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DINESH UTTAM GAIKWAD

SAGAR S. SHINDE

RIZVI COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

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BAGHDAD , IRAQ

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:

With a metropolitan area estimated at a population of 7,000,000, it is the

largest city in Iraq. It is the second-largest city in the Arab world (after Cairo)and the second-largest city in southwest Asia (after Tehran)

Although there is dispute over its Iranian origin, there have been several rivalproposals as to its specific etymology. The most reliable and most widelyaccepted among these is that the name is a Middle Persian compoundofBhaga"god" + dd"given", translating to "god-given" or "God's gift",hence Modern Persian Badd, Arabic Badd. Another leading proposal is thatthe name comes from Middle Persian Bgh-dd"The Given Garden".

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BAGHDAD province is located at the center of Iraq . Iran is located at Eastside , Turkey is located at north , Syria located at north-west , Saudi Arabialocated at south-west and Kuwait located south side of Iraq at presnet .

Baghdad is the largest city in Iraq and is situated on both sides of the TigrisRiver at a point 40 miles from the Euphrates River . The city is approximately300 miles from the northern, southern, and western borders of the country.

The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the Tigris River . The Tigrissplits Baghdad in half, with the Eastern half being called 'Risafa' and theWestern half known as 'Karkh'. The land on which the city is built is almostentirely flat and low-lying, being of alluvial origin due to the periodiclarge floods which have occurred on the river.

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BAGHDAD PERIOD:8th century AD

In their new city of Baghdad the Abbasid caliphs adopt the administrative

system of the long-established Persian empire. Persian Muslims are as muchinvolved in the life of this thriving place as Arab Muslims. Here Islam outgrowsits Arab roots and becomes an international religion. Here the Arabic and earlyPersian languages coalesce to become, from the 10th century, what is nowknown as Persian - combining words from both sources and using the Arabic

script. Here Mesopotamia briefly recovers its ancient status at the centre of oneof the world's largest empires.

At no time is this more evident than in the reign of the best-known of theAbbasid caliphs, Harun al-Rashid.

The luxury and delight of Harun al-Rashid's Baghdad, in the late 8th century,has been impressed on the western mind by one of the most famous works ofArabic literature - the Thousand and One Nights. Some of the stories are of alater date, but there are details in them which certainly relate to this periodwhen for the first time a Muslim court has the leisure and prosperity to indulgein traditional oriental splendour.

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The caliphate is now at its widest extent, with reasonable calm on mostborders. The international fame of Harun himself can be judged by theemphasis of Charlemagne's biographers on the mutual esteem of these two

contemporary potentates, who send each other Rich gifts.

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An increasingly nominal caliphate: from the 9th c. AD

From the 9th century the rule of the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad is often, inmany parts of the Muslim world, more nominal than real. In Palestine and Syria

there are uprisings from supporters of the previous Umayyad dynasty, whosebase was Damascus. In the rich province of Egypt, governors are increasinglyunruly (as many as twenty-four are appointed and then dismissed during the23-year caliphate of Harun al-Rashid).

In the further extremes of the empire independence from the Abbasids is evenmore marked. Spain is ruled by Umayyads. North Africa has Berber dynastiesfrom 790. And eastern Persia, by about 870, is in the hands of Persians hostileto Baghdad.

The weakness of the caliphs tempts them into a measure which makes theproblem worse. They acquire slaves from the nomadic Turks of central Asia anduse them in their armies. The slaves, who become known as Mamelukes (fromthe Arabic mamluk, 'owned'), are excellent fighters. They distinguishthemselves in the service of the caliphate and are often given positions ofmilitary responsibility. Well placed to advance their own interests, theyfrequently take the opportunity.

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One of the first Mamelukes to seize power is Ahmad ibn Tulun. In the early870s he takes control of Egypt. By 877 he has conquered the Mediterraneancoast through Palestine and up into Syria.

This half of the Fertile Crescent has been ruled from Egypt at many periods ofhistory. Separated from Mesopotamia by a broad swathe of desert, it is easierto control from Cairo than from Baghdad.

Palestine and Syria remain under Egyptian dominance for most of the next two

centuries. The Tulunid dynasty, founded by Ahmad ibn Tulun in the 870s, rulesthe region until 905. The Ikhshidids, another Turkish dynasty, control it from935 to 969, when they in their turn are replaced by the Fatimids - masters ofan even broader swathe of Mediterranean coastline.

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Persian independence from Baghdad: 9th century AD

From about 866 the whole of eastern Persia, to Kabul in the north and Sind inthe south, is gradually overrun by a Persian from a family of metal-workers; heis known as al-Saffar ('the coppersmith'), giving his short-lived dynasty thename of Saffarids. In 876 he is strong enough to march on Baghdad, though heis prevented from reaching it by the army of the caliph.

In 900 the Saffarids are defeated by another Persian dynasty, the Samanids.

The new rulers are aristocrats, descended from a nobleman by the name ofSaman Khudat. They preside over the first conscious revival of Persian culturesince the Arab conquest.

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The slow end of the Abbasids: 10th - 16th century

There are times in the 10th century when the caliphs have little power outsidethe confines of Baghdad itself, but from the 11th century their prestige is tosome degree restored. This is thanks to the Seljuk Turks, who recover a largeempire and rule it from Baghdad - accepting the subordinate title of sultan anddeferring to the caliphs as the superior religious authority.

For a few brief spells the caliphs even recover some secular power, asserting

themselves over their Seljuk sultans. But the final disaster is suffered in 1258,when Hulagu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, arrives in Mesopotamia.

The caliph in Baghdad, al-Musta'sim, risks the impossible. In January 1258 hesends an army against the approaching Mongols. The Muslim army is routed by

Hulagu, who orders the caliph to appear before him and to destroy the walls ofthe city. When the caliph declines, Hulagu besieges and sacks Baghdad.

It is said that 800,000 of the inhabitants are killed, including the caliph - who isexecuted by being kicked to death.

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Destruction and decline: 15th - 20th century AD

Mesopotamia now becomes a border region of little consequence, fought overby more powerful neighbours. The city of Baghdad is sacked by Timur in 1401.

It is taken by the shah of Persia, Ismail I, in 1508; by the sultan of Turkey,Suleiman I, in 1534; by the Persians again in 1623; and finally by the Turksonce more in 1638.

The region remains a sleepy part of the Ottoman world until the demise of the

Turkish empire in World War I.

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Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad

Al-Mansur 754 775Al-Mahdi 775 785Al-Hadi 785 786Harun al-Rashid 786 809Al-Amin 809 813Al-Ma'mun 813 833Al-Mu'tasim 833 842Al-Wathiq 842 847

Al-Mutawakkil 847 861Al-Muntasir 861 862Al-Musta'in 862 866Al-Mu'tazz 866 869Al-Muhtadi 869 870

Al-Mu'tamid 870

892Al-Mu'tadid 892 902Al-Muktafi 902 908Al-Muqtadir 908 932Al-Qahir 932 934

Ar-Radi 934

940Al-Muttaqi 940 944

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27munhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muntasirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhtadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Radihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muttaqihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muttaqihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muttaqihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muttaqihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Radihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Radihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Radihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhtadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhtadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhtadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muntasirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muntasirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muntasirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathiqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27munhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27munhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27munhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustakfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustakfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustakfi

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Al-Mustakfi 944 946Al-Muti 946 974At-Ta'i 974 991Al-Qadir 991 1031Al-Qa'im 10311075Al-Muqtadi 10751094Al-Mustazhir 10941118Al-Mustarshid 11181135Ar-Rashid 11351136Al-Muqtafi 11361160

Al-Mustanjid 11601170Al-Mustadi 11701180An-Nasir 11801225Az-Zahir 12251226Al-Mustansir 12261242

Al-Musta'sim 12421258

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustakfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Ta'ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa'im_(caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustazhirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustarshidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid_(1135)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtafi_(Abbasid_Caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustanjidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Zahir_(caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta'simhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta'simhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta'simhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta'simhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Zahir_(caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Zahir_(caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Zahir_(caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustanjidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustanjidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustanjidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtafi_(Abbasid_Caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtafi_(Abbasid_Caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtafi_(Abbasid_Caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid_(1135)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid_(1135)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid_(1135)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustarshidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustarshidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustarshidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustazhirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustazhirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustazhirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa'im_(caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa'im_(caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa'im_(caliph)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Ta'ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Ta'ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Ta'ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustakfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustakfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustakfi

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BAGHDAD ARCHITECTURE-

Madrasa Sharabiyya, or BishriyyaLocation - Baghdad, IraqCentury - 13th

Style/Period - Abbasid

This two-storied, brick historic monument is situated close to the left bank ofthe Tigris River in the al-Maiden neighborhood of Baghdad. While there ismuch contention over the original date of the site, stylistically it was probablyconstructed during al-Mustansir's caliphate, dating it to the late Abbasid

period (1175-1230). Excavations and restoration efforts provide evidence thatit most likely functioned as a madrasa rather than a palace.

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Great Mosque of al-Ja'fariyaLocation - SamarraCentury - 9th

Style/Period - Abbasid

Between 859 and 861, al-Mutawakkil relocated the Abbasid caliphatetemporarily from Samarra to a new settlement that he named Ja'fariya, a sitejust up the river to the north. The Mosque of Abu Dulaf became the newmain congregational mosque not unlike the Great Mosque in Samarra.

The walls of the mosque barely remain, just remnants of the northern

faade. Similar to the Great Mosque, the Mosque of Abu Dulaf is enclosed bytwo ziyadas, the outer one measuring 350 x 362 meters and the lesserenclosure 213 x 135 meters. Its minaret also recalls that of the Great Mosqueas it is positioned to the north of the mosque and includes a spiral ramprising from a square base adorned with small recesses on each side. Later

excavations show that the minaret was surrounded by a court with blindarcades like the ones on the socle. This court featured two cisterns.

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Madina al-salam (City of Peace), RoundCity of al MansurLocation - Baghdad

Century - 8thStyle/Period - Abbasid

In 754, al-Mansur became the Abbasid Caliph, succeeding his brother as-

Saffah in rule. By 762 he had commissioned the construction of a neweastern capital, choosing Baghdad as his site. Builders from the greaterregion came to work for him by the thousands. What followed would be agrand model of urban design notable for its circular plan. The city wasdesigned with ash drawings onto the ground for al-Mansur to view prior to

construction, which began that same year. By its completion in 766-7, it hasbeen posited that the Round City measured 2000 meters in diameter. Itfeatured four main gates, equidistant from each other: the southwest gatewas the Kufa Gate; the southeast was Basra; the Khurasan Gate extended tothe northeast and the Damascus Gate to the northwest. The walls were

constructed out of mud brick with reed supports, while the domes and vaultswere composed in baked brick.