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Kingdom Eubacteria
No organelles
Can be different shapes:
a. coccus: round
b. bacillus: rod shaped
c. spirillum: spiral
Arrangements:
a. diplo: pairs
b. staphylo: clusters
c. strepto: long chains
Transmitted through air, water, human contact, contaminated foods.
Adaptations for survival
1. Endospores
a. hard outer covering produced during harsh environments.
b. resistant to drying out, and boiling
c. metabolism slows down, resumes growing when conditions
are more favorable.
D. sterilized under pressure (autoclave)
2. Toxin production
a. poisons produced when endospore begins to grow
b. some are deadly
Examples: botulism, tetanus
Types of Bacterial ReproductionTypes of Bacterial Reproduction1. Binary Fission1. Binary Fission
a. asexually-splitting in half a. asexually-splitting in half after copying genetic material-after copying genetic material-happenshappensquickly quickly
b. Stops reproducing only if they b. Stops reproducing only if they run out of food, dry up, run out of food, dry up, poisoned by wastes poisoned by wastes
2. Conjugation2. Conjugationa. sexual reproduction a. sexual reproduction
transferring all or part of DNAtransferring all or part of DNAb. transfer occurs from one b. transfer occurs from one
bacteria to anotherbacteria to another
Immune Response
1. The immune system fights off invaders: Antigens
2. Our bodies produce Antibodies against each antigen
a. antibodies: lock on to pathogen’s active site or prevent its’ attachment
Tooth decay
Lyme disease
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
Salmonella food poisoning
Pneumonia
Cholera
Streptococcus mutans
Borrelia burgdorferi
Clostridium tetani
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Salmonella enteritidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Vibrio cholerae
Regular dental hygiene
Protection from tick bites
Current tetanus vaccination
Vaccination
Proper food-handling practices
Maintaining good health
Clean water supplies
Disease Pathogen Prevention
Section 19-2
Common Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Go to Section:
3. Immunity: resistance to a disease
A. passive immunity: antibodies are acquired, passed from mother to child or injection of antibodies.
B. active immunity: exposed to the antigen, from recovery of the disease
C. vaccination: injection of weakened pieces of antigen
Uses for Bacteria
1. Nitrogen fixation:a. some convert nitrogen gas into
nitrates in the soil used by plants
2. Saprobes:a. break down dead organic
matter
3. Food flavorings: a.produced by fermentation
b. vinegar, yogurt, butter, cheese, pickles, buttermilk
4. Antibiotic production:
a. antibiotics kill bacteria only
b. some bacteria produce antibiodies that will kill other forms of bacteria
5. Recombinant DNA technology
Helpful BacteriaHelpful Bacteria
NITROGEN FIXATION:NITROGEN FIXATION: Some bacteria convert Some bacteria convert
nitrogen gas into nitrogen gas into nitrates in the soil which nitrates in the soil which is necessary for plant is necessary for plant growthgrowth
SAPROBES:SAPROBES: Break down dead Break down dead
organicorganic mattermatter
Helpful BacteriaHelpful Bacteria FOOD FLAVORINGS:FOOD FLAVORINGS: Food flavors are produced Food flavors are produced
by fermentation, bacterial by fermentation, bacterial wastes, etc.wastes, etc.
Vinegar, yogurt, butter, Vinegar, yogurt, butter, cheese, pickles, cheese, pickles, buttermilk, sauerkrautbuttermilk, sauerkraut
ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION:ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION: Some bacteria produce Some bacteria produce
antibiotics that will kill antibiotics that will kill other forms of bacteriaother forms of bacteria
Antibiotics kill bacteria Antibiotics kill bacteria onlyonly
Helpful BacteriaHelpful Bacteria
help clean-up oil help clean-up oil spillsspills
Works in Landfills Works in Landfills to break down to break down wastes (including wastes (including some hazardous some hazardous wastes)wastes)
Waste- water Waste- water treatment plantstreatment plants
Helpful Bacteria- Our bodiesHelpful Bacteria- Our bodies
1.1. Provide Vitamin K (E coli)-clots blood & Provide Vitamin K (E coli)-clots blood & keeps bones strongkeeps bones strong
2.2. Keeps invading bacteria, viruses, & yeast Keeps invading bacteria, viruses, & yeast in check. Antibiotics can destroy friendly in check. Antibiotics can destroy friendly bacteria (women/ yeast infections after bacteria (women/ yeast infections after taking antibiotics)taking antibiotics)
3.3. Makes Lactase-enzyme needed to break Makes Lactase-enzyme needed to break down dairy productsdown dairy products
Harmful Bacteria- RespiratoryHarmful Bacteria- Respiratory
1.1. Strep Throat-Strep Throat- infection of infection of pharynx with pharynx with Streptococcus.Streptococcus. Spread-nasal or salivaSpread-nasal or saliva
2.2. Sinusitis-Sinusitis- inflammation of inflammation of sinuses(hollow spaces within sinuses(hollow spaces within the bones around your nose)the bones around your nose)
3.3. Pertussis- Whooping Cough-Pertussis- Whooping Cough-like cold except coughing like cold except coughing spells. spells. Bordetella pertussisBordetella pertussis
Harmful Bacteria- Harmful Bacteria- Pneumonia-Pneumonia-inflammation of lungs(can be inflammation of lungs(can be
from a bacteria, virus, or fungus). from a bacteria, virus, or fungus).
Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye ” Conjunctivitis “Pink Eye ” Infects outermost layer of Infects outermost layer of
eye(Conjunctiva)eye(Conjunctiva) can be viral(cold) or bacterial(staph or can be viral(cold) or bacterial(staph or
strep), or allergies strep), or allergies ContagiousContagious
Harmful Bacteria- DigestiveHarmful Bacteria- Digestive1.1. Stomach Virus (24 hour)- many times it is not a virus but Stomach Virus (24 hour)- many times it is not a virus but
a bacteria from food poisoning.a bacteria from food poisoning.
2.2. Botulism- Botulism- Food poisoning- Food poisoning- Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium botulinum; endospore, endospore,
a. infants- don’t give homemade honey ; canning (boil a. infants- don’t give homemade honey ; canning (boil at high temp)at high temp)
b. Pasteurization- heating process to prevent b. Pasteurization- heating process to prevent contamination of milk.contamination of milk.
3. Salmonella enterocolitis- infection in small intestine by 3. Salmonella enterocolitis- infection in small intestine by
Salmonella bacteria. Any food can have it.Salmonella bacteria. Any food can have it.
Harmful Bacteria-SkinHarmful Bacteria-Skin1.1. Diaper RashDiaper Rash- bacteria from feces- bacteria from feces
2.2. Scarlet Fever- Scarlet Fever- skin rash- group A skin rash- group A streptococcistreptococci
3.3. AcneAcne- oil blocks & bacteria grow- oil blocks & bacteria grow
Harmful Bacteria-(TB)TuberculosisHarmful Bacteria-(TB)Tuberculosis Attacks lungsAttacks lungs Spreads through airSpreads through air Close contact neededClose contact needed You can be exposed to it but not get the You can be exposed to it but not get the
diseasedisease Skin Test to detectSkin Test to detect Making a “comeback” in developed countriesMaking a “comeback” in developed countries
Harmful Bacteria- The PlagueHarmful Bacteria- The Plague
Yersinia pestis-Yersinia pestis- in wild rodents/ in wild rodents/ flea bitesflea bites
Spread by bites or infected Spread by bites or infected person coughingperson coughing
Pneumonia or BubonicPneumonia or Bubonic
Harmful Bacteria- AnthraxHarmful Bacteria- Anthrax
Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis Spore-formingSpore-forming Occurs in cattle, sheep, humansOccurs in cattle, sheep, humans Inhale it or handle contaminated animal Inhale it or handle contaminated animal
productsproducts Symptoms show within 7 daysSymptoms show within 7 days
Lyme Disease-Harmful Lyme Disease-Harmful BacteriaBacteria Borrelia burgdorferi- transferred Borrelia burgdorferi- transferred
by a deer tickby a deer tick Skin rash, inflammation, flu-like Skin rash, inflammation, flu-like
symptomssymptoms
Harmful Bacteria- Harmful Bacteria- LeprosyLeprosy
Skin lesions , nerve damageSkin lesions , nerve damage Mainly 3Mainly 3rdrd world countries world countries Difficult to transmitDifficult to transmit 100 cases a year in U.S.(south, Ca, 100 cases a year in U.S.(south, Ca,
Hawaii)Hawaii) Have medicine now to treatHave medicine now to treat
Characteristics of Characteristics of a Virusa Virus
Tiny, Tiny, non-livingnon-living particles Do particles Do not respire, move or grownot respire, move or grow
Cannot reproduce on their ownCannot reproduce on their own Must reproduce inside of a Must reproduce inside of a
host cellhost cell Typical infection lasts 7-10 Typical infection lasts 7-10
daysdays Not given Latin names: named Not given Latin names: named
for disease caused, organ for disease caused, organ infected, or region detected in infected, or region detected in
Viral Viral StructureStructure
All viruses consist of 2 basic All viruses consist of 2 basic parts: parts:
1. nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)1. nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
2. outer Protein coat= 2. outer Protein coat= CapsidCapsid
Protein coat gives viruses Protein coat gives viruses different shapesdifferent shapes
Attachment site: where a Attachment site: where a virus attaches to a cell. “tricky virus attaches to a cell. “tricky invader”invader”
Viral recognition Viral recognition and attachment and attachment Virus must recognize specific Virus must recognize specific
receptor site on host cellreceptor site on host cell Part of virus matches site on hostPart of virus matches site on host Lands on host and “locks in”Lands on host and “locks in” Attachment is specific: virus can Attachment is specific: virus can
enter and reproduce in only a few enter and reproduce in only a few types of cellstypes of cells
Ex. HIV- WBCEx. HIV- WBC
Ex. Flu- Respiratory tractEx. Flu- Respiratory tract
Ex: tobacco mosaic virus- Ex: tobacco mosaic virus- tobacco plant Ex. T4 Bacteriophage- tobacco plant Ex. T4 Bacteriophage- virus that infects bacteriavirus that infects bacteria
Viral reproductionViral reproduction
must reproduce inside of a host cellmust reproduce inside of a host cell classified as intracellular parasitesclassified as intracellular parasites The method of entry into the host cell The method of entry into the host cell
depends on the virusdepends on the virus Some viruses inject DNA, some indent Some viruses inject DNA, some indent
cell irritating cell until it engulfs itcell irritating cell until it engulfs it There are two main types of viral There are two main types of viral
reproduction:reproduction: Lytic cycle and lysogenic Lytic cycle and lysogenic cyclecycle
Steps of the Lytic Steps of the Lytic cycle.cycle. AttachmenAttachment:t: virus virus
attaches to cellattaches to cell EntryEntry:: injects DNA and injects DNA and
takes over host takes over host nucleusnucleus
ReplicationReplication:: reproduces virus partsreproduces virus parts
AssemblyAssembly: puts virus : puts virus parts togetherparts together
Lysis and releaseLysis and release: : cell bursts open cell bursts open releasing viruses; cell releasing viruses; cell diesdies
Ex. Flu, ColdEx. Flu, Cold
Lysogenic cycleLysogenic cycle Lysogenic cycle: viruses attack cells, but do Lysogenic cycle: viruses attack cells, but do
not kill cell immediatelynot kill cell immediately Viral DNA is mixed with host DNA like lytic Viral DNA is mixed with host DNA like lytic
cyclecycle Does not immediately begin to reproduce, host Does not immediately begin to reproduce, host
may function normally (virus lies dormant)may function normally (virus lies dormant) Example: Herpes (cold sores, fever blisters)Example: Herpes (cold sores, fever blisters)