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Bacteria HuntersBacteria HuntersBacterial Concentrations Above Bacterial Concentrations Above
and Below the Planetary and Below the Planetary Boundary LayerBoundary Layer
Major Milestones Major Milestones ScheduleSchedule
February 15th Full scale model complete February 21th First full scale launch March 15th Payload complete March 18th FRR due March 21st Second full scale launch March 28th All-Systems-Ready for SLI launch April 3rd FRR presentation April 19th SLI launch May 10th Payload analysis complete May 22nd PLAR due
Flight Flight SequenceSequence
1. Rocket launches2. Rocket reaches apogee3. Drogue parachute deploys4. Main parachute deploys5. Above boundary layer sample (S1)6. Below boundary layer sample (S2)7. Near ground sample (S3)8. Rocket lands
TRACKING & RECOVERY: because of possible long drift, on-board sonic and radio beacons will be used to help us with tracking and recovery.
Success CriteriaSuccess Criteria
Stable flight of the vehicleStable flight of the vehicle
Target altitude of 5,280ft reachedTarget altitude of 5,280ft reached
Payload delivered undamaged Payload delivered undamaged
Proper deployment of all parachutesProper deployment of all parachutes
Safe recovery of the vehicle and the Safe recovery of the vehicle and the
payload without damagepayload without damage
Full Scale RocketFull Scale Rocket
CP 114.6” (from nosetip)CG 88.6” (from nosetip)Static Margin 6.5 calibers
Length 139.3”Diameter 4.0”Liftoff weight 22.8 PoundsMotor Aerotech K700W RMS
Rocket SchematicsRocket Schematics
1.1. BoosterBooster2.2. Bacteria Collector #2Bacteria Collector #23.3. Bacteria Collector #1 and Main Bacteria Collector #1 and Main
ParachuteParachute4.4. E-BayE-Bay5.5. Drogue ParachuteDrogue Parachute6.6. NoseconeNosecone
Construction MaterialsConstruction Materials Fins:Fins: 1/8” balsa between 1/32” G10 fiberglass 1/8” balsa between 1/32” G10 fiberglass Body:Body: fiberglass tubing, fiberglass couplers fiberglass tubing, fiberglass couplers Bulkheads:Bulkheads: 1/2” plywood 1/2” plywood Motor Mount:Motor Mount: 54mm phenolic tubing, 1/2” plywood 54mm phenolic tubing, 1/2” plywood
centering ringscentering rings Nosecone:Nosecone: commercially made plastic nosecone commercially made plastic nosecone Rail Buttons:Rail Buttons: standard size nylon buttons standard size nylon buttons Motor Retention System:Motor Retention System: Aeropack screw-on motor Aeropack screw-on motor
retainerretainer Anchors:Anchors: 1/4” stainless steel U-Bolts 1/4” stainless steel U-Bolts Epoxy:Epoxy: West System with appropriate fillers West System with appropriate fillers
Acceleration Profile for Acceleration Profile for K700WK700W
Burnout
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bacteria HunterLaunched with [K700W-*]
y - A
ccel
erat
ion
Gee
's
Time
Altitude Profile for Altitude Profile for K700WK700W
ApogeeBurnoutP: Drogue deployment
P: Parachute deployment
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Bacteria HunterLaunched with [K700W-None]
Alti
tude
Fee
t
Time
Flight Safety ParametersFlight Safety Parameters
Stability static margin:Stability static margin: 6.56.5
Thrust to weight ratio:Thrust to weight ratio: 8.38.3
Velocity at launch guideVelocity at launch guide
departure:departure: 45.245.2mphmph
Ejection Charge Ejection Charge CalculationsCalculations
W = dP * V/(R * T)W = dP * V/(R * T)
Where: Where:
dPdP = ejection charge pressure, 15 [ = ejection charge pressure, 15 [ psi psi ]]
RR = combustion gas constant, 22.16 [ = combustion gas constant, 22.16 [ft-lb ft-lb ooRR-1-1 lb-mol lb-mol-1-1 ]]
TT = combustion gas temperature, 3307 [ = combustion gas temperature, 3307 [ ooR R ]]
VV = free volume [ = free volume [ in in 3 3 ]]
WW = ejection charge weight [ = ejection charge weight [ lbs lbs ]]
Calculated Ejection Calculated Ejection ChargesCharges
ParachuteParachute Ejection chargeEjection charge
(FFFF black powder)(FFFF black powder)
Main ParachuteMain Parachute 2.5 gram2.5 gram
Drogue ParachuteDrogue Parachute 2.0 gram2.0 gram
Ejection charges will be verified in static testing when the full scale model is constructed.
ParachutesParachutes
ParachuteParachuteWeightWeight
[lbs][lbs]
DiameterDiameter
[in][in]
Descent Descent weightweight
[lbs][lbs]
DescentDescent
RateRate
[fps][fps]
DrogueDrogue 0.100.10 1616 18.318.3 7171
MainMain 0.400.40 7272 18.318.3 15 15
Verification Matrix: Verification Matrix: ComponentsComponents
Tested components:Tested components:
C1:C1: Body (including construction techniques) Body (including construction techniques) C2:C2: Altimeter Altimeter C3:C3: Data Acquisition System (custom computer board and Data Acquisition System (custom computer board and
sensors)sensors) C4:C4: Parachutes Parachutes C5:C5: Fins Fins C6:C6: Payload Payload C7:C7: Ejection charges Ejection charges C8:C8: Launch system Launch system C9:C9: Motor mount Motor mount C10:C10: Screamers, beacons Screamers, beacons C11:C11: Shock cords and anchors Shock cords and anchors C12:C12: Rocket stability Rocket stability
Verification Matrix: Verification Matrix: TestsTests
Verification Tests:
V1 Integrity Test: applying force to verify durability.V2 Parachute Drop Test: testing parachute functionality.V3 Tension Test: applying force to the parachute shock cords to test durabilityV4 Prototype Flight: testing the feasibility of the vehicle with a scale model.V5 Functionality Test: test of basic functionality of a device on the groundV6 Altimeter Ground Test: place the altimeter in a closed container and decrease air pressure to simulate altitude changes. Verify that both the apogee and preset altitude events fire (Estes igniters or low resistance bulbs can be used for verification).V7 Electronic Deployment Test: test to determine if the electronics can ignite the deployment charges.V8 Ejection Test: test that the deployment charges have the right amount of force to cause parachute deployment and/or planned component separation.V9 Computer Simulation: use RockSim to predict the behavior of the launch vehicle.V10 Integration Test: ensure that the payload fits smoothly and snuggly into the vehicle, and is robust enough to withstand flight stresses.
Verification MatrixVerification MatrixV V
11 V V 2 2 V V
33 V V 4 4 V V
55 V V 66 V V
77 V V 88 V V
99 V V 1010
C C 11 PP FF FF PP
C C 22 FF FF FF FF FF
C C 33 PP PP PP PP
C C 44 FF FF FF
C C 55 PP FF
C C 66 PP PP
C C 77 FF FF FF FF PP PP
C C 88 FF PP
C C 99 PP FF
C C 1010 PP
C C 1111 PP PP PP FF FF
C C 1212 FF FF
Scale Model Flight Scale Model Flight ObjectivesObjectives
Test dual deployment avionicsTest dual deployment avionics Test full deployment schemeTest full deployment scheme Test ejection charge calculationsTest ejection charge calculations Test payload integration (partially)Test payload integration (partially) Test validity of simulation resultsTest validity of simulation results Test rocket stabilityTest rocket stability
2/3 Scale Model 2/3 Scale Model ParametersParameters
Liftoff Weight:Liftoff Weight: 5.846 pounds5.846 pounds Motor:Motor: AT-RMS AT-RMS
I357TI357T Length:Length: 90.925” 90.925” Diameter:Diameter: 2.6” 2.6” Stability Margin:Stability Margin: 8.9 calibers8.9 calibers
Scale Model FlightScale Model Flight
Rocket lifts off from rail, weather cocking to the right.
WIND
Wind comes from the right, rocket turns into the wind.
Rocket goes intoa corkscrew.
Rocket corrects to the left.
Motor burnout.
Rocket coasts into the wind COAST
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Scale Model Flight Scale Model Flight ResultsResults
Apogee:Apogee: 1158 1158 ftft Rocksim prediction: 2093 feetRocksim prediction: 2093 feet
Time to apogee:Time to apogee: 7.95 7.95 ss Drogue parachute:Drogue parachute: at apogee at apogee Main parachute:Main parachute: 288 288 ftft, ,
21.721.7ss
Scale Model Flight DataScale Model Flight Data
Apogee
Main parachutedeployment (separation)
RockSim prediction
Scale Model Flight Scale Model Flight ResultsResults
DescriptionDescription Start timeStart time
and startand start
altitudealtitude
End time End time and endand end
altitude altitude
Descent Descent raterate
Vehicle Vehicle underunder
droguedrogue
88ss
11501150ftft
2222ss
275275ftft62.5 62.5 fpsfps
Vehicle Vehicle underunder
mainmain
SeparationSeparation
(no applicable data)(no applicable data)
Scale Model Flight Scale Model Flight ConclusionsConclusions
Observations
• Excessive altitude loss due to weathercocking/corkscrew• Construction method sufficiently robust• Dual deployment avionics (PerfectFlite MAWD) works• Lack of detailed checklist the cause for separation • Ejection charge calculations correct
Suggestions for improvement
• Always use a full checklist• Launch the scale model again to investigate further• Implement spin stabilization using airfoiled fins
Payload integrationPayload integration
• Payload consists from two encapsulated modules
• Payload slides smoothly in the body tube
• Payload wiring hidden inside the modules
• Ejection charges need only two double wires
• Payload vents must align with fuselage vents
Bacteria Bacteria JourneyJourney
1.1. Bacteria become Bacteria become airborneairborne
2.2. They gather on They gather on dust particlesdust particles
3.3. Sampler collects Sampler collects bacteriabacteria
4.4. Bacteria countedBacteria counted
5.5. Data analyzedData analyzed
6.6. Final report Final report writtenwritten
Flight Flight SequenceSequence
1. Rocket launches2. Rocket reaches apogee3. Drogue parachute deploys4. Main parachute deploys5. Above boundary layer sample (S1)6. Below boundary layer sample (S2)7. Near ground sample (S3)8. Rocket lands
Objectives and Success Objectives and Success CriteriaCriteria
Payload ObjectivesPayload Objectives
Sensors record Sensors record accurate atmospheric accurate atmospheric datadata
Filters contain Filters contain representative samples representative samples of the atmospheric of the atmospheric bacterial levelsbacterial levels
Minimal contamination Minimal contamination of bacteria samplesof bacteria samples
Success CriteriaSuccess Criteria
Contrasting controls and Contrasting controls and samplessamples
Redundant samplers Redundant samplers collect similar datacollect similar data
Payload recovered Payload recovered undamagedundamaged
All mechanical parts All mechanical parts function as expectedfunction as expected
Atmospheric data Atmospheric data collectedcollected
Payload Payload OperatioOperationn
1.1. Air enters through Air enters through intake vents intake vents (grey (grey arrows)arrows)
2.2. Air travels Air travels through sampler through sampler (A and B)(A and B)
3.3. Air exits through Air exits through exhaust vents exhaust vents (blue arrows)(blue arrows)
Payload SubsystemsPayload Subsystems
Data Collector
Pressure/Altitude
Humidity
Temperature
Memory
Bacteria Collector
Data Collector Data Collector (AtmoGraph)(AtmoGraph)
Pressure/Altitude
Humidity
Temperature Central Processing Unit
Memory
Ejection Charge
Boundary Layer Boundary Layer DetectionDetection
Altitude
Tem
pera
ture
Boundary Layer
S3 S2 S1
S1
S2
S3
Should the in-flight detection of boundary layer from temperature profile fail, fixed sampling ranges (based on the data obtained from NWS on the launch date) will be used.
AtmoGraph PartsAtmoGraph Parts
ItemItem ManufacturManufacturerer
Part Part NumberNumber
SpecificatioSpecificationn
CostCost
Pressure Pressure SensorSensor MotorolaMotorola MXPH6115AMXPH6115A 15-115k Pa15-115k Pa $ 9.75$ 9.75
Humidity Humidity SensorSensor HoneywellHoneywell HIH403HIH403 0-100% RH0-100% RH $ 12.15$ 12.15
A/D A/D ConverterConverter
Texas Texas InstrumentsInstruments ADS8341ADS8341 16 bit, 16 bit,
100kSps100kSps $ 6.50$ 6.50
ProcessorProcessor ParallaxParallax P8X32AP8X32A 80MHz80MHz $ 11.95$ 11.95
ThermometerThermometer MicrochipMicrochip MCP9800MCP9800 -55-55ooC ~ C ~ 125125ooCC
$ 1.76$ 1.76
MemoryMemory MicrochipMicrochip 24LC102524LC1025 128kB/128kB/400MHz400MHz $ 6.68$ 6.68
Total (each):Total (each): $ 48.79$ 48.79
Sample Sample ProcessinProcessingg
1.1. Open payload in Open payload in sterile hoodsterile hood
2.2. Pour buffer Pour buffer solution through solution through HEPA filterHEPA filter
3.3. Filter buffer Filter buffer through fine filtersthrough fine filters
4.4. Stain bacteria with Stain bacteria with DAPI stainDAPI stain
5.5. Quantify bacteria Quantify bacteria using fluorescence using fluorescence (and measure (and measure amounts of gram-amounts of gram-positive and gram-positive and gram-negative)negative)
6.6. Analyze resultsAnalyze results
Variables and ControlsVariables and Controls
VariablesVariables
IndependentIndependent AA ….. Altitude ….. Altitude HH ….. Relative Humidity ….. Relative Humidity PP ….. Atmospheric Pressure ….. Atmospheric Pressure T ….. T ….. TemperatureTemperature
DependentDependent XX ….. Bacterial ….. Bacterial
ConcentrationConcentration NN ….. Bacterial Classification ….. Bacterial Classification BB ….. Altitude of boundary layer ….. Altitude of boundary layer
ControlsControls
Control FilterControl Filter Dual SamplingDual Sampling Consistent stainingConsistent staining Consistent counting Consistent counting
methodmethod
Primary Correlation
X = f (A)
Feasibility of DesignFeasibility of Design
HEPA filter collects bacteria throughHEPA filter collects bacteria through ImpactionImpaction Electrostatic AttractionElectrostatic Attraction Inertia of BacteriaInertia of Bacteria
HEPA filter extremely effective at high air HEPA filter extremely effective at high air velocityvelocity
Air fan draws sufficient amount of airAir fan draws sufficient amount of air UV hoods ensure sterility of bacteria UV hoods ensure sterility of bacteria
samplessamples
Payload RisksPayload RisksRiskRisk ConsequenceConsequence MitigationMitigation
Payload damage Payload damage after impactafter impact
Unusable dataUnusable data Double check Double check parachute on parachute on ground, static ground, static testingtesting
Electronic failureElectronic failure Atmospheric data Atmospheric data lost, no collectionlost, no collection
Electronics undergo Electronics undergo extensive on-extensive on-ground testingground testing
Contamination of Contamination of filters before flightfilters before flight
Unusable dataUnusable data Payload constructed Payload constructed in sterile in sterile environment. environment. Sealed transport to Sealed transport to launch site.launch site.
Contamination of Contamination of filters after flightfilters after flight
Unusable dataUnusable data Placed in sterile Placed in sterile container after container after flightflight
Valves Valves malfunctioningmalfunctioning
No / Unusable dataNo / Unusable data Ground tests, new Ground tests, new batteries and batteries and realignment before realignment before each flight.each flight.
Science ValueScience Value
Bacterial concentrations in relation Bacterial concentrations in relation to boundary layer locationto boundary layer location
Provide baseline bacterial Provide baseline bacterial concentrationconcentration
Climate affects bacterial populationClimate affects bacterial population Show how bacteria respond to Show how bacteria respond to
environmentenvironment