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BackgroundBackground
1690s - all Europe awaited imminent death of Charles II, king of Spain
Charles II childless, and has no cousins in immediate Spanish Hapsburg line so question arises of who will inherit Spanish throne
and vast territory! both Louis XIV and Austrian emperor Leopold I can
make almost equal claim to throne both monarchs have a Hapsburg princess as a mother
and Hapsburg princess as a wife (Maria Theresa – Louis XIV, but she has specifically
renounced claims to Spanish throne)
Europe, pre-War of the Spanish Europe, pre-War of the Spanish SuccessionSuccession
Hapsburg SuccessionHapsburg Succession
1698 – 1700: Partition 1698 – 1700: Partition Treaties, Wills, & Royal Treaties, Wills, & Royal
DramaDrama 1698, William III and Louis XIV sign treaty to divide up
Hapsburg domain held by Charles II sign partition treaty accepting right of young Joseph
Ferdinand of Bavaria to all of Spain’s territory except Italy to be split between Hapsburgs and Bourbons (Milan to
Austria, rest to French) but…Charles II not dead yet
outraged at blatant carving up of his territory responds with will naming Joseph Ferdinand as heir
to all of Spanish possessions son of Leopold I’s daughter and her Bavarian prince
husband but Joseph Ferdinand dies, 1699
Further Treaties of Further Treaties of PartitionPartition
1699 – William & Louis come up with second partition treaty more generous to Hapsburgs son of Austrian emperor
(Archduke Charles) to get everything except Italy and Lorraine (to France)
ticks Charles II off again, so he changes his will again! leaves everything to Bourbon prince Philip, grandson of
Louis XIV then Charles dies a month later
ignoring the most recent partition treaty, Louis XIV accepts grandson’s inheritance and treats him as Philip V of Spain Austrians don’t accept this, though, and begin preparations
for war!
1701 – 1702: A line in 1701 – 1702: A line in the sand – Europe the sand – Europe
takes sidestakes sides as of 1701, fight was only between France and Austria
(Louis XIV vs Leopold I) each fighting on behalf of successors, each of whom
have been identified in Charles II’s will if crown is not accepted by grandson of Louis XIV (Philip
V), throne will go to Archduke Charles, Leopold I’s son
but, conflict soon draws in other European powers because Louis XIV begins taking an aggressive stance in
order to defend his grandson’s claim
France vs. Austria…and France vs. Austria…and othersothers
1702, England and Holland enter war in support of Austrian emperor in response to French aggression along with many states within Germany, especially
Prussia
but, Bavaria joins war on France’s side, along with Spain, Portugal and Savoy reluctant allies, acting mainly out of fear of Bourbons (would change sides in 1703, when tide shifted in
favour of Imperial forces)
1702 – 1706: Fortunes 1702 – 1706: Fortunes of Warof War
basic aims of war: each side trying to take control of territories which make up Spanish Hapsburg lands
Austrian generals incredibly successful: Prince Eugene of Savoy rapidly seizes northern Italy, Duke of Marlborough advances into Spanish Netherlands
1711 – 1712: Royal 1711 – 1712: Royal DeathsDeaths
1710: Philip = 5th in line of succession to French throne; Archduke Charles is next in line for Austrian throne (Leopold dies, 1705, new emperor Joseph I is Charles’
brother) 1712: Philip 2nd in line of succession to French throne,
because Louis XIV’s son dies 1711, along with 2 grandsons, 1712
2-year-old is French heir (later Louis XV) Archduke Charles is now Emperor Charles VI
Joseph I died childless, 1710
Deaths, Problems, and Deaths, Problems, and New StrategiesNew Strategies
Charles VI, Emperor of Austria problem for Allies! strategy all along has been to place Charles on the
Spanish throne but now it’s unacceptable for him to be both Spanish
king and Austrian Emperor! other problem! Philip V of Spain cannot be
allowed to inherit French throne! May 1712, persuaded to renounce all claims to France
new political changes allow for peace negotiations to re-open, which are MUCH more favourable to France than previous terms
1713 – 1714: Treaties & 1713 – 1714: Treaties & PeacePeace
1713: TREATY OF UTRECHT Peace between France, Great Britain, Netherlands
Treaty of Rastatt, 1714, ended war between France and Austria
Philip V guaranteed throne of Spain and Spanish overseas colonies
Gibraltar ceded to Great Britain by Spain from France, Britain receives Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Hudson Bay territory Louis XIV recognizes Protestant succession, promises
to give no further support to exiled Stuarts same promise made in 1697, but broken during
WOSS
1713 – 1714: Treaties & 1713 – 1714: Treaties & Peace, cont’dPeace, cont’d
1714: TREATY OF BADEN Peace between France and Holy Roman Empire Spanish Netherlands become Austrian
Netherlands, Spanish territories in northern Italy ceded to Charles VI of Austria
elector of Brandenburg is made king of Prussia
Stasbourg and Alsace officially ceded to France
Pragmatic SanctionPragmatic Sanction
1713, issued one week after signing of Treaty of Baden declared that Hapsburg inheritance is indivisible, and can
pass through FEMALE heirs line of succession: son, daughter, then daughters of Joseph
I by 1720, every major European state accepts the Sanction
(France, Spain, Great Britain, Holland, Russia, Prussia) but doesn’t matter once Charles VI dies and is succeeded by
Maria Theresa…
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