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Innovative peer-to-peer educational intervention to reduce HIV and other blood-borne infection risks in
difficult–to-reach people who inject drugs: results from the ANRS AERLI study
Patrizia Carrieri, Jean-Marie Le Gall, Marie Debrus, Baptiste Demoulin, Caroline Lions, Aurélie Haas, Marion Mora, Perrine Roux, Marie Suzan-Monti,
Bruno Spire
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• French harm reduction policies have contributed to vastly reduce HIV incidence among people who inject drugs (PWID)– ~1% of new HIV diagnoses in 2012
• However, complications related to injecting practices remain– High prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HepC) infections
• Needle/syringe and paraphernalia sharing– Other intravenous drug use related complications
• Local lesions : venous damage, abscesses, cellulitis, other skin infections
• Cardiovascular and pulmonary complications
Background (1)
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• Existence of persisting at-risk behaviors suggests that current Harm Reduction Programs are insufficient for PWID– Opiate substitution treatments– Needle/syringe programs– Support services
• Need to experiment with, evaluate and implement alternative and innovative strategies that effectively improve the health of this population
Background (2)
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• The objective was to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of a community-based training and education intervention on reducing injection-associated risks• Viral infections (HIV, HepC)• Other injection-related damages
• AIDES and Médecins du Monde staff members or volunteers were involved in study design, training of peers, performing the intervention, collecting and analyzing the data
Objective
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• National multi-site community-based study comparing the evolution of injection- related risks over one year in low-threshold services, hold by AIDES and MDM, between:– An intervention group, comprising people
benefitting from educational sessions in 8 participating services
– A control group, comprising people recruited in 9 services, working in accordance with current guidelines
Study design (1)
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Inclusion M6 M12
Study design (2)
Phone interviews with an independent trained interviewer not involved in the ES
Educational sessions (ES) with PWID = educational tailored intervention by NGO staff member/volunteer after observation of participants’ self-injection practices
Intervention group
Control group
At least 1 ES over 5 months
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• Eligibility criteria – ≥18 years old; injected drug at least once during the previous
week; willing to be contacted for a phone interview; able to provide written informed consent
• Data collection– Phone interviews at M0, M6 and M12 collecting :
• socio-demographic characteristics• behaviors related to HepC transmission risk (BBV-TRAQ)• experience with drug use; history of incarceration• access to care; HIV, Hep C and B testing and diagnosis• motivational factors for willing to participate in the intervention
– Data from the intervention sessions were collected by community-based association members
Methods (1)
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• Analyses– Outcomes
• Having at least one at-risk practice for HepC transmission in the previous month
• Having at least one local complication at the injection site– 2-step Heckman model to avoid possible selection bias
arising from the clustering of intervention (n=113) and control groups (n=127)
• 1st step: probit model to identify baseline factors associated with exposure to the ES to compute the inverse Mills ratio (IMR)
• 2nd step: probit mixed model to identify factors associated with each outcome after introducing the IMR to control for the clustering bias
Methods (2)
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Participants recruitedn=144
Intervention group M0n=113
Intervention group M6 n=75
Intervention group M12 n=44
Participants recruitedn=127
Control group M0 n=127
Control group M6 n=92
Control group M12 n=71
Study sample diagram
Participants who did not receive ES
N=31
Intervention sites n=8 Control sites n=9
288 ES
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Results (1) – Participants’ characteristics
† Chi-squared test or Wilcoxon test§ in years ⱡ AUDIT score ≥3 for women; ≥4 for men*during the previous 4 weeks1more than 1 HCV at-risk practice during the previous month2more than 1 problem at the injection site
Baseline characteristics (n (%) or median [IQR]), ANRS-AERLI study (n=240) Control group n=127 Intervention group n=113 p-value†
Gender
Male 99 (78) 88 (78) 0.99Age§ 31 [26-37] 30 [25-37] 0.38High School Certificate 23 (18) 36 (32) 0.01Precarious housing 17 (13) 32 (28) 0.01Age at first drug injection§ 19 [17-23] 19 [17-23] 0.73Harmful alcohol consumption ⱡ 69 (54) 63 (56) 0.77Heroin use* 32 (25) 46 (41) 0.01Cocaine/crack use* 50 (39) 55 (49) 0.19Morphine sulphate use* 36 (72) 60 (53) <0.001Buprenorphine use* 67 (53) 30 (27) <0.001Frequent daily injection 58 (46) 61 (54) 0.20HCV screening 108 (85) 84 (74) 0.04HCV risk practices1 34 (27) 49 (44) 0.01Problems at the injection site2 71 (56) 75 (66) 0.10HCV seropositivity 29 (23) 37 (33) 0.05HIV seropositivity 5 (4) 2 (2) 0.35
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Results (2) – Evolution of the outcomes
• Percentage of participants who reported at least one complication at the injection site
• Percentage of participants who reported at least one HCV at-risk practice
Follow-up
*
*
Follow-up
•p<0.05 : significant difference between M0 and M12 in the intervention group
•p<0.05 : significant difference between M0 and M6 in the intervention group
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Results (3) - Impact of education intervention on HCV risk practices
Multivariate model (n = 238, visits = 497) No of visits (%) or
median [IQR] multivariate analysis
coef [95%CI] p-
value Gender
Female Male
117 (22) 405 (78)
1
-0.56 [-1.04; -0.08]
0.022 Age§ 31 [26-38] -0.05 [-0.08; -0.02] 0.001 Harmful alcohol consumption ⱡ
No Yes
243 (47) 276 (53)
1 0.54 [1.15; 0.93]
0.007 Cocaine/crack use
No Yes
325 (62) 197 (38)
1
0.43 [0.03; 0.84]
0.036 Polydrug use*
No Yes
413 (79) 109 (21)
1
0.74 [0.26; 1.22]
0.003 Intervention
No Yes
290 (56) 232 (44)
1
1.96 [0.86; 3.07]
0.001 Follow-up
Baseline (M0) M6 M12
240 (46) 167 (32) 115 (22)
1
-0.18 [-0.69; 0.32] 0.23 [-0.28; 0.74]
0.480 0.382
Interaction Interv X Baseline Interv X M6 Interv X M12
1
-0.76 [-1.50; -0.05] -0.70 [-1.55; 0.15]
0.037 0.106
IMR 0.40 [-0.04; 0.84] 0.076
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Results (4) - Impact of education intervention on local complications at the injection site
Multivariate model (n=240, visits=520) No of visits (%) or
median [IQR] multivariate analysis
coef [95%CI] p-
value Age§ 31 [26-38] -0.04 [-0.06; -0.01] 0.010 Morphine sulfate use
No Yes
325 (62) 197 (38)
1
0.41 [-0.02; 0.83]
0.061 Intervention
No Yes
290 (56) 232 (44)
1
-0.81 [-1.80; 0.19]
0.113 Follow-up
Baseline (M0) M6 M12
240 (46) 167 (32) 115 (22)
1
0.23 [-0.19; 0.64] 0.14 [-0.31; 0.59]
0.292 0.529
Interaction Interv X Baseline Interv X M6 Interv X M12
1
0.13 [-0.53; 0.78] -1.01 [-1.77; -0.24]
0.708 0.010
IMR 0.78 [0.13; 1.43] 0.018
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• Limitations– Difficult to have a comparable control group because
of clustering– High diversity of PWID population– Lost to follow-up– Self-reports
• Positive impact of this innovative education intervention on injecting practices in terms of - A decrease in HCV at-risk practices- A reduction in local complications at the injection site
Discussion
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• Innovative aspects of this intervention- Peer-based intervention- Short intervention- Low-cost intervention
• Intervention that may be used in several contexts– Needle/syringe programs, safer injecting facilities,
outreach intervention in settings where prevalence of PWID is high
Conclusion
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• People who agreed to participate in the study• The ANRS-AERLI study group : M. Beaumont ; G.
Boyault ; P.M. Carrrieri ; M. Debrus ; A. Haas ;J.M. Legall; G. Maradan ; M. Mora ; M. Préau ; P. Roux : B. Spire ; M. Suzan-Monti
• All participating centers and their staff: M. Debrus (Paris); G. Boyault (Nevers); G. Penavayre (Pau); C. Labbé (Lille); C. Urdiales (Nîmes /Alès); J. Murat (Toulouse); C. Saramago (Grenoble); F. Tempez (Rennes); N. Perrin (Clermont Ferrand); G. Dubosc (Avignon); N. Rodier (Limoges); M. Louanges (La Roche sur Yon); F. Rigaud (Béziers); M. Alvès Da Costa (Nancy)
• Funding
Acknowledgements
Thank you for your attention
