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Unit 9: ClassificationUnit 9: Classification


IntroductionIntroduction

•Classification –is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.


TaxonomyTaxonomy• Scientists classify the diverse

number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them.

• Taxonomy is the field of biology that identifies (gives organisms a name) and classifies organisms based on shared characteristics.

• Carolus Linnaeus– Swedish biologist who in the

mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification with 7 taxonomic levels

• (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species).


Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature• Genus species

– in Latin• They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it

is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the word are not likely to change.

– italics. – Genus name is written first and is

capitalized.– Species name is written second and is NOT

capitalized.

• Correctly written scientific names– Homo sapien sapiens (modern man)– Felis domesticus (common housecat)


Purpose for Purpose for ClassificationClassification

1. A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences.– EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all

common names for….– Cambarus bartoni


Purpose for ClassificationPurpose for Classification2. Classification organizes large amounts of

information into manageable levels.3. Classification also reveals (or shows)

evolutionary relationships between organisms.


Modern Levels of Modern Levels of ClassificationClassification• Domain is the most recently added 8th

taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom.

• Video

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp27/27020.html


Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification

• Kingdom is the second level. (EX Plants or Animals)

• These organisms have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients.

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139427_Five_Kingdoms.jpg


Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification• Species is the LAST, most specific unit of

classification where members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.


Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key• special guides to help identify organisms. • consists of several pairs of descriptive

statements


Review of Ecology - Energy Review of Ecology - Energy FlowFlow

• All life depends on energy in order to function and survive.

• The cells in your body are constantly using energy.

• The source of all energy on Earth is the sun. http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/pod-

sunrises-sunsets/victoria-coast-sunset_pod_image.html; Photograph by R. Ian Lloyd


Producers/AutotrophsProducers/Autotrophs• Organisms that

capture energy from sunlight are called autotrophs (they automatically make their own food)– EX plants & bacteria

• All other organisms somehow depend on the producers for food.

ProducersProducershttp://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm


• Organisms that have to eat are• Types:

– Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (manatee)

– Carnivores – obtain energy by eating animals. (sharks)

– Omnivores – obtain energy by eating both plants and animals (humans, bears)

– Detritvore – obtain energy by eating dead plants & animals

– Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down organic matter (bacteria, fungi)

Consumers/Consumers/HeterotrophsHeterotrophs


Feeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFood chains show the pathway for the transfer of

energy.A producer always starts a food chain.

Arrows show where the energy goes (from the grass, to

the grasshopper) Sketch the EX in your notes.


• Food webs are the interconnected food chains in a community.

• They usually show more detailed relationships.

• Snakes eat how many types of organisms? (Follow Arrows)

• Many organisms in a food chain can eat more than one type of food.

• Many organisms are also food source for more than one organism.

Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships


Energy (Ecological) Energy (Ecological) PyramidsPyramids• show how energy

moves through an ecosystem.

• Producers are always at bottom (closest to the sun with the most energy).

• Animals gain only a partial amount of energy from the food they eat (10%)

• 90% is given off as heat.

http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg


Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera• Under Domains Bacteria and

Archaea• Prokaryotes

– no nucleus– No membrane organelles

• Unicellular • DNA in a plasmid (circular loop)• Three shapes: rod, speherical,

spiral• Reproduction = binary fission• Phyla

– Cyanobacteria– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria (E. coli)– Prochorobacteria


BacteriaBacteria

• Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!)

• The microscopic bacteria live in the soil, in water, and in and on the human body!

• Some bacteria is used to convert milk to yogurt and another causes pneumonia.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/6/6d/320px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png


ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria• Ancient unicellular prokaryotes

• autotrophs• live in very

extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc)

• some can only survive in the absence of oxygen!

• This Yellowstone spring is 194°F!


Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista• Single and Multicellular

Eukaryotes (nucleus & organelles)

• Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs

• Phyla– Rhizopoda (amoeba)– Actinopoda (protozoan)– Foraminifera (plankton)– Apicomplexa (plasmodium)– Ciliophora (paramecium)– Zoomastigophora

(flagellate)


Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

• Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes • cell walls of chitin• Decomposing heterotrophs – they do not use

photosynthesis to create food!• Phyla

– Chytridiomycota– Zygomycota (black bread mold)– Ascomycota (yeast, molds)– Basidiomycota (mushrooms)


Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

• Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color!).

• Non-motile (do not move)• Phyla

– Anthophyta (flowering plants)– Coniferophyta (cone-bearing plants)– Pteridophyta (ferns)– Bryophyta (moss)


Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia• The kingdom Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs. • At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls.• Phyla

– Annelida (earthworms)– Nematoda (roundworms)– Platyhelminthes (flatworms)– Porifera (sponges)– Chordata

• Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: shark, sting rays)• Class Osteicthyes (bony fish: catfish, salmon)• Aves (birds)• Reptilia (reptiles)• Mammalia

– Mollusca• Class Gastropoda (snails)• Class Bivalva (clams, oysters)• Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus)

– Arthropoda• Class Insecta• Class Crustacea (crab, lobster, shrimp, crawfish)• Class Arachnida (spiders)

– Echinodermata• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)• Class Echinoidea (sea urchin, sand dollar)• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

– Cnidaria• Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)• Class Anthozoa (coral, sea anemones)

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