Background:• There are many diseases that

involve the gastrointestinal tract

• Treatment depends upon specific diagnosis

• This involves identifying both the nature of the disease and its precise location within the GI tract

Examples of common diseases

• Ulcers

• Cancers

• Inflammation (colitis, ileitis,gastritis)

• Arteriovenous malformations

• Infections

Problem:

How to visualize the gastrointestinal tract in order to diagnose and treat?

ANATOMIC DISTRIBUTIONGastrointestinal Tract

Stomach

Small bowel

Rectum

Colon

EsophagusEsophagus

Endoscopic view of gastric ulcerEndoscopic view of gastric ulcer

• We were still left with about 20 feet of small bowel that could not be reached by endoscopes from above and below

Antenna

ASIC transmitter

Batteries

CMOS imager Lens

Illuminating LEDs

Schematic diagram of M2A capsule

Normal

Arteriovenous malformation

Arteriovenous malformation with active bleeding

NSAID ulceration

Ischemic ulceration

Carcinoid tumor