactics that refine your group discussion skills.If you have trouble speaking out of turn, interrupting others or a lack of confidence aboutproperly expressing yourself, the techniques about handling yourself in a groupdiscussion can be invaluable. This is helpful advice for any individual working with other

people in any industry. Discussing ideas in a group is one of the best ways to solve theproblem. When a person becomes a burden in group discussions due to lack ofexperience, an excess amount of excitement or a general lack of social skills, thesefactors can contribute to how you are viewed by your colleagues and superiors in theworkplace.If you are in a managerial position, it is imperative to provide an open forum fordiscussion where your subordinates feel comfortable sharing their ideas. If a personparticipating in a group discussion feels that their opinion will be ignored then themembers within the group will hesitate to share what could be valuable solutions tobusiness issues in group discussions.

In order to put up a decent performance in a Group Discussion, knowledge about thepersonality traits that the B-Schools look for is desirable. So let us get into this rightnow.

Teamwork & Team Player: Teamwork is the ability to work together towards acommon vision, is the ability to direct individual accomplishments towardsorganizational objectives. It is the fuel that allows common people to attainuncommon results.

B-Schools lay great emphasis on this parameter because it is essential for

managers to be team players. The reason: Managers always work in teams. At thebeginning of his career, a manager works as a team member and later as a teamleader. Lacking this skill will definitely hamper your chances of getting into a top B-School.

Logic & Clarity of Thought: Your Logic plays an important role while expressingyour opinions or ideas in a Group Discussion.

For example, an opinion like ?Increase in the number of IIMs will help morestudents to get quality pedagogy? can be better stated by demonstrating yourlogical ability by saying: ?Increase in the number of IIMs,by providing qualityeducation to more students, will definitely encounter brain drain besides which our

nation will take the pride of creating professionals required by the top classcompanies?. You can also counter statements like quality of education willdeteriorate by saying ?The hike in the fees will definitely meet the costs to attractgood faculty, create good infrastructure and upgrade technology?.

Leadership: ?The pessimist complains about the wind, the optimist expects thewind to change but a leader adjusts his sails?. Let me be more clear on this.

The following are the situations that can arise in a Group Discussion:
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A Group Discussion where participants are unable to establish a proper rapportand do not speak much.

A Group Discussion where participants get emotionally charged and the GroupDiscussion gets chaotic.

Here a leader is the one who acts correctly and makes the Discussion whereparticipants discuss the topic assertively by touching on all its nuances and try toreach the objective.

Remember that a leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way.Hence merely doing the moderator job doesn? t mean you possess leadership qualities.Here are the qualities of a great leader:

A leader, no matter how hard-fought the issue, never gets personal. He never says or

executes anything that may come back to haunt him on another issue

A leader does his homework. He is very well aware of the fact that he can? It leadwithout knowing what he is talking about

A leader uses his abilities and power to persuade, not to intimidate

Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who can cut through argument,

debate, and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand.?

So try not only to contribute to the Group Discussion with your ideas and opinions, butalso try to steer the conversation towards a goal.

Assertiveness: There are many definitions and ideas on what assertiveness means.Enjoying your rights, expressing your feelings, asking for what you want, stating yourviews ? with integrity, honesty, directness, respect for others is the definition that isrelevant to you and your circumstances in the Group Discussion.

As an assertive person, you must be able to handle the following situations in a Group

Discussion.

an aggressive person doesnt listen to your views/needs, so you need to make themlisten

an unassertive person doesnt express his views, so you need to encourage them toexpress their views
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a passive-aggressive person avoids any real dialogue, so you need to engage them inthe discussion

A persons leadership skills are often

gauged by his Assertiveness. As you cansee in the adjacent image, a leader is onewho strikes a balance in this quality.Possessing either a low or a highassertiveness is considered to be anegative personality trait. So remember toput forth your point to the group in a veryemphatic, positive and confident manner.

Participants often mistake assertiveness foraggressiveness. The basic differencebetween being assertive and being

aggressive is how our words and behavioraffect the rights and well being of others.

Aggressiveness is all about enforcing yourpoint without paying attention to the opinionof the other person, which may hamper yourteams targets and goals. An aggressiveperson can also demonstrate negative bodylanguage, whereas an assertive persondisplays positive body language.

If the group discussion has been held before, members will want to reexamine concepts

that were presented at the previous meetings. It is also important for the members of agroup discussion to brainstorm ideas or concepts that can be applied in the real world.

To be successful, it is important for the members of a group to have interdependence.However, this should be positive rather than negative. Remember, the group willsucceed of fail together. The best way to create interdependence within a group is tohave the members share a task. They may also share resources as well. All themembers of the group should have the same goal when it comes to the topic that isbeing discussed. It is important for members to interact with each other. When they do,they can help each other learn or work towards achieving the goal of the group. Inorder for group discussion to work effectively, it is important to make sure everyone is

seated in the correct pattern.

In most cases, the best way to seat a group is in a circle where they are able to faceeach other. Seating the members in a circular formation will allow them to work together

jointly to solve problems through discussion, statements, or explanations. Many peopledo not like group discussions. Perhaps this describes you. People who do not like groupdiscussion are typically those who are shy or individualistic. While some leaders haveattempted to solve this problem by having the group work on problem individually, it is
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best for the members to cooperate together. This will teach them the value of teamwork.As the saying goes, "two heads are better than one," and a group working together islikely to solve problems faster than allowing members to work on their own.

Once concept that is important for group discussions is accountability. Each member

should contribute to the discussion at hand. No one should be allowed to "free load," orbenefit from the hard work of others without making any contributions. When membersdon't contribute to the discussion, they will hurt themselves and the group as a whole.The reason for this is because they won't learn how to work with a team, and the groupwill have one less person that is assisting them in achieving a certain goal. One thingthat you can do to enhance the things that are learned from a group discussion is todesignate roles for the members of a group.

For example, you could have team captains, clerks, reflectors, or encouragers. It wouldbe the responsibility of the team captain to make sure the group stays focused. Theywould also be responsible for providing the group with tasks, and they would eliminate

conflict among the members and make sure everything is moving on schedule. Theclerk is the person that is responsible for writing down important points. They will reporttheirinformation to the rest of the group. The reflector will analyze the function of thegroup process and will make statements that are given to the clerk. The reflector willplace an emphasis on the organization and participation of group members. Theencourager is responsible for providing feedback to the members.

It is important for all the members within a group discussion to learn these skills. Theyshould know how to make decisions, establish trust, and deal with conflict in a decentway. Not only are these skills important in group discussion, they are helpful foremployees.Many group discussions are held by the departments within companies, and many ofthem already expect their employees to have these skills. Another thing that shouldhappen during group discussions is called group processing. This will occur when thegroup ends the discussion by having members share what they have gained or learnedwith the other members.Successful Group Discussion TechniquesThere are a number of things you can do to help your group become successful. Byfollowing the guidelines that are presented in this article, you will be able to activelyparticipate in group discussions and help the team achieve a specific goal.First, there is nothing wrong with being quiet. At the same time, you don't want to be tooquiet. However, speaking too much is not recommended. Before you speak, you willwant to think about what you are going to say. It is important to make sure thestatements you make are concise and to the point. You don't want to give the othermembers the wrong impression by making statements that are not clear.

It is also important to make sure you fulfill the tasks of any role you've been given. Forexample, if you are given the role of a team leader, it is important to make sure youcarry it out to the best of your abilities. Once you agree to a specific role, do not ask tobe changed to something else. If you do this, you will convey a message that you are
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To obtain a higher level of thinking, it is important for the group to focus on a specificgoal. Being prepared before the discussion starts will allow you toeffectively communicate your ideas to the group. To make sure you are prepared forgroup discussions, there are a number of guidelines you will want to follow.

It is important for all the member of a group discussion to use reasoning. It is alsoimportant for you to ask questions that will allow you to determine how much the othermembers know about a specific topic. This is called analyzing their knowledge. Askingthese questions will allow you to learn more about the other members of the group. It isalso essential to avoid conflicts. Conflicts will kill the group discussion, and will not allowit to be productive. You should not make a statement which gives your opinion about theaccuracy of a comment that has been made by another member. You should not evenmake statements like " I think that is an excellent question." The reason for this isbecause you maysend a message saying that all other questions are irrelevant.

If the members of the group are required to gain certain types of information on their

own, you will not want to provide them with it. This will hinder them from being able toconduct their own research. If you are the one who is planning or leading the group, it isimportant to make sure every member contributes something to the discussion. Adecision should always be made by the group instead of a single individual. A simpleway to do this is to cast a vote. If the majority agrees on a specific plan of action, this isthe plan that should be taken. If you notice that someone is not participating in thediscussion, ask them what they think about the issue at hand. It is important foreveryone to feel like they are a member.

It is important to make sure everyone is talking about the topic. The students should talkand make statements regarding the topic. Everyone should be able to voice their ownopinion. The best way to approach the topic of discussion is to start with a concept thatis simple before moving to one that is complex. While you don't want the member tobecome bored, you also don't want the topic to become so complicated that no onegains anything from it. Whenever people get together in a group, there will beinterpersonal issues among some of the members. Each person will have a differentpersonality type, and some will not work well with others.

If you see a potential problem, deal with it before it becomes a major issue that disruptsthe group discussion. Whenever you notice that the group or members of the group arestraying away from the topic, it is important for them to avoid this. While you will want tolook at the group as a whole, it is also important to monitor each member as well. If youare the leader of the group, and you notice that some members are having problemswith reasoning or expression, you will want to assist them. To prepare for a groupdiscussion, it is extremely important to make sure you are prepared beforehand. Youshould understand the topic of the discussion, and if necessary, you should research it.Once you have researched the topic, you should develop your own thoughts or opinionsabout it.

When the members of a group discussion are prepared, this will allow the discussion to
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blossom. However, when they are not prepared, the goals of the discussion will notbe easy to achieve. To successfully participate in group discussion, you must know howto work well with others, and you must understand the topic or materials that are beingdiscussed. When you are prepared for a group discussion, you will be able to benefitfrom it.

Types of InterviewsAll job interviews have the same objective, but employers reach that objective in avariety of ways. You might enter the room expecting to tell stories about yourprofessional successes and instead find yourself selling the interviewer a bridge orediting code at a computer. One strategy for performing your best during an interview is

to know the rules of the particular game you are playing when you walk through thedoor.The Screening InterviewCompanies use screening tools to ensure that candidates meet minimum qualificationrequirements. Computer programs are among the tools used to weed out unqualifiedcandidates. (This is why you need a digital resume that is screening-friendly. See ourresume center for help.) Sometimes human professionals are the gatekeepers.Screening interviewers often have honed skills to determine whether there is anythingthat might disqualify you for the position. Remember-they do not need to know whetheryou are the best fit for the position, only whether you are not a match. For this reason,screeners tend to dig for dirt. Screeners will hone in on gaps in your employment historyor pieces of information that look inconsistent. They also will want to know from theoutset whether you will be too expensive for the company.Some tips for maintaining confidence during screening interviews:

Highlight your accomplishments and qualifications. Get into the straightforward groove. Personality is not as important to the

screener as verifying your qualifications. Answer questions directly andsuccinctly. Save your winning personality for the person making hiring decisions!

Be tactful about addressing income requirements. Give a range, and try to avoidgiving specifics by replying, "I would be willing to consider your best offer."

If the interview is conducted by phone, it is helpful to have note cards with yourvital information sitting next to the phone. That way, whether the interviewercatches you sleeping or vacuuming the floor, you will be able to switch gearsquickly.

The Informational InterviewOn the opposite end of the stress spectrum from screening interviews is theinformational interview. A meeting that you initiate, the informational interview isunderutilized by job-seekers who might otherwise consider themselves savvy to themerits of networking. Job seekers ostensibly secure informational meetings in order to
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seek the advice of someone in their current or desired field as well as to gain furtherreferences to people who can lend insight. Employers that like to stay apprised ofavailable talent even when they do not have current job openings, are often open toinformational interviews, especially if they like to share their knowledge, feel flattered byyour interest, or esteem the mutual friend that connected you to them. During an

informational interview, the jobseeker and employer exchange information and get toknow one another better without reference to a specific job opening.

This takes off some of the performance pressure, but be intentional nonetheless: Come prepared with thoughtful questions about the field and the company. Gain references to other people and make sure that the interviewer would be

comfortable if you contact other people and use his or her name. Give the interviewer your card, contact information and resume. Write a thank you note to the interviewer.

The Directive StyleIn this style of interview, the interviewer has a clear agenda that he or she follows

unflinchingly. Sometimes companies use this rigid format to ensure parity betweeninterviews; when interviewers ask each candidate the same series of questions, theycan more readily compare the results. Directive interviewers rely upon their ownquestions and methods to tease from you what they wish to know. You might feel likeyou are being steam-rolled, or you might find the conversation develops naturally. Theirstyle does not necessarily mean that they have dominance issues, although you shouldkeep an eye open for these if the interviewer would be your supervisor.

Either way, remember: Flex with the interviewer, following his or her lead. Do not relinquish complete control of the interview. If the interviewer does not ask

you for information that you think is important to proving your superiority as acandidate, politely interject it.

The Meandering StyleThis interview type, usually used by inexperienced interviewers, relies on you to leadthe discussion. It might begin with a statement like "tell me about yourself," which youcan use to your advantage. The interviewer might ask you another broad, open-endedquestion before falling into silence. This interview style allows you tactfully to guide thediscussion in a way that best serves you.

The following strategies, which are helpful for any interview, are particularly importantwhen interviewers use a non-directive approach:

Come to the interview prepared with highlights and anecdotes of your skills,qualities and experiences. Do not rely on the interviewer to spark your memory-

jot down some notes that you can reference throughout the interview. Remain alert to the interviewer. Even if you feel like you can take the driver's seat

and go in any direction you wish, remain respectful of the interviewer's role. If heor she becomes more directive during the interview, adjust.

Ask well-placed questions. Although the open format allows you significantly toshape the interview, running with your own agenda and dominating the


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conversation means that you run the risk of missing important information aboutthe company and its needs.

The Stress InterviewAstounding as this is, the Greek hazing system has made its way into professionalinterviews. Either employers view the stress interview as a legitimate way of

determining candidates' aptness for a position or someone has latent maniacaltendencies. You might be held in the waiting room for an hour before the interviewergreets you. You might face long silences or cold stares. The interviewer might openlychallenge your believes or judgment. You might be called upon to perform animpossible task on the fly-like convincing the interviewer to exchange shoes with you.Insults and miscommunication are common. All this is designed to see whether youhave the mettle to withstand the company culture, the clients or other potential stress.Besides wearing a strong anti-perspirant, you will do well to:

Remember that this is a game. It is not personal. View it as the surreal interactionthat it is.

Prepare and memorize your main message before walking through the door. If

you are flustered, you will better maintain clarity of mind if you do not have towing your responses. Even if the interviewer is rude, remain calm and tactful. Go into the interview relaxed and rested. If you go into it feeling stressed, you will

have a more difficult time keeping a cool perspective.The Behavioral InterviewMany companies increasingly rely on behavior interviews since they use your previousbehavior to indicate your future performance. In these interviews, employers usestandardized methods to mine information relevant to your competency in a particulararea or position. Depending upon the responsibilities of the job and the workingenvironment, you might be asked to describe a time that required problem-solving skills,adaptability, leadership, conflict resolution, multi-tasking, initiative or stressmanagement. You will be asked how you dealt with the situations.Your responses require not only reflection, but also organization. To maximize yourresponses in the behavioral format:

Anticipate the transferable skills and personal qualities that are required for thejob.

Review your resume. Any of the qualities and skills you have included in yourresume are fair game for an interviewer to press.

Reflect on your own professional, volunteer, educational and personalexperience to develop brief stories that highlight these skills and qualities in you.You should have a story for each of the competencies on your resume as well asthose you anticipate the job requires.

Prepare stories by identifying the context, logically highlighting your actions in thesituation, and identifying the results of your actions. Keep your responsesconcise and present them in less than two minutes.

The AuditionFor some positions, such as computer programmers or trainers, companies want to seeyou in action before they make their decision. For this reason, they might take youthrough a simulation or brief exercise in order to evaluate your skills. An audition can be


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enormously useful to you as well, since it allows you to demonstrate your abilities ininteractive ways that are likely familiar to you. The simulations and exercises shouldalso give you a simplified sense of what the job would be like. If you sense that othercandidates have an edge on you in terms of experience or other qualifications,requesting an audition can help level the playing field.

To maximize on auditions, remember to: Clearly understand the instructions and expectations for the exercise.

Communication is half the battle in real life, and you should demonstrate to theprospective employer that you make the effort to do things right the first time byminimizing confusion.

Treat the situation as if you are a professional with responsibility for the task laidbefore you. Take ownership of your work.

Brush up on your skills before an interview if you think they might be tested.The Group InterviewInterviewing simultaneously with other candidates can be disconcerting, but it providesthe company with a sense of your leadership potential and style. The group interview

helps the company get a glimpse of how you interact with peers-are you timid or bossy,are you attentive or do you seek attention, do others turn to you instinctively, or do youcompete for authority? The interviewer also wants to view what your tools of persuasionare: do you use argumentation and careful reasoning to gain support or do you divideand conquer? The interviewer might call on you to discuss an issue with the othercandidates, solve a problem collectively, or discuss your peculiar qualifications in frontof the other candidates.

This environment might seem overwhelming or hard to control, but there are a few tipsthat will help you navigate the group interview successfully:

Observe to determine the dynamics the interviewer establishes and try to discernthe rules of the game. If you are unsure of what is expected from you, ask forclarification from the interviewer.

Treat others with respect while exerting influence over others. Avoid overt power conflicts, which will make you look uncooperative and

immature. Keep an eye on the interviewer throughout the process so that you do not miss

important cues.The Tag-Team InterviewExpecting to meet with Ms. Glenn, you might find yourself in a room with four otherpeople: Ms. Glenn, two of her staff, and the Sales Director. Companies often want togain the insights of various people when interviewing candidates. This method ofinterviewing is often attractive for companies that rely heavily on team cooperation. Notonly does the company want to know whether your skills balance that of the company,but also whether you can get along with the other workers. In some companies, multiplepeople will interview you simultaneously. In other companies, you will proceed through aseries of one-on-one interviews.

Some helpful tips for maximizing on this interview format:


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Treat each person as an important individual. Gain each person's business cardat the beginning of the meeting, if possible, and refer to each person by name. Ifthere are several people in the room at once, you might wish to scribble downtheir names on a sheet of paper according to where each is sitting. Make eyecontact with each person and speak directly to the person asking each question.

Use the opportunity to gain as much information about the company as you can.Just as each interviewer has a different function in the company, they each havea unique perspective. When asking questions, be sensitive not to place anyonein a position that invites him to compromise confidentiality or loyalty.

Bring at least double the anecdotes and sound-bites to the interview as youwould for a traditional one-on-one interview. Be ready to illustrate your mainmessage in a variety of ways to a variety of people.

Prepare psychologically to expend more energy and be more alert than youwould in a one-on-one interview. Stay focused and adjustable.

The Mealtime InterviewFor many, interviewing over a meal sounds like a professional and digestive

catastrophe in the making. If you have difficulty chewing gum while walking, this couldbe a challenge. With some preparation and psychological readjustment, you can enjoythe process. Meals often have a cementing social effect-breaking bread together tendsto facilitate deals, marriages, friendships, and religious communion. Mealtime interviewsrely on this logic, and expand it.Particularly when your job requires interpersonal acuity, companies want to know whatyou are like in a social setting. Are you relaxed and charming or awkward and evasive?Companies want to observe not only how you handle a fork, but also how you treat yourhost, any other guests, and the serving staff.Some basic social tips help ease the complexity of mixing food with business:

Take cues from your interviewer, remembering that you are the guest. Do not sitdown until your host does. Order something slightly less extravagant than yourinterviewer. If he badly wants you to try a particular dish, oblige him. If herecommends an appetizer to you, he likely intends to order one himself. Do notbegin eating until he does. If he orders coffee and dessert, do not leave himeating alone.

If your interviewer wants to talk business, do so. If she and the other guestsdiscuss their upcoming travel plans or their families, do not launch into business.

Try to set aside dietary restrictions and preferences. Remember, the intervieweris your host. It is rude to be finicky unless you absolutely must. If you must, be astactful as you can. Avoid phrases like: "I do not eat mammals," or "Shrimp makesmy eyes swell and water."

Choose manageable food items, if possible. Avoid barbeque ribs and spaghetti. Find a discrete way to check your teeth after eating. Excuse yourself from the

table for a moment. Practice eating and discussing something important simultaneously. Thank your interviewer for the meal.

The Follow-up Interview


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Companies bring candidates back for second and sometimes third or fourth interviewsfor a number of reasons. Sometimes they just want to confirm that you are the amazingworker they first thought you to be. Sometimes they are having difficulty decidingbetween a short-list of candidates. Other times, the interviewer's supervisor or otherdecision makers in the company want to gain a sense of you before signing a hiring

decision.The second interview could go in a variety of directions, and you must prepare for eachof them. When meeting with the same person again, you do not need to be as assertivein your communication of your skills. You can focus on cementing rapport,understanding where the company is going and how your skills mesh with the companyvision and culture. Still, the interviewer should view you as the answer to their needs.You might find yourself negotiating a compensation package. Alternatively, you mightfind that you are starting from the beginning with a new person.

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Interviews makes you to show your talent and ability whether you can fit for thatparticularjobor not. So make use of the following tips to improve your knowledge inattending the interview.

1.Practice makes the man perfect. So practice in front of the mirror or with your

friends/colleagues.

2.Dress professionally for the job and do not wear jeans,T-shirts etc

3.Proper preparation will help to reduce the tension, nervousness in the interview.

4.Being on time to the interview is very essential. Make sure of interview time and bebefore fifteen minutes for the interview.

5.During the interview answer clearly and confidently.

6.Make eye contact to other interviewer while answering.

7.Turn off your cellphone,i-pod,pager etc.,

8.Do not smoke while waiting for an interview.9.Do not answer 'yes' or 'no' type manner.

10.Listen carefully and answer the questions. If you are not clear with their questionsask another time and clarify it.
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11.You prove your interest in work and talent while interviewing.

12.Do not forget to take copies of resumes, pen and writing pad.

13.Think positive and answer in best way.

14.Interviews are conducted on the basis of the information provided in their resumes,cover letters, and/or applications.

15.You can ask relevant questions about your job nature16.Closeeach interview by summarizing your strongest qualifications and continuinginterest in the position.

17.Make sure to wish all the panels while you enter or leave the interview.

18.Send a thank-you letter to everyone you interviewed with.19.Use examples toexplain your skills and experience.

20.Avoid discussing about political, salary,bonusesetcThere are two types of rounds in an interviewTechnical and HR round

During the technical round questions related to the technicalities of your job are askedwhile in HR round general question like those mentioned below are asked.

Tell me about yourself.Be ready with your brief introduction and keep it specific to your work experience. If you

haven't any previous work experience, about your ability to work.How will your qualification help you in doing this job?If your qualification is suitable to the job you've applied for, explain howyour qualification helps you. In case your qualification doesn't match with the job profile,be honest and speak about your interest in doing the job and skills you wish to acquireby doing it.What do you know about our organization?This question is bound to be asked, so be prepared. Go to the interviewafter you aredone with your homework. Check out the company's website for all details regarding itsproduction, sales and profits. Why do you wish to join our organization?

Talk about the company's worth and prestige and also talk about its healthy workambience which you desire to be a part of. Talk about the learning experience thecompany provides. Relate it to your long term career goals. What is your expected salary/CTC?If you are a fresher, tell them that you are okay with whatever pay is assigned to afresher. If you have prior work experience, tell them you'd like to have a pay yourexperience commands. Don't quote a figure. Instead, ask them to quote a range.
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How have your strengths helped you in getting your work done?


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Eyes: Maintain eye contact with the interviewer but don't stare at them. Inparticular look at them when you are answering a question and not at the table orthe furniture around.

Answering QuestionBefore answering a question make sure you understand clearly. If in doubt, ask for

clarification. If asked to solve a problem on paper, be methodical and try to avoidjumping steps. Talk while solving the problem, unless told otherwise, so that theinterviewer knows exactly what method you are following to solve it. Stay calm andspeak neither too fast nor too slow.General ToneLet the interviewer set the tone of the interview, such as formal or casual etc. Make sureyou do not act too casual or informal. You should smile but not grin. Also show that youare interested in the job itself, more than in the package or other benefits. Do not actovereager, or as if you need the job badly, even if you do.ClosingClosing part of the interview is even more important then the introduction part. In

particular you should ask the interviewer if they have any concern about you ability to dothe job. Also you should ask about the next step or what you should do next or how youcould contact them for follow-up. This shows that you are interested in the job.The points mentioned above are just the guidelines. In general you should follow theinterviewer's lead. Pay attention to his or her words and body language. Listen to theirquestions and answer in a calm and confidant manner. Remember that they areconducting this job interview not for charity but because they need an employee, justlike you need a job. Do your best to convince them that you can be an ideal employeewho will further be an asset to their company. Also, remember that there are other jobsin the market. Pinning all your hopes on a single job offer will have only negative affectson your performance in interview.

QUESTIONS Candidates SHOULD ASK :

Interviewers usually round off by giving you an opportunity to ask questions. Treat it likea welcome opportunity.You could ask questions like.a) Tell me about your company.b) Now that I have outlined my career goals, do you think you can offer me theopportunities I need?c) What kind of training and learning can I expect in your company?d) Describe the work culture and the management style of your company?e) What is the long-term vision of your company?

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