Back Matter

Back MatterSource: Operations Research, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 1994), pp. 780-788Published by: INFORMSStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/171630 .

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S p5

Joseph Abate is a Member of Technical Staff at Bell Communications Research, Piscataway, N.J. Ward Whitt is a Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J. Their paper is the result of a ten-year research collaboration, focus- ing on approximations, transient behavior, and nu- merical transform inversion for queueing models.

Hany Eldeib is a senior engineer in the System Plan- ning department, INTELSAT, Washington, D. C. He is involved in planning and decision support for design, procurement and deployment of new spacecraft, and technologies in the INTELSAT global satellite communications system.

Hal Connor Elrod received his B.A. in Economics and Computer Science from Baylor University in 1988 and his M.S. in OR from the University of Texas at Austin in 1989. He has worked for Advanced Micro Devices and Princeton Transportation Consulting Group, Inc.

Ulrich Faigle is Professor of Mathematics of OR and Walter Kern is Associate Professor of Discrete Optimization, both in the Department of Applied Mathematics at the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. Their research interests include the design and analysis of efficient algorithms and their applications. The research in this article was motivated by ordered sets that provide a common model for some problems in the design and optimal tests and in computational learning theory they had been study- ing. This makes it desirable to determine the computational complexity of the order model.

Thomas A. Feo is Associate Chairman of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He holds the John Kasch Endowment in the College of Engineering and teaches in the OR and Manufacturing Systems Graduate Programs; he is also a general partner of Optimization Alternatives. His academic research centers on the design and classification of heuristic methodologies, and his industrial interests focus on the development and deployment of intelligent decision support systems that control and optimize industrial operations.

Marshall L. Fisher is the Stephen J. Heyman Professor of Manufacturing and Logistics and Co-director of the Center for Manufacturing and

Logistics Research at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. His current research focuses on aligning operations with the needs of the marketplace. He is an "old friend" of the vehicle routing problem, having published his first algorith- mic contribution in 1981, and he shared in the 1983 Edelman prize for successful implementation of a vehicle routing algorithm at Air Products and Chemicals.

Alan Gleit is a vice-president in the risk management area of Citicorp. He is an associate editor for the OR Practice Section of Operations Research. He has a Ph.D. in mathematics from Stanford University.

Kaj E. R. Holmberg is Associate Professor in Optimization at Linkoping Institute of Technology, Sweden. His current interests include primal and/or dual decomposition methods. The motivation for the article is a wish to extend the applicability of cross decomposition to pure integer programming problems.

Frank K. Hwang is a member of the staff at the mathematics center of Bell Laboratories. He recently co-authored a book on the Steiner tree problem and a book on group testing. Uriel G. Rothblum is the Dean and Professor of OR on the Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management at the Technion in Israel. The current paper grew out of previous work by both authors on partitioning problems. Hwang considered assembly problems for maximizing reli- ability, and Rothblum considered joint replenishment problems in inventory systems. The collaboration took place while Rothblum was consulting for Bell Labs. Hwang and Rothblum are co-authoring a book on primal partitions.

S0ren Glud Johansen is Associate Professor of OR at the Institute of Mathematics at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. His research includes cost ac- counting, production economics, and Markov decision processes. For many years he has been in search of new techniques to obtain monotonicity results for stochastic systems. Such a new technique is presented in his paper.

Walter Kern, see Ulrich Faigle.

Frank Kirschnick is Operations Research Analyst at the Siemens Co. in Munich, Germany. He received an undergraduate degree in computer science from the Technische Universitat Munchen, and an M.S. in

780



Contributors / 781

operations research from Case Western Reserve University. Manuel Laguna is Assistant Professor of Operations Management at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He was the first US WEST postdoctoral fellow in the Graduate School of Business at the University of Colorado. He has done extensive research in the interface between AI and OR to develop solution methods for problems in production scheduling, telecommunications, and facility layout. Laguna co-edited the Tabu Search volume of the Annals of Operations Research.

Pierre L'Ecuyer is Professor in the Department of Computer Science and OR at the University of Montreal. His research focuses on stochastic discrete-event simulation. Gaetan Perron is a software engineering consultant for GESPRO Informatique Inc., Ste. Foy, Quebec. Part of their paper grew from the M.Sc. thesis of Perron at Laval University, under the supervision of L'Ecuyer. This work was motivated by an early draft of "Convergence Rates of Finite-Difference Sensitivity Estimates for Stochastic Systems," by M. A. Zazanis and R. Suri (Operations Research 41, 694-703).

Janny M. Y. Leung, see Robert A. Russell.

Gaetan Perron, see Pierre L'Ecuyer.

Arnold Reisman is Professor of Operations Research at Case Western Reserve University. This paper is an outgrowth of his ongoing interest in meta research on OR/MS, much of which is reported on in his recent book Management Science Knowledge: Its Creation, Generalization, and Consolidation.

Eric Rosenberg is a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Middletown, N.J., currently on leave from AT&T with a position as Lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering and OR at Princeton University. His main research interest is the design of telecommunications networks.

Uriel G. Rothblum, see Frank K. Hwang. Uriel G. Rothblum is Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management at the Technion, Israel. He holds the Management Science Chair, and his research includes mathematical programming, dynamic programming, discrete optimization, linear models, and game theory. The collaboration of Rothkopf and Rothblum took place while Rothblum was Visiting Professor at RUTCOR, the Rutgers Center for Operations Research. For 10 years Michael H. Rothkopf was the area editor for OR Practice of Operations Research, a post he

recently left to become the editor of Interfaces. After 24 years in private industry and at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, he became a professor at Rutgers University in RUTCOR and the School of Business. He is a mathematical modeler with a Ph.D. in OR from MIT. His thesis was on sequencing theory, and about once a decade he writes another paper on that topic.

Robert A. Russell is Professor of Management Science in the Qualitative Methods and MIS Department at the University of Tulsa. His current research is in vehicle routing and scheduling, and metaheuristics applied to combinatorial optimization. Janny M. Y. Leung is Assistant Professor in the Management Information Systems Department at the University of Arizona. Her interests are combinatorial optimization and its application to planning problems in operations management.

Carlton Scott is Professor at the Graduate School of Management at the University of California, Irvine. Much of his past research focuses on the theory and application of duality in convex and geometric programming. He is becoming more involved in problems associated with production and service operations. He serves as an associate editor of Zietschrift fiir Operations Research.

Kut C. So is Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Management at the University of California, Irvine. His research focuses on the effective design and operations of stochastic production systems. He serves as an associate editor of IIE Transactions.

Chelsea C. White, III is Professor of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan and Director of the University of Michigan's Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems Research Center of Excellence. His current interests are stochastic optimization and the integration of formal rea- soning techniques and concepts in artificial intelligence for problem solving, with application to IVHS, decision making, quality function deployment, and strategic planning.

Ward Whitt, see Joseph Abate.

Yu-Sheng Zheng is Associate Professor in the Department of Operations and Information Management at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He obtained his Ph.D. from Columbia University. This paper was motivated by an interest in understanding coordination issues in multi-item/location production and distribution systems.



The Editorial Board would like to thank the following individuals who acted as referees for papers considered or published during the 1993 calendar year. Without their assistance, it would be impossible for the Society to publish a journal of high professional standards.

A

L. Abdel-Malek, New Jersey Institute of Technology L. Abolnikov, Loyola Marymount University L. Adelman, George Mason University N. Agrawal, Santa Clara University R. Ahmadi, University of California, Los Angeles R. Akella, Carnegie Mellon University A. I. Ali, University of Massachusetts K. Altinkemer, Purdue University A. Amiri, Khanguett Hojjej, Tunisia R. Anbil, American Airlines Decision Technologies,

Dallas, Texas S. Andradottir, University of Wisconsin S. Anily, Tel Aviv University, Israel E. Arkin, State University of New York at

Stony Brook R. G. Askin,University of Arizona D. R. Atkins,University of British Columbia,

Canada T. Aven, Rogaland University Centre S. Axsater, Lund University, Lund, Sweden S. Ayur, Carnegie Mellon University

B

F. Baccelli, INRIA, France M. P. Bailey, Naval Postgraduate School E. K. Baker, III, University of Miami K. R. Baker, Dartmouth College T. Baker, Chesapeake Decision Sciences, Inc.,

New Providence, New Jersey A. Balakrishnan, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology C. Baldwin, Harvard University M. 0. Ball, University of Maryland J. F. Bard, University of Texas at Austin I. Bardhan, Goldman Sachs, Co., New York A. I. Barnett, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology C. Barnhart, Massachusetts Institute of Technology R. S. Barr, Southern Methodist University J. Barth, Exxon Company USA, Baytown, Texas J. J. Bartholdi, III, Georgia Institute of Technology

Y. Bassok, Northwestern University R. G. Batson, University of Alabama R. Batta, State University of New York at Buffalo J. C. Bean, University of Michigan P. C. Bell, University of Western Ontario, Canada D. Berman, University of Toronto, Canada D. J. Bertsimas, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology D. Bienstock, Columbia University J. R. Birge, University of Michigan C. Bisdikian, D. E. Blumenfeld, General Motors Research,

Warren, Michigan L. D. Bodin, University of Maryland Warren Boe, University of Iowa N. Boland J. H. Bookbinder, University of Waterloo, Canada G. Bordes, Universite de Bordeaux, Pessac, France K. H. Borgwardt, Universitat Augsburg, Germany S. Borodoloi, University of Texas at Austin E. Boros, Rutgers University 0. Boxma, CWI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands J. D. Bramel, Columbia University M. L. Brandeau, Stanford University H. N. C. Breusers, Delft Hydraulics,

The Netherlands K. M. Bretthauer, Texas A&M University G. G. Brown, Naval Postgraduate School S. S. Brown, Daniel H. Wagner Associates, Paoli,

Pennsylvania S. Browne, Columbia University P. J. Brucker, Universitat Osnabruck, Germany A. H. Buss, Washington University J. A. Buzacott, York University, Toronto, Canada

C

G. Cachon, University of Pennsylvania A. Cadenillas, University of Toronto, Canada P. Calamai, University of Waterloo, Canada S. Carr, Cornell University R. Carraway, University of Virginia D. Ceylan, Purdue University

Operations Research 0030-364X/94/4203-0782 $01.25 Vol. 42, No. 4, July-August 1994 782 ? 1994 Operations Research Society of America



Appreciation to 1993 Referees / 783

E. D. Chajakis, University of Pennsylvania F. Chance, Cornell University S. Chand, Purdue University R. Chandrasekaran, University of Texas at Dallas X. Chao, New Jersey Institute of Technology A. Chen, University of California, Berkeley B. Chen, Erasmus University, Rotterdam,

The Netherlands F. Chen, Columbia University H. Chen, University of British Columbia, Canada T. C. E. Chen, Hong Kong Polytechnic Institute R. C. H. Cheng, University of Wales College

at Cardiff P. Chevalier, Universidad de Chile D. Chhajed, University of Illinois J. Choobineh, Texas A&M University M. A. Cohen, University of Pennsylvania D. E. Collins, Chesapeake Decision Sciences, Inc.,

New Providence, New Jersey D. Connor, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,

Yorktown Heights, New York G. Cornubjols, Carnegie Mellon University Z. Covaliu, George Washington University C. T. Culbreth, North Carolina State University S. Cunningham, University of California, Berkeley

D

M. Dada, Purdue University C. H. Dagli, University of Missouri, Rolla G. Dahl, Norwegian Telecom Research, Norway L. Dai, Washington University J. Daigle, The Mitre Corporation, Virginia Y. Dallery, Boston University H. Damerdji, North Carolina State University R. L. Daniels, Georgia Institute of Technology B. V. Dean, San Jose State University R. Dekker, Erasmus University, Rotterdam,

The Netherlands R. DeLeone, University of Wisconsin E. Demeulemeester, Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, Belgium E. V. Denardo, Yale University J. Desrosiers, HEC and GERAD, Montreal, Canada B. Deuermeyer, Texas A&M University V. R. Doneti, Norfolk State University B. Doshi, AT&T Bell Laboratures, Holmdel,

New Jersey M. Dror, University of Arizona I. Duenyas, University of Michigan J. H. Dula, Southern Methodist University R. Dyckerhoff, J. L. Dyer, SPARTA, Inc., McLean, Virginia J. S. Dyer, University of Texas at Austin

E

J. N. Eagle, Naval Postgraduate School M. J. Eisner, Exxon Company International,

Floral Park, New Jersey K. Ellis, Georgia Institute of Technology M. K. ElNajdawi, Villanova University T. Eppel, Purdue University E. Erkut, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada R. Ernst, Georgetown University D. Everitt, University of Melbourne, Australia

F

W. R. Fair, The Fair Isaac Companies, Inc., San Raphael, California

J. M. Farvolden, University of Toronto, Canada S. L. Feld, Louisiana State University T. A. Feo, University of Texas at Austin E. Fernandez-Gaucherand, University of Arizona C. Fernando, Tulane University C. H. Fine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology M. L. Fisher, University of Pennsylvania G. S. Fishman, University of North Carolina M. T. Flaherty, University of Pennsylvania C. Fleurant, University of Montreal, Canada R. D. Foley, Georgia Institute of Technology B. L. Fox, University of Colorado at Denver R. Fourer, Northwestern University R. L. Francis, University of Florida K. Frauendorfer, Universitat Zurich, Switzerland T. L. Friesz, George Mason University S. W. Fuhrmann, IBM Zurich Research

Laboratory, Switzerland

G

G. Galambos, Juhasz Gyula Training College G. Gallego, Columbia University R. B. Gallupe, Queens University, Kingston,

Canada A. Garg, Stanford University S. I. Gass, University of Maryland M. Gendreau, University of Montreal, Canada A. M. Geoffrion, University of California,

Los Angeles M. E. Gershon, Temple University P. Ghandforoush, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University M. Ghiassi, IEEE I. Gilboa, C. A. Glass, University of Southampton, England P. Glasserman, Columbia University R. Glassey, University of California, Berkeley



784 / Appreciation to 1993 Referees

K. D. Glazebrook, University of Newcastle-Upon- Tyne, England

A. Gleit, Citicorp, New York, New York F. W. Glover, University of Colorado at Boulder P. W. Glynn, Standard University M. X. Goemans, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology D. Goldfarb, Columbia University 0. Goldschmidt, University of Texas at Austin D. Goldsman, Georgia Institute of Technology L. Gong, Louisiana State University S. A. Grandhi, Rutgers University S. C. Graves, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology H. J. Greenberg, University of Colorado at Denver B. V. Greenburg, Bureau of the Census,

Washington, D.C. R. Gregory, Decision Research, Eugene, Oregon H. Groenevelt, University of Rochester A. Grosfeld-Nir, University of Waterloo, Canada R. Guerin, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,

Yorktown Heights, New York M. Guignard-Spielberg, University of Pennsylvania A. Guinet, INSA, Lyon, France D. Gupta, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada G. Gutierrez, University of Texas at Austin M. M. Gutterman, Amoco Oil Co., Chicago, Illinois

H

A. Ha, Yale University R. Haessler, University of Michigan L. A. Hall, Johns Hopkins University N. G. Hall, Ohio State University H. W. Hamacher, Universitat Kaiserslautern,

Germany G. Hamm, Applied Decision Analysis, Menlo Park,

California W. K. Haneveld, University of Groningen,

The Netherlands P. Hansen, GERAD, Montreal, Canada C. M. Harris, George Mason University R. Harris, Royal Melbourne Institute of

Technology, Australia J. M. Harrison, Stanford University W. H. Hausman, Stanford University K. J. Healy, Purdue University B. C. Herniter, University of Hartford W. S. Herroelen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Belgium J. K. Higginson, Ontario, Canada J. L. Higle, University of Arizona M. J. Hodgson, University of Alberta, Edmonton,

Canada

S. V. Hoesel, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands

T. Ho, University of Pennsylvania K. Hoffman, George Mason University S. P. Hong, Coopers and Lybrand, Belle Mead,

New Jersey W. S. Hoogeveen, Princeton University D. S. P. Hopkins, Stanford University W. J. Hopp, Northwestern University C. L. Hough, Texas A&M University C. A. J. Hurkens, Eindhoven University of

Technology, The Netherlands

H. Isermann, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

J

P. Jackson, Cornell University S. H. Jacobson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University P. Jaillet, University of Texas at Austin E. M. Jewkes, University of Waterloo, Canada D. S. Johnson, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Madison,

New Jersey R. V. Johnson, University of Michigan F. M. Julien, University of Ottawa, Canada B. Jurisch, Memorial University of Newfoundland,

Canada

K

S-R. Kai, GTE Laboratories, Waltham, Massachusetts

J. Kamburowski, University of Toledo M. Kamien, Northwestern University H. Kanakia, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill,

New Jersey S. Karabati, Bilkent University, Turkey R. Karjalainen, University of Pennsylvania U. S. Karmarkar, University of Rochester P. K. Kedia, Northeastern University D. L. Keefer, Arizona State University 0. Kella, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel G. E. Kerston, Carlton University, Ontario, Canada I. S. Khosla, University of Minnesota M. Y. Kiang, Arizona State University P. Kiessler, Clemson University M. Kijima, University of Tsukuba, Japan R. K. Kincaid, College of William and Mary C. W. Kirkwood, Arizona State University C. M. Klein, University of Missouri, Columbia P. R. Kleindorfer, University of Pennsylvania




J. P. C. Kleijnen, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, The Netherlands

J. Klincewicz, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, New Jersey

E. Koenigsberg, University of California, Berkeley A. Kolen, University of Limbarg, The Netherlands T. Konstantopolous, J. Korst, Philips Research Laboratories,

The Netherlands P. Kouvelis, Duke University D. H. Kraft, Louisiana State University P. Kubat, GTE Laboratories, Inc., Waltham,

Massachusetts G. Kudva, Purdue University A. Kumar, Grand Valley State University S. Kumar, Stanford University J. Kyparisis, Florida International University

L

S. P. Ladany, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

R. LaMaire, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York

R. Lambert, Stanford University D. Lamm, Naval Postgraduate School K. F. Lane, RTZ Research, Bristol, England J-B. Lasserre, LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France S. R. Lawrence, University of Colorado at Boulder R. C. Leachman, University of California, Berkeley P. L'Ecuyer, University of Montreal C-Y. Lee, University of Florida H. Lee, Stanford University T. Lee, University of Illinois at Chicago T.-S. Lee, University of Texas at Austin Y. Lee, U.S. West Advanced Technologies,

Boulder, Colorado L. Lei, Rutgers University J. K. Lenstra, Eindhoven University of

Technology, The Netherlands J. Leung, University of Arizona K. K. Leung, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray

Hill, New Jersey B. Lev, University of Michigan, Dearborn E. Levner, H. Levy, Tel-Aviv University, Israel C-L. Li, Washington University E. R. Lieberman, U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, Washington, D.C. T. M. Liebling, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de

Lausanne, Switzerland B. Lipman, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada S. A. Lippman, University of California,

Los Angeles

G. F. List, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Z. Liu, INRIA, France D. C. Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology S. Lou, University of Toronto, Canada D. P. Loucks, Cornell University F. V. Louveaux, Universite de Namur, Belgium L. Lu, US West Advanced Technologies, Boulder,

Colorado S. Lu, University of Illinois

M

M. M. Maddox, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan

M. J. Magazine, University of Waterloo, Canada T. L. Magnanti, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology D. Malik, Cornell University J. W. Mamer, University of California,

Los Angeles 0. L. Mangasarian, University of Wisconsin M. Mangel, University of California, Davis H. Matsuo, University of Pennsylvania D. McGarvey, RAND Corp., Washington, D.C. L. A. McGeoch, Amherst College J. McGill, Queens University V. Mehrota, Decision Focus, Inc., Los Altos,

California B. Melamed, NEC, New Jersey W. Michalowski, Carleton University, Ottawa,

Canada H. J. Miser, Farmington, Connecticut J. Mitchell, State University of New York at

Stony Brook S. Mithal, Columbia University S. Mithal AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill,

New Jersey D. Mitra, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill,

New Jersey J. Mittenthal, Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute M. Miyazawa, Science University of Tokyo, Japan S. Mondschein, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology D. J. Morrice, University of Texas at Austin D. G. Morrison, University of California,

Los Angeles G. Mosheiov, Hebrew University H. Moskowitz, Purdue University W. A. Muhanna, Ohio State University J. M. Mulvey, Princeton University F. H. Murphy, Temple University

N

S. Nahmias, Santa Clara University




M. K. Nakayama, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey

P. Nandakumar, Duke University S. Narasimhan, Georgia Institute of Technology L. D. Nel, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada V. Nguyen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology S. S. Nielsen, University of Texas at Austin V. Niemeyer, EPRI, Palo Alto, California A. I. Noor, GTE Service Corporation, Ridgefield,

Connecticut R. Nurani, Carnegie Mellon University

0

J. O'Brien, Carnegie Mellon University M. O'Kelly, Ohio State University N. T. O'Meara, Logistics Management Institute,

Bethesda, Maryland S. S. Oren, University of California, Berkeley T. J. Ott, Bellcore, Morristown, New Jersey T. Ozawa, NTT Communications Switching

Laboratories, New Jersey

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P. Pardalos, University of Florida M. Parlar, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada J. H. Patterson, Indiana University J. Pearl, University of California, Los Angeles A. Pera, Columbia University J. R. Perkins, University of Illinois D. T. Phillips, Texas A&M University M. T. Pich, Stanford University H. Pirkul, Ohio State University S. Poijak, Charles University S. M. Pollock, University of Michigan E. L. Porteus, Stanford University M. E. Posner, Ohio State University C. N. Potts, University of Southampton, England W. B. Powell, Princeton University J. M. Proth, INRIA, France J. S. Provan, University of North Carolina H. N. Psaraftis, National Technical University of

Athens, Greece M. L. Puterman, University of British Columbia

R

S. Rajagopalan, University of Southern California at Los Angeles

J. Rajgopal, University of Pittsburgh M. Ramaholto, Portugal A. Raman, Harvard University N. Raman, University of Illinois V. K. Rangan, Harvard University H. D. Ratliff, Georgia Institute of Technology

G. R. Reeves, University of South Carolina F. Rendl, Universitat Graz, Austria M. G. C. Resende, AT&T Bell Laboratories,

Murray Hill, New Jersey M. Rieders, Northwestern University R. L. Righter, Santa Clara University H. Ripphausen-Lipa, Technische Universitat,

Berlin, Germany L. W. Robinson, Cornell University H. E. Romeijn, Erasmus University, Rotterdam,

The Netherlands D. B. Rosenfield, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology M. Rosenwein, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Hojmdel,

New Jersey K. Rosling, Linkoping Institute of Technology,

Sweden K. Ross, American Airlines Decision Technologies,

Dallas, Texas U. G. Rothblum, Technion-Israel Institute of

Technology M. H. Rothkopf, Rutgers University R. 0. Roundy, Cornell University J. L. Rummel, Duke University

S

I. Sahin, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee V. Samalam, GTE Laboratories, Inc., Waltham,

Massachusetts S. Sanchez, University of Missouri, St. Louis C. Santos, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories,

Palo Alto, California S. C. Sarin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University B. R. Sarker, Louisiana State University R. Saxena, Customized Transportation, Inc.,

Jacksonville, Florida M. Schniederjans, University of Nebraska D. A. Schon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology D. A. Sckrady, Naval Postgraduate School A. SchriJver, CWI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands G. D. Scudder, Vanderbilt University A. Seidmann, University of Rochester F. Semet, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de

Lausanne, Switzerland S. Sen, University of Arizona B. Sengupta, NEC, New Jersey P. Sengupta, Shell Oil Development, Houston,

Texas S. Seshadri, New York University R. D. Shachter, Stanford University S-C. Shang, University of Pittsburgh




J. G. Shanthikumar, University of California, Berkeley

0. R. L. Sheng, University of Arizona H. D. Sherali, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University B. Shetty, Texas A&M University D. B. Shmoys, Cornell University C. Shoemaker, Cornell University P. Shor, AT&T Bell Laboratories, New Jersey S. M. Shugan, University of Florida D. Simchi-Levi, Columbia University B. Simon, University of Colorado at Denver J. Simon, Notre Dame University W. P. Simpson, U.S. Air Force Institute of

Technology M. R. Singh, University of Michigan Z. Sinuany-Stern, Ben-Gurion University of the

Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel S. A. Smith, Santa Clara University D. E. Smith-Daniels, Arizona State University K. C. So, University of California, Irvine I. M. Sobol, Institute for Mathematical Modeling of

the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

M. Solomon, Northeastern University F. Soumis, GERAD, Montreal, Canada H. M. Souroush, Clemson University M. G. Sovereign, Naval Postgraduate School S. Sridhar, Vanderbilt University V. Sridharan, Clemson University M. M. Srinivasan, University of Tennessee M. Stoer, ZIB, Berlin, Germany J. C. Stone, Ketron Management Science Inc.,

Palo Alto, California J. E. Storbeck, Ohio State University L. Stougie, University of Amsterdam,

The Netherlands T. Suda, University of California, Irvine S. Suresh, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bedminster,

New Jersey A. L. Sweet, Purdue University

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G. Tagaras, Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki, Greece

H. Takagi, IBM Tokyo, Japan A. Taket, Queen Mary and Westfield College,

London, England K. Tam, The Hong Kong University of Science

and Technology A. Tamir, Tel Aviv University, Israel C. S. Tang, University of California, Los Angeles C. Tang, New Jersey Institute of Technology

B. Tansel, Bilkent University, Turkey J. D. Tew, Consolidated Freightways, Portland,

Oregon J. M. Thizy, University of Ottawa, Canada L. J. Thomas, Cornell University P. Thompson, Santa Clara University R. G. Thompson, University of Houston S. D. Thompson, University of Illinois U. Thonemann, Stanford University E. Toomre, Stanford University A. Torn, Abo Akademi University, Finland C. A. Tovey, Georgia Institute of Technology T. B. Trafalis, University of Oklahoma M. A. Trick Carnegie Mellon University L. Trigeorgis, Boston University K. J. Trnsten, The Norwegian School of

Economics, Bergen, Norway Z-H. Tsai, F.T. Tseng, University of Alabama-Huntsville K. H. Tseng, Purdue University

U

R. Uzsoy, Purdue University

V

R. Vachani, GTE Laboratories, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts

R. Vahrenkamp, University of Kassel, Germany S. L. van de Velde, University of Twente,

Enschede, The Netherlands J. H. Vande Vate, Georgia Institute of Technology C. P. M. van Hoesel, Erasmus University,

Rotterdam, The Netherlands G. J. van Ryzin, Columbia University T. C. Varley, Institute for Defense Analyses,

Alexandria, Virginia S. Varma, M. H. Veatch, Gordon College B. Veltman, CWI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands R. Venkataramanan, Indiana University J. A. Ventura, Pennsylvania State University R. G. Vickson, University of Waterloo, Canada R. V. Vohra, Ohio State University D. von Winterfeldt, University of Southern

California

w

D. K. Wagner, Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C.

H. M. Wagner, University of North Carolina W. Wagner, University of North Carolina W. E. Walker, RAND, Santa Monica, California




S. W. Wallace, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway

P. Wang, George Mason University Y. Wang, University of Waterloo, Canada A. R. Washburn, Naval Postgraduate School E. A. Wasil, American University L. Weatherford, University of Wyoming R. Weihe, Technische Universitat Berlin, Germany L. M. Wein, Massachusetts Institute of Technology R. E. Wendell, University of Pittsburgh S. Whang, Stanford University S. Whitehead, GTE Laboratories, Inc., Waltham,

Massachusetts M. M. Wiecek, Clemson University A. C. Williams, Rutgers University D. P. Williamson, Cornell University P. Winter, University of Copenhagen, Denmark J. Wlyngaard, University of Groningen,

The Netherlands H. Wolkowicz, University of Waterloo, Canada L. A. Wolsey, CORE, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium R. T. Wong, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel,

New Jersey R. K. Wood, Naval Postgraduate School M. Wortman, Texas A&M University G. P. Wright, Purdue University C. Wypasik, Clemson University

x

D. Xiao, Columbia University N. Xu, University of Iowa S. H. Xu, Pennsylvania State University

y

A. Yan, C. A. Yano, University of California, Berkeley G. Yin, Wayne State University D. B. Young, Georgia Institute of Technology

z

K. Zagrafos, University of Miami R. Zeckhauser, Harvard University S. A. Zenios, University of Pennsylvania A. Zhang, University of Southern California A. Zhang, University of South Carolina S. Zhang, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Y. Zhao, University of Winnipeg Y-S. Zheng, University of Pennsylvania S. Zhu, University of Pennsylvania U. Zimmermann, Technische Universitat

Braunschweig, Germany P. H. Zipkin, Columbia University K. G. Zografos, University of Miami



COUNCIL OF THE SOCIETY 1994-1995

OFFICERS

President Robert A. Abrams College of Business Administration University of Illinois Mail Code 294 Chicago, IL 60607 (312) 996-2676/[email protected]

Secretary Vicki L. Sauter School of Business Administration University of Missouri-St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63121-4499 (314) 553-6281/[email protected]

Treasurer Karla L. Hoffman Department of Operations Research and Applied Statistics George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 993-1670/[email protected]

Business Manager Ellen Duncan ORSA Business Office 1314 Guilford Avenue Baltimore, MD 21202 (410) 528-4251/[email protected]

PAST PRESIDENTS

1992-1995 Charles J. McCallum, Jr. AT&T Bell Laboratories 101 Crawfords Corner Rd., Room HO 3L 323 Holmdel, NJ 07733-3030 (908) 949-0844/[email protected]

1993-1996 John J. Jarvis School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0205 (404) 894-2303/[email protected]

1994-1997 Richard C. Larson Operations Research Center, Room E40-159 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 (617) 253-3604/[email protected]

COUNCIL MEMBERS

1992-1995 James C. Bean Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2117 (313) 763-1454/[email protected]

Margaret K. Schaefer Department of Mathematics College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA 23185 (804) 221-2036/[email protected]

1993-1996 Susan L. Albin Department of Industrial Engineering Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ 08855 (908) 932-2238/[email protected]

Margaret L. Brandeau Department of IE and Engineering Management Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-4024 (415) 725-1623/NG.MLB@FORSYTHE. STANFORD.EDU

1994-1997 Robert F. Bordley Operating Sciences Department General Motors R&D Center Warren, MI 48090-9055 (313) 986-1336/[email protected]

Candace A. Yano Department of IE and OR University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 (510) 642-4992/[email protected]

EDITORS

Operations Research H. Donald Ratliff School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0205 (404) 894-2307

Transportation Science Mark S. Daskin Department of Civil Engineering Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60208-3109 (708) 491-8796



ORSA Journal on Computing Bruce Golden College of Business and Management University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 (301) 405-2232

Operations Research Letters George L. Nemhauser School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0205 (404) 894-2306

Stochastic Models Marcel F. Neuts Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 (602) 621-4308

Topics in Operation Research Stephen J. Balut Institute for Defense Analyses 1801 North Beauregard Street Alexandria, VA 22311 (703) 845-2527

Interfaces* Michael H. Rothkopf RUTCOR, Box 5062 Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08903-5062 (908) 932-5632

Mathematics of Operations Research* Jan Karel Lenstra Department of Mathematics & Computing Science Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Marketing Science* John R. Hauser Sloan School of Management, Room E53-417 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139

(617) 495-6037

OR/MS Today* John Llewellyn Lionheart Publishing, Inc. 2555 Cumberland Parkway Atlanta, GA 30339 (404) 431-0867

OR/MS Annual Comprehensive Index (ACI)* Medini Singh Amos Tuck School Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 (603) 646-2855

*Joint Publication of the Operations Research Society of America and The Institute of Management Sciences.

COMMITTEES 1994-1995

Education Thomas R. Willemain Decision Sciences and Engineering Systems Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180-3590 (518) 276-6622

Chapters John D. Quillinan Delta Air Lines, Inc. Decision Technologies 1030 Delta Boulevard Dept. 17 Atlanta, GA 30320-6001 (404) 715-4838

Investment Karla L. Hoffman Department of OR and Applied Statistics George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 993-1670

Kimball Medal Saul I. Gass College of Business and Management University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 (301) 405-2208

Lanchester Prize Matthew J. Sobel Harriman School SUNY@Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794-3775

Meetings Vernon E. Francis American Airlines Decision Technologies P.O. Box 619616, Mail Drop 4462 DFW Airport, TX 75261-9616 (817) 963-3081 or (215) 209-5834

Membership Robert L. Armacost Department of IE and Management Sciences University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 (407) 823-2619

Morse Visiting Lecturer George L. Nemhauser School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0205 (404) 894-2306

Nominating Richard C. Larson Operations Research Center, Room E40-159 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 (617) 253-3604



ORSA President's Award Robert A. Abrams College of Business Administration University of Illinois Mail Code 294 Chicago, IL 60607 (312) 996-2676

ORSA Prize Hung-Po Chao EPRI 3412 Hillview Drive Palo Alto, CA 94303 (415) 855-2622

Professional Recognition Eric Wolman 39 Windemere Drive Grosse Pointe Farms, MI 48236-3080 (313) 993-2974

Public Awareness Frank T. Trippi Intraco 5809 Clermont Drive Alexandria, VA 22310-1433 (703) 971-7864

Publications Frederic H. Murphy School of Business and Management Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19122 (215) 787-8189

Publicity M. Eric Johnson Owen Graduate School of Management Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37203

(615) 343-7748

Strategic Planning Warren H. Hausman Department of IE/Engineering Management Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-4024

(415) 723-9279

Student Affairs Moustapha Diaby Department of Operations & Information Management University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-2041

Technical Sections/Special Interest Groups Bruce Schmeiser School of Industrial Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-1287 (317) 494-5422

To pics in Operations Research Stephen J. Balut Institute for Defense Analyses 1801 North Beauregard Street Alexandria, VA 22311 (703) 845-2527

Women in ORIMS Susan M. Sanchez Management Science & Information Systems University of Missouri-St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63121-4499 (314) 553-6169

Workshops James K. Ho Department of Information and Decision Sciences University of Illinois, M/C 294 P.O. Box 4348 Chicago, IL 60680 (312) 996-0819

OR/MS BOARD COMMITTEES

Education Alan H. Gepfert Strategic Systems Solutions 40 Little Sunapee Rd. New London, NH 03257 (603) 526-6543

and

Thomas R. Willemain Decision Sciences and Engineering Systems Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180-3590 (518) 276-6622

Finance Karla L. Hoffman Department of Operations Research and Applied Statistics George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 993-1670

L. Robin Keller Graduate School of Management University of California Irvine, CA 92717-3125 (714) 856-6348

Meetings Benjamin Lev School of Management University of Michigan Dearborn, MI 48128-1491 (313) 593-5124

NSF Liaison Thomas L. Magnanti Sloan School of Management, Room E53-351 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 (617) 253-6604

OR/MS Speakers Program Maqbool Dada Krannert School of Management Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 (317) 494-4490



Publications Stephen C. Graves Sloan School of Management, E52-474 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 (617) 253-6602

Frederic H. Murphy Temple University School of Business and Management Philadelphia, PA 19122 (215) 787-8189

Subdivisions Vicki L. Sauter School of Business Administration University of Missouri-St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63121-4499 (314) 553-6281

von Neumann Theory Prize Thomas L. Magnanti Sloan School of Management, Room E53-351 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 (617) 253-6604

LIAISON REPRESENTATIVES 1994-1995

AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science

Saul I. Gass

AAES American Association of Engineering Societies Carl M. Harris

ACORD Association of Chairmen of Operations Research Departments Frederick Buoni

ACM Association for Computing Machinery Roy E. Marsten

APHIA American Public Health Association Robin D. Gorsky

ASA American Statistical Association, Committee on Quality Control

Mark Johnson

ASQC American Society for Quality Control Douglas C. Montgomery

CBMS Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences Richard C. Larson

CORS Canadian Operations Research Society James H. Bookbinder

COSSA Consortium of Social Science Associations John R. Hall, Jr.

CSSP Council of Scientific Society Presidents

Robert A. AbramsDSI Decision Sciences Institute Herbert Moskowitz

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Jacques G. Gros

IFORS International Federation of Operational Research Societies

Saul I. Gass

IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

Alfred Blumstein

IIE Institute of Industrial Engineers Marlin U. Thomas

ISSS International Society for Systems Sciences Myron T. Hatcher

MORS Military Operations Research Society Clayton J. Thomas

MPS Mathematical Programming Society Milton M. Gutterman

NRC National Research Council Robert Herman

SIAM Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Neal D. Glassman

WSC Winter Simulation Conference W. David Kelton

MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION

Persons interested in joining the Operations Research Society of America will initially be admitted as Associate Members. Twice yearly at joint national meetings, the ORSA Council, upon recommendation from the Membership Committee, elects to Full Mem- ber status those individuals who have requested such a designation and who have met certain professional requirements of the Society.

Dues. The annual dues for Full Members and Associate Members are $75.00 (1995). For members who are pursuing at least a half-time program of in- struction at a recognized institute of higher learning, who are enlisted personnel (noncommissioned officers) in the U.S. Armed Forces, or who are retired members, the dues are $37.50-one-half the rate for

Full and Associate members. If a person joins ORSA after July 1, the dues are 50% of these amounts. Society dues include subscriptions to Operations Research and OR/MS Today (each published six times per year), two ORSA/TIMS meeting Bulletins, and the joint ORSA/TIMS Directory.

Applications. Information on membership and activi- ties may be requested from the Society's Business Office, at the address listed below.

SOCIETY BUSINESS OFFICE

Ellen Duncan, Business Manager Mary Thomas Magrogan, Associate Director Operations Research Society of America 1314 Guilford Avenue Baltimore, MD 21202 (410) 528-4146 or (800) 887-ORSA



* A* A *A

Operations Research publishes quality operations research and management science work of interest to the OR practitioner and researcher in three substantive categories: methods, data based operational science, and the practice of OR. The Journal seeks papers reporting underlying data based principles of operational science, observations and modeling of operating systems, contributions to the methods and models of OR, case histories of applications, review articles, and discussions of the administrative environment, history, policy, practice, future, and arenas of application of operations research.

Complete studies that contain data, computer experi- ments, and model validation, and that integrate theory, methods, and applications are of particular interest. Thus, we encourage case studies of lasting value. Con- tributors should submit informal descriptions of cases to the joint ORSA/TIMS publication Interfaces.

In addition to the regular ARTICLES section, there are three special sections: OR PRACTICE contains practitioner-oriented applications, tutorials, and sur- veys. Application papers whose utility is as yet unde- monstrated in practice or that are not tailored for practitioners should be submitted to the appropriate Area Editor. The OR FORUM section publishes papers on history, policy, analyses of current and future trends, and related subject matter. TECHNICAL NOTES

contains brief articles on all of the topics covered by the Journal. For more information on subject coverage and editorial policy, see the Editorial and Area Editor state- ments published in the January-February 1993 issue.

All papers published in Operations Research are crit- ically refereed. Initial refereeing of clear, concise, well written manuscripts normally takes about four months for papers of average length; generally a shorter time is needed for notes.

Decisions to publish manuscripts in Operations Research will be based, in part, on the answers to such questions as: Does this paper make a new and substantial contribution to the literature of operations research? Will it be of interest to a significant group of OR workers? Does the paper give sufficient introductory and summary material to inform readers of the context, importance, and possible fields of application of the material covered? Is it clearly, concisely, accurately and logically written? Could it benefit from condensation or expan- sion? Is its character clear from the title, abstract and text? Does the paper describe its relation to previously published work, and does it give adequate credit and references to this work?

It is to be understood that the final decision concerning publication rests with the Editor.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTRIBUTORS

GENERAL CONSIDERATONS

Authors should submit four, double-spaced typewritten copies of manuscripts directly to the appropriate Area Editor. The copy must be clearly legible. Also needed are: a copyright transfer agreement, a statement of contribution, and a cover letter. Papers not in the fields covered by the Area Editors (listed on the inside front cover of each issue) should be sent to

H. Donald Ratliff, Editor School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332

for assignment. Papers should not be sent to the Associate Editors.

Submission of a manuscript is a representation that the paper has neither been published nor submitted for publication elsewhere, and that, if the work is officially sponsored, it has been released for open publication. The

manuscript should be accompanied by a Copyright Transfer Agreement from the authors (or their employ- ers-whoever holds the copyright) transferring the copyright to ORSA. The form for this agreement is printed in most issues of this journal and is also available from the Managing Editor and the Executive Director of ORSA. This written transfer of copyright, which previously was assumed to be implicit in the act of submitting a manuscript, is necessary under the 1978 U.S. Copyright Law in order for ORSA to continue disseminating operations research results as widely as possible.

Manuscripts will not be returned to an author unless specifically requested, or unless reviewers have provided annotations that will be of use to the author.

The text should be arranged as follows: title page, abstract, introduction, main sections, appendix, acknowledgment, and references. The appendix and acknowledgment need not be present.

Observe the following points in preparing manuscripts. (Papers not conforming closely to these instructions will be returned to their authors for appropriate revisions.)



1. Statement of Contribution. Beginning in 1989, a statement of contribution is required for each submitted paper. The form will appear in nearly every issue of the Journal and should be completed and submitted at the time a paper is sent to an Area Editor. The purpose of this statement is to aid area editors and reviewers in determining if the paper meets its stated objectives. Once a paper is accepted for publication, this statement will serve as the basis for the In This Issue column.

When preparing this statement, include the following: Why is the topic that is addressed in the paper important? What specific contributions does the paper make to operations research? What do you believe is the basis for publication? Provide a brief assessment of the near and long-term implications of the contribution.

Keep the statement brief, preferably fitting into the space allocated on the printed form. Try not to overflow the page, however, a longer statement may be submitted if you believe that such an explanation is necessary. The statement should be expository and contain no mathematical notation. Attach one copy of the completed form to the submission. Failure to complete this item will delay the start of the review process.

2. Readability. The abstract and the introduction of every paper must be free of unnecessary jargon and clearly readable by any ORSA member. These sections should be written in an expository style that will be comprehensible to readers who are not technical experts in the subject matter.

3. Title Page. Each paper should have a title page that contains the authors' names and affiliation addresses. The usual acknowledgments should be placed in a separate section.

4. Abstract. Preface each article with a self- contained, one paragraph abstract that summarizes the problem and the principal results and conclusions. It should not contain formulas, references or abbreviations, nor exceed 200 words.

5. Introduction. The introduction must clearly state the problem, the results to be found in the paper and their significance to the OR community. It should not contain equations or mathematical notation. The introduction does not have a section heading or a number.

6. Main Sections. The main sections of the paper must be readable, the level of the mathematics and/or the terminology appropriate to the topic, and the material logically presented. Begin section numbering and headings with these sections.

7. Style. The message of your paper will be enhanced if it is presented in active, forceful, and concise prose. Since good writing is a craft at least as difficult as doing operations research, before beginning your paper you will be well advised to refresh your acquaintance with the most important points of good style by spending some time with a source of good editorial advice, such as Writing a Technical Paper by Donald H. Menzel, Howard Mumford Jones, and Lyle G. Boyd (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961). While the Editor and staff will

correct minor lapses from good style in your manuscript, they cannot undertake wholesale revisions of poorly written papers. There is no a priori limit to the number of pages for a paper; however, conciseness and clarity of presentation are important publication criteria.

8. Spacing and Format. Double space manuscripts throughout, including the abstract, subsidiary matter (list of captions, for example), and references. No line- printed computer printouts will be considered for publication. In general, keep figures and tables to a minimum that is consistent with adequate presentation of the textual information.

Each page of the manuscript should be numbered. Indent the first line of each paragraph. Spelling and hyphenation will follow Websters Third New Intemational Dictionary (unabridged).

9. Footnotes. Operations Research does not use footnotes; incorporate subsidiary material that would otherwise appear in footnotes in the main text, possibly in parentheses or brackets, or place it in a Notes section at the end of the text, before the Acknowledgment and References. Designate notes by using superscript numerals placed in serial order throughout the text.

10. Acknowledgment. Place acknowledgments of presentation, support and assistance in a final section that precedes the References, not on the title page.

11. References. List only those references that are cited in the text. References in the text should be cited by the author's surname and the year of publication-for example, Flood (1962). If the reference has two or three authors, cite all of the authors' surnames and the year of publication-Flood, Smith and Jones (1982). If the reference has more than three authors, cite the first author's surname followed by et al. and the year of publication- Brown et al. (1985). If there is more than one reference by the same author with the same year of publication, the first citation appearing in the text would read Flood (1962a), the second citation would read Flood (1962b), etc. Do not use parentheses or brackets for dates when the citation is already enclosed within parentheses. At the end of the paper list references alphabetically by the last name of the first author. Do not number the reference list. Double space this final section.

For journal references, give the author, year of publication, title, journal name, volume, and pages-for example:

FLOOD, M. M. 1962. New Operations Research Poten- tials. Opns. Res. 10, 423-436.

For book references, give the author, year of publication, title, publisher, city, and state-for example:

MORSE, P. M., AND G. E. KIMBALL. 1951. Methods of Operations Research. John Wiley, New York.

For references to working papers or dissertations cite the author, title, type of document, department, university, and location, for example:



ROSENWEIN, M. 1986. Design and Application of So- lution Methodologies to Optimize Problems in Transpor- tation Logistics. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Decision Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

12. Mathematical Expressions. Within the text, use the solidus whenever possible in preference to built-up

fractions, e.g., a/(1 - b) rather than a; write com- 1 -b

plicated exponentials in the form exp( ); avoid subscripts or superscripts on subscripts or superscripts; and, in general, minimize unusual typographical requirements. For displayed equations, use built-up fractions. Avoid lengthy equations that will take several lines to typeset (possibly by defining terms of the equations in separate displays).

Make subscripts and superscripts large and clear, and shown in a clearly inferior or superior position. The letter 1 and the numeral 1 and the letter 0 and the numeral 0, which are identical on most keyboards, should be identified. Symbols and Greek letters should be identified clearly: On their first occurrence, label unusual or am- biguous symbols by marginal notes. The difference between upper and lower case letters should be clear.

Display only those mathematical expressions that must be numbered for later reference or that need to be emphasized. Number displayed equations consecutively throughout the paper; do not number equations by section numbers. Appendix equations can be labeled Al, A2, etc. The numbers should be placed in parentheses to the right of the equation.

13. Reporting Computational Experience. In reporting computational experience on the efficiency of algorithms follow the guidelines given in Operations Research, Volume 29, No. 2, "Reporting Computational Experi- ence in Operations Research. "

14. Tables. Tables should be numbered with roman numerals, have a title, and be referred to sequentially in the text. Column headings should be brief and not use abbreviations, if possible. Do not use vertical rules. The use of footnotes is encouraged; designate these by lower case letters. The submission of original tables suitable for reproduction is not necessary; all tables will be typeset for consistency. Each table should be on a separate sheet and not interleaved in the text.

15. Figures. Line drawings should be prepared in black ink or preferably via a laser printer or plotter on white bond or vellum paper. For best results, fit the figure onto a 81/2 x 11 inch sheet with at least a 1 inch margin all-around. Original drawings will be required on acceptance of a paper. Copies are sufficient for reviewers.

Lettering should be done on a computer, with a mechanical lettering set or its equivalent. The figure should be of sufficient size so that after photoreduction, letters and numbers are legible.

Do not clutter the figure with information that makes it difficult to read. All details on the figures should be

checked carefully because correction on proofs necessi- tates reshooting.

Each figure must be cited and will be placed in the order mentioned in the text. Each figure must have a caption and a number (arabic). Do not place the caption on the original of the figure-these go on a separate list of captions. Do not differentiate between illustrations and figures.

Lines must be sufficiently thick to reproduce well, and decimal points, periods and dots must be sufficiently large to allow for reduction. The same type of lettering should be used for all figures. The figure and the lettering should be in proportion so that both can accommodate reduction. Do not use different sized type within a figure.

16. Subject Classification Scheme for the OR/MS Index. Determine the appropriate subject classifications (up to 3) and accompanying descriptive phrases for all work submitted. A complete list of categories appears at the back of most issues; refer to the revised scheme as it appears in Volume 37, No. 1 (January-February 1989) and in subsequent issues. Choose from one to three subject categories for each manuscript. For every category chosen, write a short phrase that puts the paper in context. (The phrase can be a concise rendering of the title, or it may specify some aspect of the paper that is important but not apparent in the title.) The length of each phrase, including phrases and punctuation, should not exceed 60 characters. This information will be printed on the title page of every article, technical note, and letter that is published.

Subject categories and phrases must either appear on the title page of the manuscript (this is the preferred method), or authors may use the form provided (see the bottom half of the Copyright Transfer Agreement).

Do not repeat the subject classifications from the subject categories. The accompanying phrase should help to further clanify the paper within a subject category.

17. Reprints. Operations Research does not have paper charges, nor does it supply free reprints. Authors of accepted articles may order reprints at reasonable rates at the time they submit their corrected galley proofs. Re- prints of individual articles are not available from ORSA.

Reproduction of Journal Articles

1. Permission is granted to quote from this Journal in scientific works with the customary acknowledgment of the source. The reprinting of a figure, table or an excerpt requires the consent of one of the original authors and the notification of ORSA.

2. Reprinting of any article or a portion of an article beyond that permitted in Paragraph 1 requires written permission from the copyright holder (ORSA) and pay- ment of an appropriate royalty. Reprinting requests should be directed to the ORSA Business Office and should contain the following details: author, title, volume, number, year, intended purpose or use of the article (book, journal, abstract, anthology, etc.) and estimated sale price of the work. Permission must first be



obtained from the author(s) and submitted to the Business Office with the request.

3. Libraries maintaining a "reserve list" are permitted to reproduce five copies of an article for this purpose. Additional copies are subject to the copying fee as covered in the 1978 U.S. Copyright Law as explained in the following paragraph.

4. Copying without fee is permitted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial

advantage and are distributed without charge beyond cost. Credit to the source should be given, and abstract- ing with credit is permitted. Other copying of articles is permitted provided that a per-copy fee is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, (617) 744-3350. For permission to republish, write to the ORSA Business Office. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a separate fee and/or specific permission.

Announcements should be sent to John Llewellyn Lionheart Publishing, Inc. 2555 Cumberland Parkway Atlanta, GA 30339

Books for Review should be sent to Professor Benjamin Lev Book Review Editor, Interfaces School of Management University of Michigan 4901 Evergreen Road Dearborn, MI 48128-1491



ASSOCIATE EDITORS Ramakrishna Akella

Carnegie Mellon University Agha Iqbal Ali

University of Massachusetts Egon Balas

Carnegie Mellon University Cynthia Barnhart

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dimitris Bertsimas

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Karl Heinz Borgwardt

Universitaet Augsburg Cheng-Shang Chang

IBM T J. Watson Research Center Xiuli Chao

New Jersey Institute of Technology Robert B. Cooper

Florida Atlantic University Teodor Crainic

University of Quebec, Montreal Jacques Desrosiers

GERAD, Ecole des HEC A. Federgruen

Columbia University Peter C. Fishburn

AT&T Bell Laboratories Robert D. Foley

Georgia Institute of Technology Robert Fourer

Northwestern University Terry L. Friesz

George Mason University Guillermo Gallego

Columbia University Stanley Gershwin

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Donald Goldfarb

Columbia University Alan J. Goldman

Johns Hopkins University Winfried K. Grassmann

University of Saskatchewan Nicholas G. Hall

Ohio State University Patrick Jaillet

University of Texas at Austin Mark E. Johnson

University of Central Florida

James H. Bookbinder University of Waterloo

Thomas M. Cook American Airlines, Inc.

Mark J. Eisner Exxon Company International

Saul I. Gass University of Maryland

Alan Gleit Bank of Boston

Clarence Haverly Haverly Systems

Edward Kaplan Yale University

W. David Kelton University of Minnesota

Peter C. Kiessler Clemson University

Paul R. Kleindorfer University of Pennsylvania

Georgia-Ann Klutke University of Texas at Austin

Lode Li Yale University

Thomas M. Liebling Ecole Polytechnique Fede6rale

de Lausanne Francois Louveaux

Universite de Namur Timothy Lowe

University of Iowa Irvin J. Lustig

Princeton University Hirofumi Matsuo

University of Texas at Austin Joseph B. Mazzola

Duke University Kevin F. McCardle

Duke University Donald C. McNickle

University of Canterbury Rolf H. Mohring

Technische Universitaet, Berlin Steven Nahmias

Santa Clara University Henry Nuttle

North Carolina State University Amedeo R. Odoni

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hasan Pirkul

Ohio State University Stephen M. Pollock

University of Michigan Evan L. Porteus

Stanford University Meir J. Rosenblatt

Washington University/Technion Suvrajeet Sen

University of Arizona

OR PRACTICE ASSOCIATE EDITORS David S. P. Hopkins

Stanford University M. Eric Johnson

Vanderbilt University Parsumarti V. Kamesam

IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Ernest Koenigsberg

University of Califomia, Berkeley Mark Lembersky

Lembersky Chi Incorporated

Leslie David Servi GTE Laboratories

Suresh Sethi University of Toronto

J. George Shanthikumar University of California, Berkeley

Bala Shetty Texas A&M University

David B. Shmoys Cornell University

Karl Sigman Columbia University

David Simchi-Levi Northwestern University

Marius M. Solomon Northeastern University

Lawrence D. Stone Metron, Inc.

Michael R. Taaffe University of Minnesota

Christopher S. Tang University of California, Los Angeles

Charles S. Tapiero ESSEC, Cergy Pontoise, France

Henk Tijms Vrije Universiteit

Devanath Tirupati University of Texas at Austin

Roger Tobin GTE Laboratories

Peter P. Wakker University of Leiden

Lawrence M. Wein Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Chelsea C. White III University of Michigan

Henry Wolkowicz University of Waterloo

Laurence A. Wolsey CORE

N. Keith Womer University of Mississippi

Martin A. Wortman Texas A&M University

Yu-Sheng Zheng University of Pennsylvania

Paul H. Zipkin Columbia University

Peter A. Morris Applied Decision Analysis, Inc.

James G. Root Coronado, California

David A. Schrady Naval Postgraduate School

Stephen A. Smith Santa Clara University

Paul Wyman Wyman Associates

= | = ;;~0..p



0 - -- A- 1l - -,-

Volume 42 July-August 1994 Number 4

_S . . ,

IN THIS ISSUE

OR FORUM

The Devolution of OR/MS: Implications From a Statistical Content Analysis of Three Flagship Journals

Arnold Reisman and Frank Kirschnick

OR PRACTICE

Quantitative Methods in Credit Management: A Survey

Eric Rosenberg and Alan Gleit

Devising a Cost Effective Schedule for a Baseball League

Robert A. Russell and Janny M. Y. Leung

ARTICLES

Optimal Solution of Vehicle Routing Problems Using Minimum K-Trees

Marshall Fisher

On the Convergence Rates of IPA and FDC Derivative Estimators

Pierre L'Ecuyer and Gaetan Perron

Cross Decomposition Applied to Integer Programming Problems: Duality Gaps and Convexification in Parts

Kaj Holmberg

Dynamic Recomputation Cannot Extend the Optimality Range of Priority Indices

Uriel G. Rothblum and Michael H. Rothkopf

A Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure for the Two-Partition Problem

Manuel Laguna, Thomas A. Feo and Hal C. Elrod

Computational Complexity of Some Maximum Average Weight Problems With Precedence Constraints

U. Faigle and W. Kern

574 Optimal Production Sequence for a Product With Matching 694

Kut C. So and Carnton H. Scott

Optimality of Monotone Assemblies for Coherent Systems Composed of Series

577 Modules 709 Frank K. Hwang and Uriel G. Rothblum

Optimal Control Policy for Stochastic Inventory Systems With Markovian Discount Opportunities 721

589 Yu-Sheng Zheng

Markov Decision Processes With Imprecise

614 Transition Probabilities 739 Chelsea C. White, III and Hany K. Eldeib

Transient Behavior of the M/G/1 Workload Process 750

Joseph Abate and Ward Whitt

626 Optimal Prices of an M/G/1 Jobshop 765

S0ren Glud Johansen

643

TECHNICAL NOTE

A Polynomial Algorithm for the Degree 657 Constrained Minimum K-Tree Problem 775

Marshall Fisher

669 CONTRIBUTORS 780

677 APPRECIATION TO 1993 REFEREES 782

Cover illustration: Branch clusters, from Fisher, 688 "Optimal Solution of Vehicle Routing Problems Using

Minimum K- Trees, "p. x=.

B B * * B. * A *



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