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Bacteria on the point of a pin

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The largest known prokaryotea marine bacterium Thiomargarita namibiensis

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Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

prokaryotic cells

abundant

important decomposers and symbionts

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Prokaryotic Evolution

Kingdom Monera is NOT monophyletic

Two main branches

Archaebacteria = extreme environments

Eubacteria or Bacteria

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Molecular Classification

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Heat-loving prokaryotes

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Extreme halophiles

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Most prokaryotes have one of 3 basic shapes

-Bacillus = Rod-shaped

-Coccus = Spherical-Spirillum = Helical-shaped

Prokaryotic Shapes

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Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Cell surfacesPlasma membrane

cell walls of peptidoglycan in Eubacteria Polysaccharides cross-linked with peptides

Archaea do not possess peptidoglycan

Some havepseudomurein

may have capsule or pili

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Pili

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Prokaryotic flagella (Bacillus)

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Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Genomein the nucleoid region

major chromosome

one doubled stranded DNA molecule forms a ring

Plasmids

Exchanged in conjugation

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Conjugation

E. coli

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Eukaryotic Origins

The nucleus and

endoplasmic reticulum

arose from infoldings of

prokaryotic cell

membrane

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Endosymbiotic theory

Eukaryotic organelles evolved from a

consortium of symbiotic prokaryotes

mitochondria were aerobic heterotrophicprokaryotes

chloroplasts were photosynthetic prokaryotes

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Kingdom Protista

Eukaryotic

Most are unicellular (there are some simple

multicellular ones)

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Protista Taxonomy

Originally consisted of all unicellular eukaryotes

was paraphyletic

The 15 major protist phyla are grouped into seven

major monophyletic groups

-However, 60 lineages cannot be placed with

confidence

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Protists

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Protists

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Characteristics Used to Classify

Protists Mode of locomotion

mode of nutrition

overall body form

pigments

& others

A ciliated protozoan

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A ciliated protozoan

Too diverse for one kingdom: Amoeba proteus a unicellular "protozoan"

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Too diverse for one kingdom:Amoeba proteus,a unicellular protozoan

Too diverse for one kingdom: a diatom a unicellular "alga"

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Too diverse for one kingdom: a diatom, a unicellular alga

Too diverse for one kingdom: a slime mold (Physarum polychalum)

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Too diverse for one kingdom: a slime mold (Physarum polychalum)

Too diverse for one kingdom: Australian bull kelp (Durvillea potatorum)

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Too diverse for one kingdom: Australian bull kelp (Durvillea potatorum)

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Kingdom Fungi

Eukaryotes, mostly multicellular,

heterotrophic, have cell walls (chitin)

decomposers, food, some cause disease

Acquire nutrients through absorption

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Defining FungiMycologistsbelieve there may be as many as 1.5

million fungal species

Fungiare classified into six main groups

-Chytrids (aquatic, flagellated, ancestral)

-Zygomycetes (bread molds)

-Glomeromycetes (mycorrhizae)

-Ascomycetes (bread yeast, truffles)

-Basidiomycetes (mushrooms)

-Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)

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Defining Fungi

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Phylogenetic Relationships

There are five major fungal phyla

-Based on mode of sexual reproduction

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General Biology of the Fungi

Multicellular fungi consist of long, slender

filaments called hyphae

-Some hyphaeare continuous

-Others are

divided bysepta

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General Biology of the Fungi

A mass of connected hyphae is called a mycelium

-It grows through and digests its substrate

Fungal mycelia

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g y

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Fungal Parasites and Pathogens

Largest Organism?

Armillariaa pathogenic fungus8 hectares

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Fungi Reproduction spores are produced either sexually or asexually

hyphae and spore nuclei are haploid

except for a brief diploid stage that occurs during

sexual reproduction

Figure 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 1)

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Figure 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 2)

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Figure 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 3)

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Figure 31.6 The common mold Rhizopusdecomposing strawberries

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Zygomycetes

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Lichens

Mutualism between fungi and algae or

cyanobacteria Sensitive to pollution due to absorption

capabilitues

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Mycorrhizae

Mutualism betweenfungi and the roots of

90% of all vascular

plants

Increases absorption

of phosphorous, zinc

& other nutrients

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Ecology of Fungi