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BACTERIA
Courtesy of: http://4.bp.blogspot.com
FUNGI
Courtesy of www.biocourseware.com
Levels of Organization
Individual Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems-> Organism
Courtesy of: http://academic.kellogg.edu
Why Cells?
• cells are the basic units of life• Robert Hooke (mid 1600s) observed cork
under a microscope • came up with the term “cells”• was reminded of monastery rooms
Courtesy of: http://www.smithlifescience.com
History of Cells
• Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (late 1600s)– would grind up lenses and construct early
microscopes– first recorded observations of bacteria from the
plaque of his teeth (animalcules)
Courtesy of: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
Cell Theory
-1838 -1839Schleiden (plants) & Schwann (animals)
1) All living things are composed of cells.Lead to:
2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
-1855Virchow
3) New cells are produced from existing cells.
Spontaneous Generation
• SG: belief that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms
• 1668: Redi’s meat/maggot experiment• Proved SG was wrong
Courtesy of: http://biology.clc.uc.edu
Cell Size
• Small! • 1 to 100 micrometers
• 1 um = .001 mm
• Surface area/volume ratio limits size• Exchanges nutrients and waste through
diffusion
https://ca7science.wikispaces.com
2 Types of Cells
PROKARYOTES• “before the nucleus”• nucleoid is not separated
from cytoplasm by a membrane
• Eubacteria and archaea• Smaller (< 5 um)
EUKARYOTES• “true nucleus”• animals, plants, fungi,
protists• Larger (10 - 100 um)• membrane bound
Organelles
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes• Bacteria• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals
Cell Membrane
• isolates the cell contents from the environment
• regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell
• allows communication with other cells • Seen in all cell types
Courtesy of: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://
Nucleus
• control center for cells• contains DNA and
chromosomes• membrane bound• only in eukaryotes
Courtesy of: http://upload.wikimedia.org
Mitochondria
• Produce energy by aerobic respiration• Powerhouse of the cell• Generates ATP • Eukaryotic structure• unique DNA
Courtesy of: http://www.google.com/
Cell Wall
• Protects and supports the cell• Absent in animal cells
Courtesy of:http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.unm.edu
Chloroplast
• Essential for photosynthesis• Plants use sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and
water to glucose & oxygen• contains Chlorophyll (pigment that absorbs sunlight) • PLANTS only• unique DNA
Courtesy of: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu
Vacuoles
• PLANTS – central vacuole that contains water and waste – also helps the cell support heavy structures
ANIMALS – smaller vacuoles and vesicles for food storage, water,and waste
Courtesy of: http://www.progressivegardens.com
Plants vs. Animals
Plants
- cell walls- large central vacuole- chloroplasts
Animals
- centrioles- smaller vacuoles- lysosomes- cilia - flagella
Cell Structures – Group Activity• Nucleus• Nucleolus• Nuclear envelope• Chromatin & Chromosomes• Ribosomes• Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)• Cilia• flagella
• Golgi Apparatus• Lysosomes• Vacuole• Mitochondria• Chloroplasts• Cytoskeleton• Cell membrane • Cell Wall• Centrioles