Bacteria Viruses

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BiologyBiologyScience DepartmentScience Department

Deerfeld High SchoolDeerfeld High School



Bacteria & Viruses


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DO NOW:

What are the characteristicso viruses? Bacteria? Whatkingdom do each o thesebelong? Are they living?

Why or why not?


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What do you already know?

What are the differences between

viruses and bacteria?

Are all bacteria harmful?

When you get a cold, should you

take an antibiotic to help you get

better?

Whats the best and easiest thingto do to avoid getting sick?


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Bacteria

Bacteriologyis the study of bacteria

Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular

organisms containing DNAand ribosomes.

Bacteria have ALLthe characteristics of living

things.

Bacteria have the greatest percentageof the

biomasson Earth


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Bacterial Structure

Basic structure of bacteria:

Ribosome

PiliDNAFlagellu

m

Peptidoglyca

n*

Cellwal

l

Cellmembra

ne


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Bacterial Structure

Bacteria have three distinct shapes!

sphericalcocci!

rod"shapedbacilli!

spiralspirilla!


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Bacteria

Bacteria have a variety of important uses! Help make interesting food"buttermilk, yogurt, cheese,

sauerkraut, pickles, and olives, etc#$

Decompose organic matter"recycle nutrients from dead

organisms% break down sewage into simpler compounds$ Nitrogen fixation "chemically changes nitrogen gas, &',

into ammonia, &(), so plants can make amino acids$

Human health "bacteria on skin help prevent infection *

bacteria in gut helps digest food * make vitamins$ Biotechnology"used to make antibiotics, insulin, human

growth hormone, vitamins, and other drugs$


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How Do Pathogenic BacteriaWork?

Bacteria produce disease in one of two ways:Using cells for food: #he bacteria brea$

down healthy cells for food% destroyingtissues

Releasing toins: #he bacteria produce ato&in poisonous protein! that is released intothe bloodstream where it can tra'elthroughout the body% disrupting normal

acti'ity and damaging tissues


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Bacteria

A rather vocal minority"lessthan1%$ ofbacteria cause disease in humans, animals, and

plants.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases!

+ood oisoning - carlet +ever

/uberculosis - Whooping 0ough

0holera - Bacterial 1eningitis

yphilis - neumonia

2lcers - 3eprosy

trep /hroat - /etanus!"D#O $%"P:

Understanding Bacteria


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http:((www)youtube)com(watch'+y#oii,"p"N-


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Viruses

irologyis the study of viruses

4iruses are 5biological entities6 containingeither DNA or !NAthat re"uire anothercell to sur#i#e.

4iruses have some, but not all, of thecharacteristics of life.

*oarevirusesliving ornon-living?*

4iruses seem to e7ist onlyto make more#iruses$


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Viral Structure

All viruses have the same basic structure!

Nucleicacid

coreDNA or

RNA!

$a&sidProteincoat!


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How Do Viruses Work?

8n order to replicate and make copies of itself,

viruses need a host cell Any li#ing cellcan

become a host cell "human, animal, plant, and even

bacterial cells$

Without a host cell, #irusescannot function"i.e.9are harmless$

Although any cell can theoretically become a host

cell, specific #iruses willonlyinfectspecific cells"E:! (84 will onlyinfect human / cells, a part of your

immune system$


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How Do Viruses Work?

Attach& /he capsid of the virus binds to receptor proteinson the surface of a host cell, tricking the host cell into

thinking its not a foreign invader.

'n(ect& /he virus then in;ects its genetic material "


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ysogen c cyc e s a ' ra rep ca on cyc ein which the 'irus.s nucleic acid isintegrated into the host cell.s

chromosome% a pro'irus is formed andreplicated each time the host cellreproduces% the host cell is not $illed until

the cycle is acti'ated) At this time the'irus remains /uiet for a 'ery long timeand it is said to be hidden)lytic cycleis a 'iral replication cycle in

which a 'irus ta$es o'er a host cell.sgenetic material and uses the host cell.sstructures and energy to replicate until the

host cell bursts% $illing it) #his cycle $ills


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Viruses

4iruses can cause disease in humans, animals, plants,

and even bacteria

4iruses can cause a variety of diseases!

0ommon cold - olio

(epatitis A, B * 0 - 8nfluen>a

(erpes - 1umps

1ononucleosis - 1easles

Warts - 4iral 1eningitis

0hickenpo7 - A8


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Protection

/here are a few big ways to protect yourselfagainst pathogens "disease causing agents$

Antibiotics "drugs to kill bacteria$

Anti#irals"drugs to treat viruses$ accination"using your bodys own immune

system to preemptively guard against attack$


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Antibiotics

Antibiotics can onlybe used to treatbacterialinfections

/arget specific structureson bacteria to kill them.

)irst made from a fungus"penicillin$, now mostare made artificially.

2nfortunately, antibiotic resistance"where theantibiotic doesnt kill the target bacteria anymore$is becoming a ma(orproblem.


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'nti(irals

Antivirals can onlybe used to treatcertain #iralinfections


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Vaccination

accinescan only be used to pre#entinfections

"both viral and bacterial$ from leading to disease.

5/rick6 your immune system to make antibodies

that destroy foreign 5bodies6 or particles"such asbacteria and viruses$. our body remembers how to

make these antibodies when the real thing invades.

1ade from a *eakened#irus, inacti#ated#irus, or

by using only part of the #irus+bacteriaitself.!"D#O $%"P:!accination


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)o Re(iew****

What are the differences between viruses

and bacteria?

Are all bacteria harmful? E7plain.

When you get a cold, should you take an

antibiotic to help you get better? Why?

Whats the best and easiest thing to do to

avoid getting sick?


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http:((www)youtube)com(watch'+,&Rtt0uf,w1


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Bacteria Viruses

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