CASE STUDY REPORT OF sports STADIUM

Multipurpose sports stadium Badal,punjab

Submitted to: submitted by: Ar. Kiranjeet kaur amanpreet kaur 702/14 arch.asst. 3rd year

Contents:1. INTRODUCTION, HISTORY2. SITE ANALYSIS3. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS4. GEOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY, SOIL CONDITIONS5. SITE CHARACTERISTICS6. ABOUT THE STADIUM7. PITCHES8. ORIENTATIN9. CIRCULATION10. OUTSIDE CIRCULATION

CASE STUDY REPORT OF sports STADIUMIntroduction- A stadium is a place or venue for sports, concerts, other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.

History- “Stadium” is the Latin form of the Greek word “stadion”, a measure length of equalling the length of 600 human feet (feet)or 180m.-The equivalent Roman measure, the Stadium, had a similar length about 185m(607ft).-The oldest stadium is the one in Olympia,in Greece,where the “Olympic Games” antiquity were held from 776 BC . Panathainaic Roman Stadium at Greek Stadium at TRIMONTIUM. ATHENS.

Site analysis:- LOCATION:-Guru Gobind Singh multipurpose sports stadium is located at V.P.O. BADAL, BATHINDA ROAD, MUKATSAR SAHIB(PUNJAB). The Stadium is 28 km from Malout Bus Stand, Sri Mukatsar Sahib, 10 km from BATHINDA Railway Station, 5 km from V.P.O. Lambi bus stand.-surroundings :-Dashmesh sen. Sec. school, Dashmesh girls college.

stadium dashmesh girls college dashmesh sen. Sec. school

climatic conditions :-

-The climate of Mukatsar Sahib is steppe climate. -This location is classified as BSh by Koppen and Geiger.-The average temperature in Mukatsar is 24.4 C. -The average annual rainfall is 384mm.

Climatic Graph of Mukatsar. Temperature Graph

Min. & Max. value of Temperature in C

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Min. 5.0 7.6 12.1 17.9 23.1 26.7 27.1 26.3 23.7 17.0 9.5 6.0

Max. 19.9 23.7 28.8 35.5 40.3 41.4 37.3 35.9 35.4 33.8 28.5 22.5

GEOGRAPHY : Muktsar is located in the south-western part of the Punjab state in north India.The city is spread over an area of 12.66 square miles (32.80 square Km). The geographical coordinates of the city are 30° 29' 0" North,and 74° 31' 0“East.

Topography :The average land elevation of the city is 648.52 feet (197.67 metres) above sea level. Lithologically, Muktsar is a part of the vast Indo-Gangetic,alluvial plain, composed of alternate bands of sands, silt and clay with pebbles. Sandy plains, sand dunes and topographic depressions are the common landformsSoil Condition :The soil of Muktsar varies from sandy to loam in texture, and is low in organic carbon, phosphorus, zinc and other micro nutrients, but high in potassium. The salt affected soil of Muktsar has been categorized as sodic soil and saline sodic soil.

SITE CHARACTERISTICSInfrastructures:• Road: A total of 485.44 m of the road in and around the site has been black

topped with 4.8 graveled roads in the area.• Sewerage: There is lack of sewage system.• Solid Waste: A total of 12.34 cu m of solid waste is generated daily and

collected in containers managed by the ward office.• Educational Institutions: A total of 4 educational institutions in and around

the area. • Health Institutions: 1 Government hospital at Village.• Industries and Shops: 2 manufacturing industries and a total of 105 shops

are located within the area.• Security: Ward police office is available in the locality at Model Town.• Fire Brigade: Available in the72,Sadar bazaar, near Indian National Bank. Socio cultural aspects:• Most of the people in the area are dependent upon agriculture and service for

the income sources.

ABOUT THE STADIUMTYPE:- Outdoor Multipurpose Stadium (Football, Kabaddi,Athletic, Basket ball,Volly ball etc.)Architect:- Sarbjit Singh Bahga.Engineer:- Harpreet SinghSite area :- 10 Acres.Builtup area:- 73400 sq. ft.Cost of project :-15 CroreYear of completion :-2014.

PLAN

1.The village Badal is developing at a very fast pace.The Sports Authority of India is running a Regional Training Centre for budding Athletes here.2.The Stadium is spread over an area of about 10 acres.3.The built up area 4.It accommodates a state-of-the-art synthetic athletic track with latest specifications and dimensions conforming to the international standards.5.This can hold all the Athletic events, Football, Basketball, Volleyball and Kabaddi matches besides culture shows. Synthetic Athletic Tracks Football Pitch Volleyball Basketball

PITCHES

Track and field of Football Pitch Arena type A

Basket Ball Volly ball

orientationPlaying field is oriented north-south to protect from the direct glare to the players.The angle of the playing field is in relation to the sum and the prevailing weather condition.The match participants, spectators and media representatives are protected form the glare of the sun.Preferred orientation is for the long axis to be northwest-southeast to suit the angle of the sun in the fall playing season, or northsouth for longer periods.

Circulation:-

The formula giving the staircase width necessary to allow a certain numbers of spectators to leave the stadium in a given time is:

Staircase width(m)=number of spectator Emptying time(s)X 1.25 • No. of Exits :7• Distance between two exits: 30m• Using above formula, we get an escape time of about 6min. So, we can say that

requirement of escape time is met.• Maximum travel distance to exit: about 30m in exit is in one directional only.• Maximum travel distance to exit: about 42 m in alternative ways• So, we can say that exits are not located at right locations and no. of exits is not

sufficient.

Outside Circulation:• The Stadium is surrounded by two peripheral roads- one the main

street along west side and another along Southern side of the stadium.

• There is no clear segregation of public and non-public traffic approaching the stadium.

• The stadium enters from the northwest, south and southeast, east, gate while players enter from east gate.

• There is no separate entry for the players. They enter from the same gate as spectators do.

Building codes : 1. Codes requirement relating to stadium planning will be primarily concerned with existing and seating circulation.2. It will be found that where they exist, regulations will vary widely from one locality to another.

Pie chart

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

Services :- Seating Facilities1. Seating facilities for more than 8000 persons have been provided all around the central play area,2. Three seating pavilions have been provided on its South-West side.3. The large VIP Pavilion in the centre is 311ft. Long can accommodate 2,500 Spectators. VIP Pavilion 4. Two small pavilions of 600 capacities each have been juxtaposed its either sides. In addition to these pavilions, continuous seating steps have been provided 5. On the remaining three sides .These seating steps follow the configuration of the site and play grounds. Seating Pavilion Small Pavilion

The space for seating area is as follows: Width of seat 50 cm Overall depth 80 cm Seat depth 35 cm Circulation 45cm Detail of seating steps The angle of Vision is 17 degrees to the Playing field All the seating areas have been covered Angle of Vision with canopies to protect the spectators from the vagaries of weather. These canopies have been constructed with high tensile pre-engineered steel.

Straight Parking :Suitable two ways traffic and large no of vehicles.Parking bays are perpendicular to circulation road.

Angled Parking:Suitable for one way traffic which has separate entrance/exit.It reduces the width of the parking lots as the vehicles are placed in angle.The parking bays are inclined in 300, 450, 600, 900.Free standing parkingParking spaces areProvided at stadium

VIP parking Ordinary ppl parking

PARKING

ATHLETIC TRACKS

HOSTEL

VIP PAVILION

COACH’S RESIDENCIAL

SMALL PAVILION

BASKET BALL GROUND

SEATING STEPS

Detail of Pavilion

Plan of Pavilion

Section

Drainage : For the drainage of stadium there are two methods:Drain CellDrain Core

Drain Cell:

LIGHT AND VENTILATION NATURAL LIGHTING The Stadium is designed to allow the maximum amount of Natural light. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

4 no. of flood lights are installed to facilitate late night events. 235 no. of Lights are provided at canopies of pavilions.

Material used :1. The entire construction of the pavilions up to the seating level is in reinforced concrete with brick in till walls.2. The canopies have been constructed in High tensile pre-engineered steel.3. Hand rails provided at pavilion are made of steel.4. Flooring : Granite flooring done at VIP pavilion and seating steps are of cement concrete. 5.The Synthetic Athletic Tracks.

merits• The Stadium is located in rural area which helps to develop the rural

area (helps in Rural development).

• The angle of the playing field is in relation to the sum and the prevailing weather condition.

• Drain cell method of drainage is installed in stadium ground to drain out waste water.

• The space underneath these seating steps has been effectively utilised for various functions, such as changing room, gymnasium, washrooms, stores,.

• There are seperate parking zones for VIP and ordinary people.• Access to Playing Area :Vehicles of the emergency services, including

ambulance and fire engines, All types of ground maintenance vehicles are able to gain access to the playing area.

MERITS• On the boundry wall and at VIP pavilion creative paintings related to sports and sportsmanship are drawn.

De-merits• The proximity of school means hindrance to the school during the

matches.• Security was lacking as the boundary wall was not made secure• Lack of Services for Spectators with Disabilities.• Drinking water spaces provided at the stadium are not sufficient.• No. of toilets provided are not sufficient and toilets are only

provided near VIP pavilion.• The canopies are constructed with the pre-fabrication method which

saves construction time as well as accuracy, precision, ease to erection, durability etc.

• Walls, fences and gates are not provide the opportunity for hand or foot-holds which might assist climbing. They should be regularly inspected.

• Rain water harvesting system

HostelIt is the residence where students stay for

studying, training and some other proposes.

It is facilitated with facilities like, study room, bedroom, dining/lounge area, recreational area, laundry, entertainment area, and many other facilities

The rooms may be categorised as single rooms, double rooms, and double rooms with bunked beds.Three storyed hostel building is located at the eastern side of the Stadium.

The building has rooms for players. The buildings now accommodate about 100 No. of players.

FUNCTIONAL FLOW• In Ground Floor:• Reception, waiting ,coach room ,wordner room, Kitchen, Dining Hall, Offices,

Store ,Rest Room and bed rooms for players, 6 no. of W/C, 6 no. of bathrooms, drinking water.

• With the entry we can see the reception and the waiting space which is provided with the natural lighting .

• Separate rooms for the office are provided.• There is a seperate wordner’s room is provided.• Core of the hostel building is open to sky for ventilation purpose.

• In First Floor:• Bed Room for players – 2 no. of bed rooms are 2 bedded ,4 no. of bed

rooms are 4 bedded, 3 no. of 6 bedded bed rom for players .• There is a Gym hall is provided in first floor.• There are 2 no. of recreation room.• There are 10 no. of W/C and 10 no. of bathrooms are provided.• Waiting area is also provided.

• In Second Floor:• Bed Room for players – 2 no. of bed rooms are 2 bedded ,4 no. of bed

rooms are 4 bedded, 3 no. of 6 bedded bed rom for players .• There is a multipurpose hall in first floor.• There are 2 no. of recreation room.• There are 10 no. of W/C and 10 no. of bathrooms are provided.• Waiting area is also provided.

Material used FLOORING Outdoor flooring-• Outdoor flooring cement conc. flooring.• Flooring i s smooth, slip resistant and splinter free.• Ease of cleaning and maintenance. Indoor flooring-• Flooring at bed rooms is of Italian Marble.• Granite flooring is done at other spaces of Hostel building.• Flooring done at open court is of cement tiles or hydraulic tiles.

• Tile flooring is done at Toilets.

MATERIAL USED• DOORS - Glazed aluminium doors are provided.• TYPE OF GLASS –Float glass(Plate glass) is used in doors and windows LIGHTNING Natural Lightning• The core of the building if open to sky.• windows are provided for natural lightning. Artificial lighting:• -For the artificial lighting provision of the tube light is done with the covering for the diffused lighting to the interior.• -Use of less amount of artificial lighting in the building.• -sufficient amount of light is provided which means (200-300)lux.

merits

Glass used in doors and windows is float glass(plate glass) which is environment friendly, transmit more Natural Light.

Use of less amount of artificial lighting in the building.

DEMERITS

Dampness.

Toilet for gents is not provided with waiting.

Drinking water facilities are provided only at Ground Floor.

CONCLUSION• Designing a stadium and academy is really a challenge, fulfilling the

endless technicalities is the first priority in the design process.• however technical requirements and placements of the spaces have

been designed in such a way that it fulfills the requirements as well as help to create a well planned out of box design.

• Whether its entrance, seating bowl, parking, circulation spaces or concession areas all the spaces in the academy have been designed considering human comfort so that experience that they get visiting the stadium is phenomenon.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF STADIUM There are three primary sets of requirements which stadium or arena designer

should clearly define and then keep in proper focus during the design/planning process.

1. General planning requirement2. Players, Officials, and Spectators requirement3. Operation/management requirement

4. General planning requirement:• Primary stadium should be capable of future conversion to seated areas without

destroying good sight-lines and without requiring major reconstruction work.• It should be capable of adding new seating tribunes and premium seat• In the unroofed stadium, exterior walls and adjacent areas should be capable to

of fitting the roof.• Stadium with the roof covering in the spectator areas should be capable of having

a retractable roof to cover the whole arena.• Should be capable of technical improvements, including the introduction of air

conditioning in enclosed areas

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF STADIUM Seating capacity :• The limitations of normal visual acuity make any seating falling outside a

radius of 200ft. from the center of field increasingly marginal.• For major international matches a stadium should seat at least 30,000

people.

Location:• Must fit well with local topography.• Should be designed with the good transport link and supply facilities like

bus, train, tram stations, large parking etc.in other hand it should be easily accessible by motorways.

• It shouldn’t be in core city area.• It shouldn’t be sited close to the industrial area where smoke, odors, and

noise might create unpleasant conditions.• The area should have sufficient provision for the future expansion

Building codes :• Codes requirement relating to stadium planning will be primarily

concerned with exiting and seating circulation• It will be found that where they exist, regulations will vary widely

from one locality to another.

Orientation:• Playing field is oriented north-south to protect from the direct glare

to the players.• The access gate is mostly situated to the east.• The angle of the playing field should be done in relation to the sum

and the prevailing weather condition.• The match participants, spectators and media representatives must

be protected as much as possible form the glare of the sun.

• Now a day’s main axis is usually north-east to south west.Other Aspects of Stadium Design are: Water Waste Transport Energy

ZONING

PARKING:• Types of Parking: Surface Parking Free standing Parking Basement parking• For a stadium with a capacity of 60,000, parking places should be

provided for 10,000 Cars and approximately 500 buses.• Where sufficient on-site public parking is not possible, parking should

be provided no further than 1,500 meters from the stadium.• There should be sufficient parking space for the buses and cars of

VIP’S. Preferably, these vehicles should be parked inside the stadium.• Parking space for at least 2 buses and 8 cars should be available for

teams, match officials and stadium staff.• At least 10 parking spots including large vehicles should be provided

to the media.

Straight Parking :• Suitable two ways traffic and large no of vehicles.• Parking bays are perpendicular to circulation road.Angled Parking:• Suitable for one way traffic which has separate entrance/exit.• It reduces the width of the parking lots as the vehicles are placed in angle.• The parking bays are inclined in 300, 450, 600, 900.

Oblique Parking• Suitable for two way traffic and separate

entrance/exit

Design of circulation routes and areas

Maintaining safe conditions

Design:

Width : Circulation routes should be minimum of 1.2m wide.

d. Headroom :Minimum headroom of 2.0m Should be raised to 2.4m, especially in circulation routes and viewing areas (particularly the rear of covered seated stands).

e. Signs

f. Lighting

Entrance and Entry RoutesThe design and management of entrances and entry routes should take into consideration the following: Entrances to each part of the ground should, wherever practicable, be designed and located so as to allow for the even distribution of spectators and to prevent local pressure building up outside the ground. Walls, fences and gates should not provide the opportunity for hand or foot-holds which might assist climbing. They should be regularly inspected. The design of the turnstile and its housing should allow for the operator to see and communicate clearly with entrants. Turnstiles are not suitable for use by wheelchair users, visually impaired spectators and people with assistance dogs. The most practical design solution is to provide level access via a gate or door, with an appropriate vision panel, which is staffed by a steward. Arrangements must be in place to ensure that all those entering by such routes are counted among the spectators attending the event.

Horizontal circulation Concourse :• A concourse is defined as a circulation area that provides direct access to

and from viewing accommodation to which it may be linked by vormitories, passageways, stairs or ramps.

• It is recommended that all new sports ground concourses should be designed to allow at least 0.5m2 per person (a density of 20 persons/10 m2) expected to occupy the concourse at peak times.

Vormitories• A vormitory is an access route built into the gradient of a stand which

directly links spectator accommodation to concourses, and/or routes for ingress, egress and emergency evacuation. Passage through a vomitory can be either level, or via stairways, and can flow either parallel or transverse to the rows of terraces or seats.

• If passage through the vomitory is by steps, the design, dimensions, barriers and handrails should meet the requirement for stairways

• These barriers should be protected (by infill or screening), to prevent spectators climbing through and approaching from behind.

Vertical Circulation

STAIRWAYS AND GANGWAYS :a. Stairway b. Radial gangway c. Lateral gangway

Design of stairways (Basic Specifications and dimensions) The stairway width should be uniform. All goings and risers on each stairway should be uniform between floors. Open risers should not be used. Winders (that is, tapered treads) should not be used. Stair treads should be slip-resistant, have durable edgings, and, where

appropriate, have adequate drainage. All nosing should be clearly marked. Individual flights should consist of no more than 12 risers. Recommended minimum width of stairs : 1.2m Maximum width: 1.8m Minimum riser height: 150mm and Maximum height:170mm or 180mm

LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

Playing field:` Parts of a Field: The pitch: The pitch measures 10 × 66 feet (3.05 × 20.12 m).Lines drawn or

painted on the pitch are known as creases. Pitches are generally classified as: Green Pitch: They contain fair amount of grass and are conducive to

bounce and swing. Dry Pitch: They contain no grass and are conducive to spin. Concrete Pitch: These are made of concrete and generally used for

practice facilities. Mats: These are used for practice facilities as well and laid over the

pitch.

Playing field quality

The playing field must be absolutely smooth and level. It can have natural grass or artificial turf according to the need

condition.With natural grass, it should have an efficient watering system for

use in dry weather.Playing field should be equipped with an underground heating

system for cold climateGood playing field should include proper underground and surface

drainage to allow play during rain.

• Advertising Boards around Playing AreaAdvertising boards normally have a height of 90-100cmThe minimum distances between the boundary lines of the playing

field and the advertising boards should be: 4-5m

Access to Playing Area :

Vehicles of the emergency services, including ambulance and fire engines, must be able to gain access to the playing area.All types of ground maintenance vehicles and various other kinds of vehicles should also be able to gain access to the playing area.

• Exclusion of Spectators form Playing Area :It is essential to protect against attract form the spectators. This could be accomplished in a number of ways, including one or more of the following.

seating

Drainage:For the drainage of stadium there are two methods:Drain CellDrain Core

ROOFING STRUCUTRE:TYPES OF ROOF:Pitched trussKing post trussQueen post trussPost and beam structuresGoal post structuresCantilever structuresConcrete shell structuresCompression/ tension ringTension structures- catenary cable and cable net structures

LONG SPAN STRUCTURE:•Structure with span larger than 20m can be regarded as long span structure for this span is usually unable to be achieved by ordinary RC structure.•Long-span buildings create unobstructed, column-free spaces greater than 30 meters (100 feet) for a variety of functions. Common Structural Forms for Long Span Building Structures:Insitu RC, tensionedPrecast concrete, tensionedStructural steel – erected on spotStructural steel – prefabricated Portal frame – insitu RCPortal frame – precastPortal frame – prefabricated steel

Pneumatic Structure:Pneumatic structure is a membrane which carries load developed from the tensile stresses. Pneumatic structures have a wide range of possible materials.

Shell Structure:

• There are three main types of shell roof: The single barrel shell Multi barrel shell The continuous barrel

• Umbrella structure:

Water supply:DOMESTIC USE AND FIRE PROTECTION can be separate and combined.

Underground water pipingAll piping in the ground from 80 mm dia and above is to be of class C asbestos cemen tpressure pipe and where of less than 80 mm dia is to be of class 16 high density polyethyleneor thin wall hard drawn copper pipe.

Above ground cold water pipingCold water pipework above ground level, but concealed in roofs and ducts etc. may be of galvanized iron, thin wall hard drawn copper or stainless steel, for all diameters.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING:Flood Lighting:In 4 cardinal direction (each lamp of 1000-2000W)It shouldn’t affect the other nearby building because of its glare.Non-televised match ─ 500 to 700 luxTelevised match ─ 1400 luxMounting height:The mounting height geometry sideline head frames and poles in 25 degree not exceed 45 degree. In other rooms like changing room it should be of 100 to 150 lux.

Players, Officials and Spectators RequirementAccess to Dressing RoomsDressing Rooms:There should be two principal dressing rooms in a stadium of equal size, style and comfortAt least two there should be separate team areas, but preferably four. Minimum size is 150m2.

Umpires’ Area:It’s minimum size should be 24m2. It should have clothes hanging facilities or lockers for 4 people.

Coaches’ OfficesIt should be adjacent to the teams’ dressing rooms. There should be 2 rooms of minimum 24m2.

Access from Team Areas to Playing Field : The tunnel should be 4m-6m wide and a minimum of 2.3m high.

First Aid and Treatment RoomThis room is used by players, match officials, the media, VIPs and security PersonnelMinimum sized 50m2.

Doping Control AreaMinimum size is 36m2

Spectator’s requirements:Spectator area/Seating:Capacity depends upon the use and population.The area should be divided into sectors for easy access and all the required services like entrances, exits, stairways, doors, passages, toilets etc. should be located at each sector.Blocks or groups of 2500 places should be provided to avoid overcrowding.To give spectator clear view and ensure good acoustics, Vitruvius recommended a fired gradient of 1:2 for the both seating and standing areas. Space required for spectator is 0.5 x 0.4-0.45m per seat (including adjacent circulation area).SEATING AREAS:The necessary space for seating area is calculated as follows:

Width of seat 0.5mOverall depth 0.8mSeat depth 0.35mCirculation 0.45m

Depending on the arrangement of entrances and exits,each row can compriseOn each side of a passage:

In shallow rising rows 48 placesIn steeply rising rows 36 places.

Seating and standing areas must be separated by fences.

For every 750 seats an escape route (stairway, ramp, flat surface) with a minimum width of 1.00 must be provided

The formula giving the staircase width necessary to allow a certain numbers of spectators to leave the stadium in a given time is: Number of spectatorStaircase width (m) = Emptying time(s) X 1.25

STANDING AREAS:The necessary space for standing space is calculated as follows:Width of standing space 0.5mDepth of standing space 0.4m

For every 750 spaces an escape route (stairway,ramp,flat surface) with a minimum width of 1.00 m must be provided.Each block should have its own entry/exit points and should be separated from the others by fences.Barrier of 1.10m,between every ten rows of the standing spaces.

Spectators with Disabilities For individual wheelchair: Min. width of the stand 900 mmMin depth of the stand 1400 mm

Toilet Facilities:Sets of men’s and women’s rest room should be provided at one or more locations on each public level.The required number of toilets per visitor is 0.01 of which,40% toilets for women.20% toilets for men.40% urinals.10% WC and 5% washbasins for every 500 women’s.2% WC and 4% washbasins for every 1000 men

First Aid Rooms for the PublicStadium should be equipped with a first aid room for spectators.

Public flow:Large sign are appreciate provides direction in the location of sections entrances.Provision of emergency exit gates unlocked for all time.Stairway themselves should act as emergency exit.Staircase width(m)=number of spectator

Emptying time(s)X 1.25Emergency ExitIn order to achieve this, management should ensure that: There are sufficient numbers of exits in suitable locations.All parts of exit routes are not of adequate width and height. People do not have to travel excessive distances in order to exit from the spectator.

Fire Safety :Adopt measures designed to minimize the fire risk Ensure that measures are taken to restrict the rate of early fire growth and fire spreadProvide and protect sufficient emergency evacuation Provide appropriate fire detection and warning systems

Signage:a. Safety signsb. Information signsc. Commercial signs and hoardings

Other Facilities :Gift and souvenir shops,Ticketing FacilityGalleryMuseumGardens