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BA 1/15 Why did Alexander reject the peace offer from
Darius III?
Alexander’s final battle with Darius III was which battle? (present day Iraq)
Name one reason that Alexander the Great decided to turn back to Macedonia?
Standard SSWH3 The student will examine the
political, philosophical and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
Essential Question How did conflict between patricians and
plebeians change the culture of classical Rome?
Origins of RomeLegend: city of Rome founded in 753 BCE by
Romulus and Remus Twins who were abandoned as infants and raised by
a she-wolf Built a city where they were raised
Truth: city built at a strategic location with fertile soil Built on hills at a curve on the Tiber River
Origins of Rome continued3 groups inhabited Italian peninsula: 1. Latin: considered 1st Romans
Built wooden huts on Rome’s hills
2. Greeks: established colonies in Italy & Sicily
3. Etruscans: skilled engineers & metal workers from northern Italy
Influenced Roman writing and architecture(video)
The Early Republic Etruscan kings ruled Rome for nearly 100 years
509 BCE: brutal king driven from power Romans create a Republic
Republic: form of government where power rests with citizens Citizens can vote for leaders
Early Republic continued Struggle of power in early republic
2 groups struggling for power:1. Patricians2. Plebeians
Patricians Patricians: wealthy landowners
Held most of power
Inherited power and social status
Claimed ancestry gave them authority to make laws
PlebeiansPlebeians: common farmers, artisans, and
merchants Citizens of Rome with right to vote
Made up majority of population Barred by law from important government positions
Over time, able to form tribunes
Tribune: elected administrative officers of the plebeians Elected to protect the interests and rights of the
plebeians from patricians
Twelve Tables First written law code of Rome
Idea forced by plebeians
Carved on 12 tablets and hung in Forum Forum: marketplace in Rome
Center of judicial and business affairs
Established that all free citizens had right to protection of the law
(video)
Consuls Consuls: command army and direct
government Only 2 consuls
Consuls able to veto each other
Limited to 1 year term Could not be re-elected for 10 years
SenateSenate: aristocratic branch with
legislative and administrative functions 300 members
Influence foreign and domestic policy
DictatorDictator: leader with absolute power to
make laws and command army
Elected by republic ONLY in times of crisis
Roman Army All citizens who owned land must serve
Public officers needed 10 years of military service
Army organized into legions Legions: military units of 5,000 foot soldiers
Organization of legions and military training help Rome rise to power
Rome Spreads Power Rome wants to expand territory through
conquest and trade
City of Carthage interfered with Rome’s trade through Mediterranean Carthage: city on North African coast
Punic WarsRome vs. Carthage
Fought from 264-146 BCE
Fought 3 wars
First Punic War Rome won control of Sicily & western
Mediterranean Lasted 23 years
Second Punic War Led by Carthaginian general Hannibal
Hannibal Brilliant military strategist
Wants to avenge Carthage’s loss in 1st war
Plans to capture Rome in sneak attack through Alps Army: 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, 60 elephants
Over 10 years, conquers many Roman cities Never able to conquer Rome
Hannibal still in Italy
Scipio: Roman general who decides to attack Carthage Forces Hannibal to return home to defend city
Romans win
Punic Wars continued3rd Punic War (149-146 BCE)
Rome attacks Carthage
Carthage burned down 50,000 Carthaginians sold into slavery
Turned into Roman province
Final victory where Rome gains control of western Mediterranean
(video)