Bai Tieu Luan Ve WTO

7/31/2019 Bai Tieu Luan Ve WTO

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TI 3: T CHC THNG MI TH GII WTO GVHD: GS.TS V THANH THU

I. TNG QUAN V T CHC THNG MI TH

GII WTO:

1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin WTO:

Khi Chin tranh Th gii th hai vn cn cha kt thc, cc nc ngh n

vic thit lp cc nh ch chung v kinh t h tr cng cuc ti thit sau chin

tranh. Hi ngh Bretton Woods triu tp bang New Hampshire (Hoa K) nm 1944

nhm mc ch ny. Kt qu ca Hi ngh Bretton Woods l s ra i ca 2 t chc

ti chnh: Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin Quc t (nay gi l Ngn hng Th gii -

WB) v Qu Tin t Quc t (IMF). Mt t chc chung v thng mi cng c

xut thnh lp vi tn gi T chc Thng mi Quc t (ITO).Phm vi ra cho ITO l kh ln, bao trm ln c cc vn vic lm, u t,

cnh tranh, dch v, v th vic m phn Hin chng (hiu cch khc l iu l)

ca ITO din ra kh lu. Trong khi , v mong mun sm ct gim thu quan y

mnh cng cuc ti thit sau chin tranh, nm 1946, mt nhm 23 nc m phn

ring r v t c mt s u i thu quan nht nh. rng buc nhng u i

t c, nhm 23 nc ny quyt nh ly mt phn v chnh sch thng mi

trong d tho Hin chng ITO, bin n thnh Hip nh chung v Thu quan v

Thng mi (GATT).

GATT c hiu lc t 1/1/1948 nh mt tho thun tm thi trong khi ch ITO

c thnh lp. Nhng ITO khng ra i: mc d Hin chng ITO c thng

qua ti Havana (Cuba) thng 3/1948, nhng vic Quc hi Hoa K tr hon khng

ph chun Hin chng lm cho cc nc khc cng khng ph chun, dn n ITO

khng tr thnh hin thc. Do vy, GATT tr thnh c cu a phng duy nht iu

chnh thng mi quc t cho n khi WTO ra i.

C th ni, trong 48 nm tn ti ca mnh, GATT c nhng ng gp to ln

vo vic thc y v m bo thun li ho v t do ho thng mi th gii. S

lng cc bn tham gia cng tng nhanh. Cho ti trc khi T chc Thng mi Th

gii (WTO) c thnh lp vo ngy 1/1/1995, GATT c 124 bn k kt v ang

tip nhn 25 n xin gia nhp. Ni dung ca GATT ngy mt bao trm v quy m

ngy mt ln: bt u t vic gim thu quan cho ti cc bin php phi thu, dch v,

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s hu tr tu, u t, v tm kim mt c ch quc t gii quyt cc tranh chp

thng mi gia cc quc gia. T mc thu trung bnh 40% ca nm 1948, n nm

1995, mc thu trung bnh ca cc nc pht trin ch cn khong 4% v thu quan

trung bnh ca cc nc ang pht trin cn khong 15%.Mc d t c nhng thnh cng ln, nhng n cui nhng nm 1980,

u 1990, trc nhng bin chuyn ca tnh hnh thng mi quc t v s pht trin

ca khoa hc-k thut, GATT bt u t ra c nhng bt cp, khng theo kp tnh

hnh.

Trc tnh hnh cc bn tham gia GATT nhn thy cn phi c n lc

cng c v m rng h thng thng mi a bin. T nm 1986 n 1994, Hip nh

GATT v cc hip nh ph tr ca n c cc nc tho lun sa i v cp

nht thch ng vi iu kin thay i ca mi trng thng mi th gii. Hip

nh GATT 1947, cng vi cc quyt nh i km v mt vi bin bn gii thch khc

hp thnh GATT 1994. Mt s hip nh ring bit cng t c trong cc lnh

vc nh Nng nghip, Dt may, Tr cp, T v v cc lnh vc khc; cng vi GATT

1994, chng to thnh cc yu t ca cc Hip nh Thng mi a phng v

Thng mi Hng ho.

Vng m phn Uruguay cng thng qua mt lot cc quy nh mi iu

chnh thng mi Dch v v Quyn S hu Tr tu lin quan n thng mi. Mt

trong nhng thnh cng ln nht ca vng m phn ln ny l, cui Vng m phn

Uruguay, cc nc cho ra Tuyn b Marrakesh thnh lp T chc Thng mi

Th gii (WTO), bt u i vo hot ng t ngy 1/1/1995. Tnh n ngy 23 thng

3 nm 2010, WTO c 153 thnh vin

WTO l T chc Thng mi Th gii c chc nng gim st cc hip nhthng mi gia cc nc thnh vin vi nhau theo cc quy tc thng mi. Hot

ng ca WTO nhm mc ch loi b hay gim thiu cc ro cn thng mi tin

ti t do thng mi.

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2. Mc tiu hot ng WTO:

Vi t cch l mt t chc thng mi ca tt c cc nc trn th gii, WTO

tha nhn cc mc tiu ca GATT trong c 3 mc tiu chnh nh sau:

- Thc y tng trng thng mi hng ha v dch v trn th gii phc vcho s pht trin n nh, bn vng v bo v mi trng.

- Thc y s pht trin cc th ch th trng, gii quyt cc bt ng v

tranh chp thng mi gia cc thnh vin trong khun kh ca h thng thng mi

a phng, ph hp vi nguyn tc c bn ca Cng php quc t; bo m cho cc

nc ang pht trin c bit l cc nc km pht trin c hng nhng li ch

thc cht t s tng trng ca thng mi quc t.

- Nng cao mc sng, to cng n vic lm cho ngi dn cc nc thnh

vin, m bo cc quyn v tiu chun lao ng i thiu.

3. Chc nng ca WTO:

Theo nh Hip nh Marrakesh v thnh lp WTO, t chc ny c nm chc

nng c bn nh sau:

- Thng nht qun l vic thc hin cc hip nh v tha thun thng mi aphng v nhiu bn; gim st, to thun li, k c tr gip k thut cho cc nc

thnh vin thc hin ngha v thng mi quc t ca h.

- L khun kh th ch tin hnh cc vng m phn thng mi a

phng trong khun kh WTO, theo quyt nh ca Hi ngh B trng WTO.

- L c ch gii quyt tranh chp gia cc nc thnh vin lin quan n vic

thc hin v gii thch Hip nh WTO v cc hip nh thng mi a phng.

- L c ch kim im chnh sch thng mi ca cc nc thnh vin, bo

m thc hin mc tiu thc y t do ha thng mi v tun th cc quy nh ca

WTO.

- Thc hin vic hp tc vi cc t chc kinh t quc t khc nh Qu Tin t

Quc t (IMF) v Ngn hng Th gii (WB) trong vic hoch nh nhng chnh sch

v d bo v xu hng pht trin tng lai ca nn kinh t ton cu.

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4. Nguyn tc hot ng ca WTO:

Bao gm 5 nguyn tc c bn sau.

Nguyn tc khng phn bit i x: gm 2 quy ch

- Quy ch i ng ti hu quc: (Most Farvoured Nation-MFN) l quy chmi nc thuc WTO phi dnh cho sn phm nhp khu t quc gia thnh vin khc

i x khng km u i hn so vi sn phm nhp khu t mt nc th 3 khc.

- Quy ch i x quc gia (Nation Treatment- NT) l quy ch mi nc

thnh vin ca WTO khng dnh cho sn phm ni a nhng u i hn so vi sn

phm ca nc ngoi.

Nguyn tc iu kin hot ng thng mi ngy cng thun li, t do hn

thng qua m phn.

Nguyn tc ny i hi cc quc gia phi xy dng l trnh ct gim thu v

cc bin php phi thu theo tho thun thng qua cc vng m phn to iu

kin thun li cho qu trnh t do ho thng mi.

Nguyn tc xy dng mi trng kinh doanh d d on.Nguyn tc ny buc chnh ph cc nc thuc WTO khng thay i c ch

chnh sch kinh t, trong o c hang ro thng mi mt cch tu tin gy kh khn

cho cc thnh vin khc khi nhp kh hng ho, dch v vo.

Nguyn tc to ra mi trng cnh tranh bnh ng.

Vi nguyn tc ny chnh ph cc quc gia thuc WTO ngoi thc hin

nghim chnh 2 quy ch MFN v NT cn phi gim cc bin php vic p dng cnh

tranh khng bnh ng nh tr gi, ti tr xut khu..

Nguyn tc ginh mt s u i v thng mi cho cc nc ang pht trin.

Nguyn tc ny c p dng thng qua cc bin php sau:

- Ch thu quan u i ph cp (The Generalized Systems Preferential -

GSP) ginh cho cc nc ang v chm pht trin khi xut khu hang sang cc nccng nghip pht trin.

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- Cc khon ngha v ng gp ca WTO t hn so vi cc nc pht trin.

- Thi gian iu chnh chnh sch kinh t v thng mi lin quan di hn.

5. S ging v khc nhau gia WTO v GATT5.1. im ging nhau:

- u l h thng quy nh quc t chung iu tit mi hot ng thng mi

ca cc nc tham gia k kt

- u l din n thng lng a phng ln nht tho lun vic tng

bc t do ha thng mi quc t v hng ha, dch v

- u l c ch kim im chnh sch thng mi ca cc nc thnh vin,

bo m thc hin mc tiu thc y t do ha thng mi v tun th cc quy nh

- u xy dng kh th ch tin hnh cc vng m phn thng mi a

phng gia cc nc thnh vin

- u c c ch gii quyt tranh chp gia cc nc thnh vin

- u ly nguyn tc ti hu quc MFN Most Favoured Nation l nguyn tc

php l quan trng nht nu mt nc dnh cho mt thnh vin mt s i x u

i no th nc ny cng s phi dnh s u i cho tt c cc nc thnh vinkhc

- u thc hin vic hp tc vi cc t chc kinh t quc t khc nh Qu

Tin T Quc T (IMF) v Ngn hng Th Gii trong vic hoch nh nhng chnh

sch v d bo v nhng xu hng pht trin tng lai ca kinh t ton cu

- C hai u a ra quy nh mt s ngoi l (exception) v min tr (waiver)

quan trng i vi nguyn tc MFN khi p dng vi cc nc ang pht trin

5.2. im khc nhau:

GATT WTO

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1. Khng c th ch, ch c ban th k

nh

1. L mt t chc hot ng nh 1 doanh

nghip: c c ch hot ng, c b my

t chc, c th k thng trc v 450

nhn vin2. p dng cc Hip nh mang tnh tm

thi

2. 56 vn kin Hip nh m mi nc thnh

vin phi chp nhn p dng c gi

khng c quyn bo lu3. L nhng cng c a phng

(Plurilataral agreements). Vic p

dng mang tnh chn la

3. L nhng hip nh a bin (multilataral

agreement). p dng mang tnh bt buc

4. Quy nh ch yu cho thng mihng ha

4. Khng nhng thng mi hng ha, m cn:thng mi dch v; s hu tr tu; bin

php u t lin quan thng mi5. Khng qun l lut l thng mi ca

cc thnh vin

5. WTO l t chc duy nht qun l lut l

gia cc quc gia trong hot ng thng

mi quc t6. Gii quyt tranh chp kh khn v

khng c c ch chun mc

6. Gii quyt tranh chp nhanh chng

C quy trnh

C thi gian biu cht ch

6. Cc vng m phn ca GATT WTO:

K t khi GATT c thnh lp vo nm 1948, cc nc tham gia GATT

cng nhau tin hnh nhiu t m phn k kt thm nhng tha thun thng

mi mi. Mi t m phn nh vy c gi l mt "vng m phn." Nhn chung,

nhng tha thun thng mi trong cc vng m phn rng buc cc nc k kt

phi tin hnh gim thu xut, nhp khu cng nh gim bt cc hng ro thng mi

phi thu khc i vi hng ha xut, nhp khu. Mc gim thu khc nhau ty

theo tng nc cng nh tng loi hng ha. 8 vng m phn ca GATT l:

6.1 Vng Geneva (1947):bao gm 23 nc tham gia, GATT bt u c

hiu lc t ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1948.

6.2 Vng Annecy (1949):bao gm 13 nc tham gia.

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6.3 Vng Torquay (1951):bao gm 38 nc tham gia.

6.4 Vng Geneva (1956):bao gm 26 nc tham gia. Ti vng ny t

c nhng kt qu lin quan n vic gim thu, ra chin lc cho chnh sch

ca GATT i vi cc nc ang pht trin, nng cao v th ca h vi t cch lnhng thnh vin tham gia GATT.

6.5 Vng Dillon (1960-1961):bao gm 26 nc tham gia. Vng ny ch

yu bn v vic gim thu. c t tn theo Th trng Ngoi giao Hoa K C.

Douglas Dillon.

6.6 Vng Kenedy (1964-1967):bao gm 63 nc. Ni dung tho lun

cng vn l vic gim thu, nhng ln u tin m phn gim thu theo mt phng

php p dng chung cho tt c cc loi hng ha ch khng m phn gim thu cho

tng loi hng ha mt nh cc vng trc. Hip nh chng bn ph gi c k kt

(nhng ti Hoa K khng c Quc hi nc ny ph chun).

6.7 Vng Tokyo (1973-1979):Bao gm 102 nc. Tho lun v vic gim

cc hng ro phi thu cng nh gim thu i vi cc sn phm ch to. Tng cng

v m rng h thng thng mi a phng.

6.8 Vng Uruguay (1986-1994):- Bao gm 125 nc tham gia. y l vng m phn cui cng v cng l

vng m phn tham vng nht trong s tt c cc vng m phn ca GATT. Vng

m phn ny dn n vic thnh lp WTO v thng qua mt lot cc hip nh

mi.

Nhng nt chnh ca vng ny l: thnh lp T chc Thng mi Th gii

(WTO) thay th cho GATT; gim thu v cc bin php tr cp xut khu; gim hn

ngch v cc hn ch nhp khu khc trong vng 20 nm; k kt Hip nh v Bo h

Quyn s hu Tr tu lin quan n Thng mi (TRIPS); m rng phm vi p dng

ca lut thng mi quc t sang lnh vc dch v thng qua Hip nh chung v

Thng mi Dch v (GATS); d b hn ch i vi u t nc ngoi.

- tng v Vng m phn Uruguay: c nhen nhm vo thng 11-

1982 ti mt hi ngh cp B trng ca cc nc thnh vin GATT ti Geneva. By

gi, cc v B trng d nh tin hnh mt vng m phn ln nhng hi nghlc khng vt qua c ro cn qu ln l vn nng nghip v b coi nh

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tht bi. Song trn thc t, mt chng trnh lm vic mi c ln k hoch v

y chnh l tin cho chng trnh vng m phn Uruguay.

- Chng trnh lp k hoch sau vng m phn Uruguay: Rt nhiu hip

nh c k kt trong khun kh vng m phn Uruguay c mt phn xc nh lchtrnh cho nhng vic phi lm trong tng lai. Mt s vic c tin hnh lp tc sau

. i vi mt s lnh vc, vic phi lm l tip tc m phn hoc xc tin nhng

cuc m phn mi.

Mt s lnh vc khc li yu cu nh gi tnh hnh trin khai hip nh vo

nhng thi im c th. Mt s cuc m phn kt thc rt chng vnh, c bit l v

vn h tng vin thng v dch v ti chnh (chnh ph cc nc rt nhanh

chng i n thng nht v vic m ca th trng thng mi sn phm cng ngh

thng tin, vn vt ra ngoi khun kh ca chng trnh b phn ny).

Sau vng m phn Uruguay, c nhng sa i v m rng ni dung i

vi vn bn gc v chng trnh k hoch. Mt chng trnh k hoch bao gm hn

30 phn. Sau y l mt s vn ng ch :

1996: Dch v vn ti hng hi: kt thc m phn v m ca th trng (tin

hnh vo ngy 30-6-1996, hon li ti nm 2000, sau chuyn sang chng trnh pht

trin Doha)

Dch v v mi trng: xc nh thi hn bo co kt qu ca nhm cng tc

(hi ngh b trng thng 12 nm 1996)

Dch v cng: tin hnh m phn

1997: H tng vin thng: kt thc m phn (15-2); Dch v ti chnh: kt

thc m phn (30- 12); S hu tr tu: thit lp h thng ng du v ng k m

vng i vi cc sn phm ru vang: tin hnh m phn, tr thnh mt b phntrong chng trnh m phn v s pht trin Doha

1998: Hng dt may: mt giai on mi bt u vo ngy 1-1; Dch v: (cc

bin php khc phc kp thi): p dng kt qu m phn lin quan n cc bin php

khc phc kp thi (trc 1-1-1998, hon li n thng 3-2004); Lut v xut x sn

phm: chng trnh lm vic i n s thng nht tng i gia lut v xut x sn

phm ca cc quc gia (20-7-1998); Th trng cng: m nhng cuc m phn mi

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ci thin h thng lut v th tc (trc nm 1998); Gii quyt tranh chp: xem xt

k v lut v th tc gii quyt tranh chp (trc nm 1998)

1999: S hu tr tu: bt u xem xt mt s ngoi l i vi vic cp bng

sng ch v bo v a dng thc vt2002: Nng nghip: bt u tin hnh m phn, thuc Chng trnh pht

trin Doha; Dch v: Bt u mt lot cc cuc m phm mi, thuc chng trnh

pht trin Doha; Rng buc thu quan: xem xt li khi nim nh cung cp chnh ti

iu 28 trong Hip nh chung v thu quan v thng mi v quyn ca ngi tham

gia m phn i vi vic sa i rng buc; S hu tr tu: Ln u tin c kim

tra nh k (2 nm mt ln) vic thc thi hip nh

2002: Dt may: bt u giai on u tin (1-1)

2005: Dt may: p dng hon ton trong khun kh GATT v chm dt thi

gian hiu lc ca hip nh (1-1)

6.9 Vng m phn Doha:

- Doha l tn thnh ph ca Qatar, ni t chc vng m phn ca WTO vo

nm 1999. Ni dung chnh ca vng Doha l bn bin php gim thu quan, m cath trng hng nng sn, phi nng sn, dch v nhm thc y thng mi ha ton

cu.

i vi nhng nc ang pht trin, y l mt vng m phn rt c ngha,

v nu Doha kt thc th hng ha ca cc nc ang pht trin, ch yu l hng nng

sn, s c c hi thm nhp th trng cc nc pht trin do hng ro thu quan s

c gim rt ln.

- Ti Hi ngh B trng ln th t ti Doha, Qatar, vo thng mi mt nm2001, cc chnh ph l thnh vin ca WTO ng khi ng cc cuc m

phn mi. Cc nc cng ng tho lun c v nhng vn khc, c bit l

vic thc thi y cc hip nh hin ti. Ton b gi cc vn c gi l

Chng trnh Ngh s Pht trin Doha (Doha Development Agenda (DDA)

Cc cuc m phn din ra ti U ban m phn thng mi Trade

Negotiations Committee v cc Tiu ban ca n. y l nhng a im m thng

c, hoc l hi ng thng trc v u ban nhm hp trong "nhng phin c

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bit", hoc l a im cc nhm m phn c bit c to ra. Nhng cng vic

khc trong chng trnh ngh s din ra trong cc hi ng v cc y ban khc ca

WTO.

- Tuyn b Doha nu ra 19 ch , hay 21, ty theo quan nim cho rng vn quy tc cu thnh 1 hay 3 ch . Phn ln cc ni dung ny i hi phi tin hnh

m phn; s cn li th i hi cc bin php thc thi, phn tch v theo di nh

gi.

Cc ni dung chnh ca Doha l:

Nng nghip: Gim thu v cc ro cn phi thu, gim tin ti xa b

tr cp xut khu, gim tr cp trong nc.

Dch v: M rng cc cam kt ca Hip nh Dch v (GATS)

Hng phi nng nghip: gim thu v hng ro phi thu.

S hu tr tu: gii quyt mi lin h gia s hu tr tu v y t, ch dn

a l, ni lng quy nh v s hu tr tu phc v cho vic pht trin

Thng mi v u t: Xem xt li Hip nh u t (TRIMS)

Thng mi v chnh sch cnh tranh: minh bch, khng phn bit i

x, hp tc t nguyn, h tr pht trin ngun lc Mua sm chnh ph: th tc minh bch

To thun li ha cho thng mi: Xem xt li v din gii chi tit cc

iu V, VIII v X ca GATT 1994.

Xem xt li quy nh ca WTO v chng ph gi v chng tr cp

(iu VI GATT 1994)

Xem xt li quy nh ca WTO v cc hip nh thng mi khu vc

(iu XXIV GATT 1994)

Xem xt li quy nh ca WTO v c ch gii quyt tranh chp

Mi quan h gia thng mi v mi trng: phn bit gia cc bin

php bo v mi trng vi cc ro cn thng mi, dn nhn sn phm

bo v mi trng, tr cp ng nghip.

Thng mi in t

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11/59


Cc u i dnh cho cc nc ang pht trin bao gm cc vn v

cc nn kinh t c quy m nh, cc nn kinh t chm pht trin, n chnh

ph, chuyn giao cng ngh, hp tc v h tr pht trin ngun lc, cc

u i c bit v khc bit.

Lch trnh vng m phn Doha:

Thng 11, nm 2001, m phn ti Doha:Ti Hi ngh B trng ln th t

ca WTO, cc b trng nht tr khi ng mt vng m phn thng mi mi,

trong ly cc nhu cu pht trin lm nng ct.

Thng 9, nm 2003, m phn ti Cancn:Kt thc Hi ngh B trng ln

th nm m khng t c s ng thun v cch thc xc tin cc vng m

phn.

Thng 7, nm 2004, m phn ti Geneva:Cc thnh vin thng qua chng

trnh khung cho cc cuc m phn v nng nghip, dch v v m ca th trng

hng phi nng sn (NAMA) (gi h tr thng 7) m t tr thnh c s lm vic

v cc vn ny

Thng 1 nm 2005:Vng m phn khng kt thc ng thi hn.Thng 12, nm 2005, m phn ti Hng Kng:Ti Hi ngh B trng ln

th su, cc b trng y nhanh tin cc cuc m phn vng m phn kt

thc vo cui nm 2006. Gi h tr t c Hng Kng thc y cam kt v nng

nghip v m ca th trng hng phi nng sn (.NAMA), ng thi lp k hoch

m phn cho cc lnh vc khc. Chnh ph cc nc nht tr cam kt h tr hng t

la cho gi H tr Thng mi b sung cho vng m phn Doha.

Thng 7, nm 2006:Cc cuc m phn b tm hon.Thng 1 nm 2007:Ni li cc cuc m phn.

Thng 7, nm 2008, m phn ti Geneva:Cc nc thnh vin tho lun v

gi h tr thng 7 nm 2008: thnh lp cc th thc v nng nghip v tip cn th

trng phi nng nghip. L trnh cho tt c cc ch nhm kt thc hon thnh nm

2008

Nm 2009 Nay:Cc cuc m phn ri vo b tc v khng t c kt

qu g.

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- Nm 2011: Tng gim c T chc Thng mi th gii (WTO) Pascal

Lamy tha nhn s b tc ca vng m phn Doha v cho bit, vng m phn

ny c nguy c tht bi. Nu nh tht bi vng m phn ny s ko theo nhng h

qu xu i vi thng mi th gii v WTO.ng tha nhn s b tc trong m phn lnh vc tip cn th trng hng

phi nng nghip, thng c gi tt l NAMA, l cn tr ln nht i vi tin trnh.

Lnh vc ny cp n cc cam kt ca cc nn kinh t ln, trong c c cc nn

kinh t mi ni, v ct gim thu nhp khu khi m ca th trng hng phi nng sn.

Theo ng Remigi Winzap, trng phng WTO thuc y ban Nh nc Thy

S v kinh t (SECO), WTO t cc c uy tn ca t chc ny vo cc hip nh

ca vng m phn ha. ng phn tch: Nu cc quc gia thnh vin WTO khng

kt thc c vng m phn ha, WTO s tip tc vn hnh trn c s cc hip

nh nm 1994. Theo , cc t chc quc t ny c nguy c nh mt i uy tn cng

nh chc nng chnh ng ca n trong bi cnh th gii ca th k 21. WTO cn

phi i ph vi nhng thch thc mi, c bit l v kh hu, nng lng hay u t.

Ngoi ra, cc cng quc kinh t vn tip tc thng qua cc lut l tri vi cc hip

nh ca WTO v cc l do chnh sch i ni ca h. iu ny s dn ti ngy cng

nhiu cc tranh chp thng mi phc tp v kh gii quyt.

Vin cnh trn tip sc cho ng Lamy tng gp i n lc ca mnh nhm

thuyt phc cc phi on, cc quc gia cng rn nht. Mc d vy, vng m phn

ha vn c th tht bi cay ng v ko theo l s sp ca WTO.

Cha y mt tun na, 153 quc gia thnh vin WTO s nhn c cc vn

bn mi ca d tho hip nh. ng Lamy hy vng sau k ngh l Phc sinh, cc

thnh vin s c c ci nhn tng th v nhng lnh vc t c ng thun cngnh nhng lnh vc cn bt ng, t a ra nhng quyt nh cho cc giai on

tip theo ca vng m phn. Nhng khng ai c th chc rng v tng lai ca vng

m phn ny.

Tuy nhin, khng t i din cp cao ca nhiu cng quc khng nh quyt

tm y nhanh m phn c th kt thc vng Doha trong nm 2011. Thm ch,

nhiu v lnh o cc nc cn ni n mt thi hn tham vng hn- kt thc Vng

vo thng 7 ti.

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ng thi ny li mt ln na nhen nhm tia hy vng cho vng Doha, vng

m phn c khi ng cch nay 10 nm ti Qatar nhm tip tc t do ha

thng mi trong khun kh WTO nhng ri vo b tc do nhng bt ng trin

min gia cc quc gia ang pht trin vi cc quc gia pht trin v cc nhm vtng vn khc.

Cho n nay vn tn ti nhng cu hi ln lin quan n ca Hoa K v

mt s thnh vin ln nh Trung quc, n , Braxin. Do Hoa K cha thc s vo

cuc nn cc nc ang pht trin ch cht nh Trung quc, n , Bra-xin cha

mun ng bi. Bn cnh , nhiu nc km pht trin khu vc chu Phi b Hoa K

v EU li ko ng v pha cc nc pht trin trong vic tr hon gim thu, duy

tr cc u i ring cho cc nc ny, ku gi cc thnh vin WTO thc hin thu

hoch sm hay phi hn ngch hoc phi thu cho cc nc km pht trin, khin

cc din m phn cng kh khn, phc tp hn. Ngoi ra, trong cc lnh vc m

phn quan trng nh NAMA, nng nghip v dch v vn cn tn ti khong cch ln

gia cc thnh vin pht trin v ang pht trin. Nhng yu t nh vy khin mc

tiu kt thc vng -ha vo nm 2010 khng cn hin thc, bt chp cc cuc tham

vn cp cao vn din ra dn dp trong thi gian qua.

Din bin Geneva cho thy, nhm cc nc ang pht trin tip tc nhn

mnh yu t pht trin trong vng -ha. Trong khi , Hoa K v mt b phn EU

vn cho rng, vn tip cn th trng l tr ngi chnh, vic kt thc m phn

cha mang li c hi xut khu ng u cho cc nc, hm cc nc ang pht

trin cha c nhn nhng ng k v m ca th trng.

Mc d vy, mt s chuyn gia thng mi quc t cho rng, c l vng Doha

vn s kt thc vo cui nm nay d rng nhng cam kt t do ha t c cnnham nh. Nhiu nc mt mi vi nhng cuc m phn ko di v thi hn

v c l s mun kt thc sm. Nhng vn cn bt ng c th s c li, cho

mt vng m phn mi chng hn.

Tng gim c Pascal Lamy cng thng bo s tham vn cc nc thnh vin

trong thng 4 nhm tm hiu r hn khong cch trong m phn NAMA t ra

nhng quyt nh cho cc bc tip theo. ng ni, n lc phi suy ngh v hu

qu ca tht bi ny i vi h thng thng mi a phng m cc nc thnh vin

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14/59


xy dng hn 70 nm qua v nhn mnh tnh trng nghim trng ca tin trnh

m phn Doha hin nay.

Ngi ng u t chc thng mi ton cu nhn mnh, nu vng m phn

Doha tht bi, nn kinh t th gii s b e da, c bit l i vi cc nc km phttrin nht v cc nc nh hn phi ph thuc nhiu vo h thng thng mi ton

cu.

II. NI DUNG CHNH CC HIP NH CA WTO:

Cc thnh vin WTO k kt khong 30 hip nh khc nhau iu chnh cc

vn v thng mi quc t. Tt c cc hip nh ny nm trong 4 ph lc ca Hip

nh v vic Thnh lp T chc Thng mi Th gii c k kt ti Marrakesh,

Maroc vo ngy 15 thng 4 nm 1994. Bn ph lc bao gm cc hip nh quy

nh cc quy tc lut l trong thng mi quc t, c ch gii quyt tranh chp, c

ch r sot chnh sch thng mi ca cc nc thnh vin, cc tha thun t nguyn

ca mt s thnh vin v mt s vn khng t c ng thun ti din n

chung. Cc nc mun tr thnh thnh vin ca WTO phi k kt v ph chun hu

ht nhng hip nh ny, ngoi tr cc tha thun t nguyn- Hip nh chung v Thu quan v Thng mi 1994 (GATT 1994)

- Hip nh chung v Thng mi Dch v (GATS)

- Hip nh v Cc kha cnh lin quan n Thng mi ca Quyn S hu Tr

tu (TRIPS)

- Hip nh v cc Bin php u t lin quan n Thng mi (TRIMS)

- Hip nh v Nng nghip (AoA)

- Hip nh v Hng Dt may (ATC)

- Hip nh v Chng bn Ph gi

- Hip nh v Tr cp v cc Bin php chng Tr cp

- Hip nh v T v

- Hip nh v Th tc Cp php Nhp khu

- Hip nh v cc Bin php V sinh v Kim dch (SPS)

- Hip nh v cc Ro cn K thut i vi Thng mi (TBT)

- Hip nh v nh gi Hi quan

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15/59


- Hip nh v Kim nh Hng trc khi Vn chuyn

- Hip nh v Xut x Hng ha (ROO)

- Tha thun v C ch Gii quyt Tranh chp

1. Thng mi hng ha

- Hip nh ch cht iu chnh lnh vc thng mi hng ho ca WTO l

GATT 1994.

Ni dung c bn ca GATT:

GATT a ra cc nguyn tc c bn tin hnh thng mi hng ho gia

cc nc thnh vin, l nguyn tc MFN, NT, khng hn ch s lng, cc hip

nh thng mi khu vc, cc iu khon u tin v u i dnh cho cc nc ang

v chm pht trin, cc quy tc v m phn, rng buc thu quan v m phn li...

GATT cng c cc iu khon c bn v cc vn chng bn ph gi, xc nh tr

gi hi quan, tr cp, t v khn cp... tuy nhin nhng iu khon ny cha y

v chi tit, sau ny chng c c th ho thnh cc hip nh ring bit.

Mc tiu c bn ca GATT l to c s tin hnh gim thu quan khng

ngng v rng buc chng. n khi kt thc vng m phn Uruguay, cc nc thnhvin a ra cc cam kt rng buc thu i vi hu ht cc mt hng cng nghip

nhp khu.

- Thc hin nguyn tc i x Ti hu quc (MFN) i vi hng ha nhp

khu (NK) c xut x t cc nc khc nhau v nguyn tc i x quc gia (NT) i

vi hng NK v hng sn xut trong nc tc l khng c s phn bit i x v

thu ni a, v chnh sch gi, cc loi ph, cc phng php tip cn th trng, vn

ti, phn phi hng ha v lu kho gia hng ha sn xut trong nc v hng

NK.

- WTO tha nhn thu quan (thu NK) l bin php bo h th trng ni a

duy nht c p dng v y l bin php bo h mu dch mang tnh minh bch, t

bp mo thng mi nht. Cc hng ro bo h mu dch phi thu quan nh: h thng

giy php, hn ngch v cc bin php hn ch mu dch khc cn c bi b.

- Cc nc thuc WTO phi gim thu quan v khng tng thu nhp khu

to iu kin thun li cho hot ng thng mi. V d trong lnh vc nng nghip

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16/59


cc nc cng nghip pht trin ct gim bnh qun 36% cc dng thu v mi dng

ct gim 15% mc thu. Vi cc nc ang pht trin con s tng ng l 24 v 10.

Thi gian thc hin ct gim l 10 nm bt u t 01/1995. trong lnh vc cng

nghip cc nc pht trin ct gim 40% thu v a mc thu nhp khu hng cngnghip t 6,3% bnh qun xung cn 3,8%. Thi gian ct gim thu i vi hng

cng nghip n 01/2000 phi thc hin xong.

- V p dng cc bin php hn ch s lng nhp khu

Cc bin php phi thu cn c bi b, tuy nhin trong trng hp cn thit

vn c th p dng nh: m bo an ninh quc gia, bo v vn ha truyn thng, mi

trng, sc kho cng ng Nu chnh ph vn duy tr bin php giy php nhp

khu th WTO quy nh cp gip php nhp khu phi n gin, r rng v d d

on. Cc Chnh ph phi cng b thng tin y cho cc nh kinh doanh bit gip

php c cp nh th no v cn c cp. Khi t ra cc th tc cp giy php

nhp khu mi hay thay i cc th tc hin ti, cc thnh vin phi thng bo theo

nhng quy nh c th cho WTO. Vic xt n nhp khu cng phi tun th cc qui

nh cht ch.

- Cng nhn quyn kinh doanh xut nhp khu ca cc t chc v c nhn

khng phn bit thnh phn kinh t ca nc mnh cng nh cc t chc v c nhn

ca nc thnh vin WTO trn lnh th nc mnh.

- Hn ch tr cp trn lan ca Chnh ph v chng ph gi lm sai lch thng

mi cng bng.

- Qui nh gi tr tnh thu quan v gi giao dch thc t ch khng phi l gi

do cc c quan qun l nh nc p t

- WTO cho php cc nc thnh vin c duy tr Doanh nghip thng minh nc vi iu kin cc doanh nghip ny hot ng hon ton trn c ch th

trng.

- Cc nc thuc WTO c p dng bin php bo v tm thi bo v th

trng ni a , l cc bin php: thu chng bn gi, thu i khng , bin php t

v khn cp.

Ph gi v thu chng ph gi:

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Ph gi xy ra khi mt cng ty xut khu mt sn phm vi gi thp hn gi

thng thng ti nc sn xut.

Khi bn ph gi nc nhp khu gy ra cnh tranh khng cng bng gy

thit hi cho sn xut ni a, trong trng hp ny WTO cho php cho nc thnhvin nhp khu c quyn a ra loi thu chng ph gi nhm to ngun ti chnh

b p thit hi do hin tng bn ph gi gy nn.

Vic a thu chng ph gi phi tun th cc quy ch rt cht ch v phc tp

do WTO a ra.

Tr cp v thu i khng :

WTO cho php cc nc thnh vin c th tr cp cho cc ngnh sn xut non

tr pht trin, c kh nng chim lnh th trng, tuy nhin khng cho php tr cp

nng sn. V WTO cng cho php : nu hng xut khu c tr cp gy thit hi

cho ngnh sn xut cng nghip nc nhp khu th nc ny c th p dng thu

i khng hn ch p dng thu i khng hn ch do thit hi do tr cp gy

nn.

WTO cho php cc nc ang pht trin c thu nhp bnh qun u ngi

di 1000USD/nm c php duy tr cc bin php tr cp b cm nh: tr cp xutkhu, tr cp nng sn nhng khng c tr cp nhm thay th nhp khu.

Nhp khu t v bin php t v khn cp:

Khi mt mt hng no c nhp khu qu nhiu gy thit hi cho sn xut

ca mt quc gia th WTO cho php Chnh ph ca quc gia c th khn cp a

ra cc bin php t v tm thi k c bin php hn ch s lng khc phc thit

hi do hng nhp khu t gy nn.

WTO i hi nc p dng bin php t v khn cp phi c ngha v thng

bo cc bin php m mnh p dng vi cc mt hng b nh hng .

Cc bin php t v khn cp khng c p dng khi sn xut trong nc

gp kh khn do nng lc cnh tranh km c nguyn nhn t trnh qun l km,

s dng cng ngh lc hu, gi thnh sn phm trong nc cao

- Hip nh dt may: ATC

+ Hip nh a si (MFA) k kt 1974 l thc hin n trc thi im vng

m phn Urugoay y l hip nh iu chnh thng mi quc t v mt hng dt

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may. Theo tinh thn ca Hip nh ny cc nc cng nghip pht trin c quyn

thit lp Quota hn ch nhp khu t cc nc ang pht trin.

+ Hip nh dt may (ATC) thay th Hip nh a si c tho lun vng

m phn Urugoay v bt u c hiu lc t 1995 v thc hin xong vo nm31/12/2004. Ni dung chnh ca ATC l : cc nc thnh vin WTO thng qua 4 giai

on gim hn ngch v tin ti xa b hon ton hn ngch vo u nm 2005.

+ Nu Vit Nam l thnh vin WTO th t nm 2005 hng dt may Vit Nam

xut khu sang cc nc khng b hn ch bi cc quy nh v hn ngch xut khu

na.

2. Hip nh chung thng mi dch v GATS General

Agreement on Trade In Services

Hip nh chung v thng mi dch v c a ra thng tho vng m

phn Urugoay v tr thnh mt hip nh quan trng ca WTO.

- Mc tiu ca Hip nh thng mi DV

M ca th trng dch v kch thch cnh tranh nhm to ra nhiu dch v

sn sng hn, r hn, cht lng hon ho hn nhm tho mn cc nhu cu kinhdoanh sn xut, thng mi, v nng cao mc sng nhn dn.

- Phm vi p dng ca Hip nh thng mi dch v ca WTO:

Ngoi tr cc dch v c cung cp thuc phm vi cc hot ng chc nng

ca c quan Chnh ph, c th l vic cung cp dch v khng mang tnh cht

thng mi v cnh tranh vi bt c nh cung cp no cc loi dch v khc u

thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Hip nh thng mi dch v ca WTO.

Cc loi dch v c chia thnh 12 ngnh v 155 phn ngnh. Theo GATS,

vic cung cp cc loi dch v ny c th tin hnh 1 trong 4 phng thc hoc kt

hp gia cc phng thc sau:

Cung cp dch v qua bin gii

Tiu th dch v nc ngoi

Cung cp dch v thng qua hin din thng mi

Cung cp dch v thng qua s hin din ca th nhn.

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Mc m ca th trng thng mi dch v ca mt quc gia thnh vin

WTO tu thuc vo kt qu m phn v cc cam kt m quv gia k trong lnh

vc dch v.- Cc nguyn tc p dng trong m ca th trng thng mi dch v:

Nguyn tc ti hu quc (MFN)

y l nguyn tc bt buc nhm to mt sn chi bnh ng cho cc nh

dch v nc ngoi trn th trng ca nc dch v.

Nguyn tc MFN p dng khng bao gm cc lnh vc c nc nhp khu

dch v a vo danh mc loi tr i ng tm thi.

Nguyn tc i x quc gia (NT)

Nguyn tc ny trong lnh vc thng mi dch v ch thc hin trn c s kt

qu ca cc cuc m phn v cc cam kt v tin trnh t do ho dch v gia cc

thnh vin. Nguyn tc ny ch p dng i vi cc lnh vc v trong chng mc

cam kt thc hin ch khng p dng i vi cc lnh vc m nc cha cam kt.

3. Quyn s hu tr tu c lin quan n thng mi:Hip nh v quyn s hu tr tu c lin quan n thng mi (Hip nh

TRIPS) bt u c hiu lc 1/4/1995

- i tng iu chnh ca Hip nh Trips-Agreement on Trade Related

Acpects of intelectual Property Right :

Bn quyn v cc quyn c lin quan

Nhn hiu hng ho

Ch dn a l

Kiu dng cng nghip

Sng ch

Thit k b tr mch thch hp

B mt thng tin thng mi

Hn ch cc hot ng chng cnh tranh trong cc hp ng chuyn

giao cng ngh

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- Cc nguyn tc chnh ca Hip nh Trips:

Nguyn tc ti hu quc (MFN)

Nguyn tc ny i hi mt nc thnh vin ca WTO ginh nhng u i, utin hoc min tr p dng bo h quyn s hu tr tu lin quan n hot ng

thng mi cho cng dn ca mt quc gia th cng phi ginh nhng iu kin

tng t cho cc cng nhn ca tt c cc nc thnh vin khc ca WTO.

Nguyn tc i x quc gia (NT)

Vi nguyn tc ny mi nc thnh vin WTO cho cc cng dn ca cc nc

thnh vin khc nhng i x khng km thun li hn v bo b quyn s hu tr

tu c lin quan n thng mi so vi cng dn ca nc mnh.

Hai nguyn tc k trn c th khng phi p dng trong cc trng hp ngoi

l (quy nh min tr ngha v tun th Hip nh Trips ca WTO)

- Cc trng hp ngoi l c quy nh c th trong:

Cng c Paris (v bo h s hu cng nghip)

Cng c Berne (v bo h cc tc phm vn hc v ngh thut) Cng c Rome (v bo h ngi biu din, ngi sn xut bn ghi m

v cc t chc pht thanh truyn hnh)

Hip c Washington (v s hu tr tu trong lnh vc mch tch hp)

- Thi hn cn thit thc hin chuyn i h thng lut ca quc gia ph

hp vi ni dung ca Hip nh Trips l:

Cc nc cng nghip pht trin 1 nm sau khi Hip nh Trips c hiu

lc

Cc nc ang pht trin 5 nm

Cc nc km pht trin 11 nm

4. Hip nh cc bin php u t lin quan n thng mi:

(TRIMS Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures)

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- i tng iu chnh ca TRIMS: ch p dng cc bin php c lin quan

n thng mi bng hng ha.

- Mc tiu ca TRIMS: to iu kin thun li cho hot ng u t quc t.

- Ni dung c bn ca TRIMS:Cho php cc nh u t nc ngoi c hng nguyn tc i x quc gia

NT trong hot ng u t sang cc nc thnh vin thuc WTO.

Loi b (khng p dng ) cc bin php thng mi gy tr ngi cho hot

ng u t:

Cc bin php bt buc hay iu kin v quy nh mt t l ni a

ha i vi cc doanh nghip.

Cc bin php cn bng thng mi buc doanh nghip phi t cn

i v khi lng v tr gi cn i v khi lng v tr gi xut nhp

khu, v ngoi hi

- Thi hn thc hin TRIMS:

Cc nc cng nghip pht trin 2 nm sau khi TRIMS c hiu lc .

Cc nc ang pht trin 5 nm. Cc nc chm pht trin 7 nm.

III. VIT NAM GIA NHP T CHC THNG MI

TH GII WTO:

1. Lch s gia nhp WTO ca Vit Nam

1.1 Tin trnh Vit Nam gia nhp WTO phi tri qua 6 giai on

Giai oan 1 : Np n xin gia nhp:

Vit Nam l quan st vin ca GATT (Hip nh chung v thu quan v

thng mi) v chnh thc np n gia nhp WTO ngy 4/1/1995

Giai on 2 : Gi B vong lc v ch ngoi thng ca quc gia

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Ngy 22/ 8 /1996 chng ta hon thnh B vong lc v ch ngoi

thng ca Vit nam v gi ti ban th k WTO lun chuyn ti cc thnh vin

ca ban cng tc.

Giai on 3: Lm r chnh sch thng mi ca quc gia xin gia nhp:Thng 7/1998, Vit Nam tin hnh phin hp a phng u tin ti Nhm

cng tc v minh bch ha cc chnh sch kinh t thng mi.

Thng 11/1998 thc hin phin hp ln 2 minh bch chnh sch ca Vit nam

trong cc lnh vc thng mi ho, thng mi dch v v s hu tr tu.

Thng 7/1999 ti phin hp ln 3 v c bn hon thnh giai on lm r

chnh sch thng mi Vit nam.

Giai on 4:

a ra cc bn cho ban u v thu, bn cho ban u v l trnh loi b cc

hang ro phi thu, bn cho ban u v m ca th trng hng ho v dch v.

tin hnh m phn vi tng nc thnh vin c yu cu m phn v tng ni dung

cho ti khi kt qu m phn tho mn mi yu cu ca cc nc thnh vin WTO.

T ngy 02-12/12/2003 phin th 7 m phn gia nhp WTO ca Vit nam

tin hnh ti tr s ca WTO. phin m phn nay Vit Nam trnh bn cho ln 3v chnh sch thng mi ca Vit Nam. Kt qu ca vng ny gip Vit nam tin

nhanh hn vo WTO.

Vng m phn th 8 din ra thng 6/2004 Vit nam cam kt thc hin

ngha v MFN ngay sau khi gia nhp i vi c hng ho v dch v.

Thc hin nguyn tc khng phn bit i x gia hng ho trong nc v

hang nhp khu.

Vit nam tuyn b bi b ngay tr cp xut khu c ph khi gia nhp WTO,cn i vi cc loi nng sn khc bi b sau 3 nm k t khi gia nhp.

V hip nh v sinh an ton thc phm, ch tr mt, hai ngha v chng ta cn

thi gian nng cao nng lc qun l (khong 2 nm) cn li cc ngha v khc u

tun th.

V tr cp khc c lin quan n hng cng nghip, vit nam tuyn b tr

cp gn vi t l ni a ho s xo ngay thi im gia nhp cc hnh thc tr cp

nh t ngn sch s bi b trong vng 5 nm k t khi gia nhp.

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Vit nam cam kt m th trng cho doanh nghip Hoa k lc no(theo l

trnh hip nh thng mi Vit-M) th s m ca cho cc thnh vin lc y.

Vit nam chp thun gim thu thu nhp bnh qun them 4% so vi ln cho

phin hp th 7, Thu nhp khu bnh qun cn 18%.Vit nam cam kt thc hin y ngay t khi gia nhp cc hip nh v s

hu tr tu TRIPS, TRIMS, hip nh v hi quan, hip nh v ro cn k thut i

vi thng mi.

T ngy 7/12/2004 Vit nam tham gia vng m phn th 9.

Giai on 5 :

Hon thnh ngh nh th gia nhp WTO. N c xy dng trn c s kt

qu m phn song phng v a phng t c.

Giai on ny chng ta tin hnh m phn vi 28 nc, Thnh vin cui

cng cng l thnh vin kh khn nht, cng thng nht m chng ta m phn l M

Giai on 6:

Quc hi ph chun vn kin gia nhp WTO vo ngy 27 - 28.11.2006. Sau

khi Quc hi ph chun, chng ta s thng bo cho WTO v 30 ngy sau Vit Nam schnh thc tr thnh thnh vin WTO v cc cam kt ca ta bt u c hiu lc.

1.2 Cc mc nh du chng ng gia nhp WTO ca Vit Nam

04-01-1995: n xin gia nhp WTO ca Vit Nam c i hi ng

tip nhn.

31-01-1995: Ban xem xt cng tc gia nhp (WP) ca Vit Nam c

thnh lp vi ch tch l ng Eirik Glenne, i s Na Uy ti WTO.

24-08-1995: Vit Nam np B vong lc v ch ngoi thng Vit

Nam v gi ti Ban th k WTO lun chuyn n cc thnh vin ca

Ban cng tc.

Nm 1998-1999: Cc phin hi v tr li vi Ban xem xt cng tc xt

duyt.

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u nm 2002: Vit Nam gi bn cho ban u v thu quan v dch

v ti WTO v bt u tin hnh m phn song phng vi mt s thnh

vin trn c s bn cho ban u v thu quan v dch v.

09-10-2004: Vit Nam v EU t tha thun v vic Vit Nam gia nhpWTO.

09-06-2005: Vit Nam v Nht Bn t c tha thun c bn v vn

m ng cho Vit Nam sm gia nhp WTO.

12-06-2005: Vit Nam c mt phi on m phn hng hu sang

Washington trc thm chuyn thm M chnh thc ca Th tng Phan

Vn Khi vi quyt tm i n kt thc m phn song phng.

18-07-2005: Vit Nam v Trung Quc t c tha thun v vic m

ca th trng Vit Nam gia nhp WTO.

31-05-2006: K tha thun kt thc m phn song phng vi M

nc cui cng trong 28 i tc c yu cu m phn song phng.

26-10-2006: Vit Nam hon tt m phn a phng tt p vi cc

nc. Cuc m phn trc din ra cng thng v tng chng khng

th kt thc c cho n pht cht.

3. Cc cam kt ca Vit Nam khi gia nhp t chc thng mi

th gii WTO:

3.1. Thng mi hng ha (Cam kt v thu nhp khu)

Vit Nam cam kt rng buc vi ton b Biu thu nhp khu hinhnh gm 10.600 dng thu.

- Thu sut cam kt cui cng c mc bnh qun gim i 23% so vi mc thu

bnh qun hin hnh (thu sut MFN) ca Biu thu (t 17,4% xung cn 13,4%).

Thi gian thc hin sau 5- 7 nm.

- Trong ton b Biu cam kt, Vit Nam s ct gim thu vi khong 3.800

dng thu (chim 35,5% s dng ca Biu thu); rng buc mc thu hin hnh vi

khong 3.700 dng (chim 34,5% s dng ca Biu thu); rng buc theo mc thu

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trn cao hn mc thu sut hin hnh vi 3.170 dng thu (chim 30% s dng ca

Biu thu), ch yu l i vi cc nhm hng nh xng du, kim loi, ho cht, mt

s phng tin vn ti .

- Mt s mt hng ang c thu sut cao t trn 20%, 30% s c ct gimthu ngay khi gia nhp. Nhng nhm mt hng c cam kt ct gim thu nhiu nht

bao gm: dt may, c v sn phm c, g v giy, hng ch to khc, my mc thit

b in-in t.

- i vi lnh vc nng nghip, mc cam kt bnh qun l 25,2% vo thi

im gia nhp v 21,0% s l mc ct gim cui cng. So snh vi mc thu MFN

bnh qun i vi lnh vc nng nghip hin nay l 23,5% th mc ct gim i s l

10% . Trong lnh vc nng nghip, Vit Nam s c p dng c ch hn ngch thu

quan i vi 4 mt hng, gm: trng, ng, thuc l l, mui ( mui trong WTO

khng c coi l mt hng nng sn) . i vi 4 mt hng ny, mc thu trong hn

ngch l tng ng mc thu MFN hin hnh (trng 40%, ng th 25%, ng

tinh 50-60%, thuc l l: 30%, mui n 30%), thp hn nhiu so vi mc thu ngoi

hn ngch.

- i vi lnh vc cng nghip, mc cam kt bnh qun vo thi im gia nhp

l 16,1%, v mc ct gim cui cng s l 12,6%. So snh vi mc thu MFN bnh

qun ca hng cng nghip hin nay l 16,6% th mc ct gim i s l 23,9% .

- Cc mc ct gim ny c th so snh tng ng vi cc mc ct gim trung

bnh ca cc nc nc ang pht trin v pht trin trong vng m phn

Uruguay ( 1994 ) nh sau: trong lnh vc nng nghip cc nc ang pht trin v

pht trin cam kt ct gim l 30% v 46%; vi hng cng nghip tng ng l 37%

v 24%; Trung quc trong m phn gia nhp ca mnh cam kt ct gim khong45% thu nhp khu (t 17,5% xung 10%).

Mc cam kt v ct gim thu ca Vit Nam tng hp theo mt s nhm

ngnh hng v nhm mt hng chnh vi thi gian thc hin c c th ho trong

cc bng di y:

Bng 1 - Mc thu cam kt bnh qun theo nhm ngnh hng chnh

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Nhm mt hng

Thu sut cam kt ti

thi im gia nhp

WTO (%)

Thu sut cam kt ct

gim cui cng cho WTO

(%)

1. Nng sn 25,2 21,02. C, sn phm c 29,1 18,03. Du kh 36,8 36,64. G, giy 14,6 10,55. Dt may 13,7 13,76. Da, cao su 19,1 14,67. Kim loi 14,8 11,48. Ha cht 11,1 6,99. Thit b vn ti 46,9 37,4

10. My mc thit b c kh 9,2 7,311. My mc thit b in 13,9 9,512. Khong sn 16,1 14,113. Hng ch to khc 12,9 10,2C biu thu 17,2 13,4Ngun : Cng b chnh thc ca Vit Nam

Nh tt c cc nc mi gia nhp khc, Vit Nam cng cam kt tham gia vo

mt s Hip nh t do ho theo ngnh. Nhng ngnh m Vit Nam cam kt tham gia

y l sn phm cng ngh thng tin (ITA), dt may v thit b y t. Nhng ngnh

m Vit Nam tham gia mt phn l thit b my bay, ho cht v thit b xy dng.

Thi gian thc hin cam kt gim thu l t 3-5 nm.

Trong cc Hip nh trn, tham gia ITA l quan trng nht, theo khong

330 dng thu thuc din cng ngh thng tin s phi c thu sut 0% sau 3-5 nm.

Nh vy, cc sn phm in t nh: my tnh, in thoi di ng; my ghi hnh, my-nh k thut s s u c thu sut 0%, thc hin sau 3-5 nm, ti a l sau 7 nm.

Vic tham gia Hip nh dt may (thc hin a phng ho mc thu cam

kt theo cc Hip nh dt may vi EU, Hoa k) cng dn n gim thu ng k i

vi cc mt hng ny: vi t 40% xung 12%, qun o t 50% xung 20%, si t

20% xung 5%.

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Bng 2 - Cam kt ct gim thu nhp khu theo mt s nhm mt hng chnh

TT Mt hngThu sutMFN (%)

Cam kt vi WTO

Thu sut khi gianhp (%)

Thu sut cuicng (%)

Thi hn thchin

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1Mt s sn phmnng nghip- Tht b 20 20 14 5 nm- Tht ln 30 30 15 5 nm- Sa nguyn liu 20 20 18 2 nm- Sa thnh phm 30 30 25 5 nm- Tht ch bin 50 40 22 5 nm

- Bnh ko (t/sbnh qun) 39,3 34,4 25,3 3-5 nm- Bia 80 65 35 5 nm- Ru 65 65 45-50 5-6 nm- Thuc l iu 100 150 135 3 nm- X g 100 150 100 5 nm- Thc n gia sc 10 10 7 2 nm

2Mt s sn phmcng nghip

- Xng du (t/sbnh qun) 0-10 38,7 38,7- St thp (t/s bnhqun) 17,7 13 5-7 nm- Xi mng 40 40 32 4 nm

- Phn ha hc (t/s

bnh qun) 6,5 6,4 2 nm

- Giy (t/s bnhqun) 22,3 20,7 15,1 5 nm- Tivi 50 40 25 5 nm

- iu ha 50 40 25 3 nm- My git 40 38 25 4 nm

- Dt may (t/s bnhqun) 37,3 13,7 13,7

Thc hinngay khi gianhp (theo

H dt may c vi EU,

US)- Giy dp 50 40 30 5 nm- Xe t con

Ngun : Cng b chnh thc ca Vit Nam

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Bng 3 - Cc cam kt thc hin Hip nh t do ho theo ngnh

Hip nh t do ho theo ngnhS dng

thuT/s MFN

(%)

T/s cam ktcui cng

(%)1. H cng ngh thng tin ITA- tham gia100%

330 5,2% 0%

2. H hi ho ho cht CH- tham gia 81% 1.300/1.600 6,8% 4,4%3. H thit b my bay dn dng CA- tham giahu ht

89 4,2% 2,6%

4. H dt may TXT- tham gia 100% 1.170 37,2% 13,2%5. H thit b y t ME- tham gia 100% 81 2,6% 0%

Ngoi ra, tham gia khng y mt s H khc nh thit b khoa hc, thit bxy dng

Ngun : Cng b chnh thc ca Vit Nam

3.2. Cam kt v m ca th trng dch v

- V din cam kt, trong Hip nh thng mi song phng (BTA) vi Hoa

K ta cam kt 8 ngnh dch v (khong 65 phn ngnh).

Trong tha thun WTO, ta cam kt 11 ngnh dch v, tnh theo phn ngnh

khong 110 ngnh.

- V mc cam kt, vi hu ht cc ngnh dch v, trong c nhng ngnh

nhy cm nh bo him, phn phi, du lch ta gi c mc cam kt gn nh

trong BTA. Ring vin thng, ngn hng v chng khon, sm kt thc m phn,

ta c mt s bc tin nhng nhn chung khng qu xa so vi hin trng v u

ph hp vi nh hng pht trin c ph duyt cho cc ngnh ny.

- Cam kt chung cho cc ngnh dch v v c bn nh BTA. Trc ht, cng

ty nc ngoi khng c hin din ti Vit Nam di hnh thc chi nhnh, tr phi

iu c ta cho php trong tng ngnh c th. Ngoi ra, cng ty nc ngoi tuy

c php a cn b qun l vo lm vic ti Vit Nam nhng t nht 20% cn b

qun l ca cng ty phi l ngi Vit Nam. Cui cng, ta cho php t chc v c

nhn nc ngoi c mua c phn trong cc doanh nghip Vit Nam nhng t l

phi ph hp vi mc m ca th trng ngnh . Ring ngn hng ta ch cho php

ngn hng nc ngoi mua ti a 30% c phn.

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- Dch v khai thc h tr du kh: ng cho php cc DN nc ngoi c

thnh lp cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi sau 5 nm k t khi gia nhp p ng cc

dch v h tr khai thc du kh. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam cn gi nguyn quyn qun l

cc hot ng trn bin, thm lc a v quyn ch nh cc ty thm d, khai thc tinguyn. Bo lu c mt danh mc cc dch v dnh ring cho cc DN Vit Nam

nh dch v bay, dch v cung cp trang thit b v vt phm cho dn khoan xa b

Tt c cc cng ty vo Vit Nam cung ng dch v h tr du kh u phi ng k

vi c quan nh nc c thm quyn.

- Dch v vin thng, Vit Nam c thm mt s nhn nhng so vi BTA

nhng mc hp l, ph hp vi chin lc pht trin ca ta. C th l cho php

thnh lp lin doanh a s vn nc ngoi cung cp dch v vin thng khng gn

vi h tng mng (phi thu mng do DN Vit Nam nm quyn kim sot) v ni

lng mt cht v vic cung cp dch v qua bin gii i ly gi li hn ch p

dng cho vin thng c gn vi h tng mng (ch cc cc doanh nghip nh nc

nm a s vn mi u t h tng mng, nc ngoi ch c gp vn n 49% v

cng ch c lin doanh vi i tc Vit Nam c cp php).

- Dch v phn phi, v c bn gi c nh BTA, tc l kh cht s vi cc

nc mi gia nhp. Trc ht, v thi im cho php thnh lp DN 100% vn nc

ngoi l nh BTA (1/1/2009). Th hai, tng t nh BTA, ta khng m ca th

trng phn phi xng du, dc phm, sch bo, tp ch, bng hnh, thuc l, go,

ng v kim loi qu cho nc ngoi. Nhiu sn phm nhy cm nh st thp, xi

mng, phn bn ta ch m ca th trng sau 3 nm. DN c vn u t nc ngoi,

m im bn l th hai tr i phi c ta cho php theo tng trng hp c th.

- Dch v bo him, v tng th, mc cam kt ngang BTA, tuy nhin, tang cho Hoa K thnh lp chi nhnh bo him phi nhn th sau 5 nm k t ngy

gia nhp.

- Dch v ngn hng, ta ng cho thnh lp ngn hng con 100% vn nc

ngoi khng mun hn ngy 1/4/2007. Ngoi ra ngn hng nc ngoi mun c

thnh lp chi nhnh ti Vit Nam nhng chi nhnh khng c php m chi nhnh

ph v vn phi chu hn ch v huy ng tin gi bng VND t th nhn Vit Nam

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trong vng 5 nm k t khi ta gia nhp WTO. Ta vn gi c hn ch v mua c

phn trong ngn hng Vit Nam (khng qu 30%).

- Dch v chng khon, ta cho php thnh lp cng ty chng khon 100% vn

nc ngoi v chi nhnh sau 5 nm k t khi gia nhp WTO- Cc cam kt khc, vi cc ngnh cn li nh du lch, gio dc, php l, k

ton, xy dng, vn ti mc cam kt v c bn khng khc nhiu so vi BTA.

Ngoi ra khng m ca dch v in n - xut bn.

3.3. Thc thi quyn s hu tri tu

- S hu tr tu (SHTT) l mt trong nhng lnh vc c cc Thnh vin ca

T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) ht sc quan tm. Nhng vn lin quan n

thng mi ca quyn SHTT (TRIPS) l mt trong nhng ni dung ln trong nhng

cam kt ca Vit Nam khi gia nhp WTO.

Trong nhng nm u gia nhp WTO, quyn SHTT ca Vit Nam s l vn

c nh hng r nt nht n hot ng kinh doanh, thng mi do nhng tc ng

trc tip t cc nguyn tc, yu cu thc thi lut ca WTO. Hip nh v cc kha

cnh lin quan n thng mi ca quyn SHTT (TRIPS) - WTO buc VN phi tc hai chun mc ln v ni dung bo h (tnh y ) v v hiu lc thc thi php

lut (tnh hiu qu) ca h thng SHTT. Do , vic thc thi tt quyn SHTT l mt

trong nhng i hi hng u ca WTO.

H thng php lut v SHTT ca Vit Nam tng i hon chnh, ni dung

tim cn dn n cc nguyn tc v quy nh ca WTO, WIPO... Hin nay, VN

l thnh vin ca cc iu c quan trng nh Cng c Paris, Tho c Madrid,

Ngh nh th Madrid v ng k quc t nhn hiu hng ho, Hip c hp tcPatent, Cng c Berne v bn quyn...v c bit l Hip nh Trips. Ngoi ra, cc

iu c quc t a phng v song phng lin quan n vic khiu ni, xt x,

trng ti, thi hnh bn n, quyt nh, tng tr t php... gia VN v cc nc l

nhng c s quan trng trong cng tc thc thi quyn SHTT VN. Tuy nhin, hin

nay, VN cha c To n, c quan thc thi chuyn trch quyn SHTT, cha c c

cc thm phn, cng chc thc thi, x l chuyn trch cc ti phm, hnh vi xm

phm quyn SHTT...

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Bn cnh , nhn thc ca chnh cng ng doanh nghip i vi vn

SHTT ni chung, thc thi quyn SHTT ni ring mc d c ci thin nhng cn

thp. Theo thng k ca Cc SHTT Vit Nam, s lng doanh nghip VN np n

xc lp cc quyn SHTT chim t l thp so vi doanh nghip nc ngoi. n ngk sng ch ch l 9,24%, gii php hu ch l 60,13%, kiu dng cng nghip l

84,32%, nhn hiu hng ho l 58,12%...V s lng vn bng c cp, sng ch

ch l 4,5%, gii php hu ch l 60%, kiu dng l 86%, nhn hiu hng ho l

53%... Trong khi , trn th gii (ngay trong cc DN c vn u t nc ngoi),

ngi ta coi SHTT l mt yu t quan trng cu thnh gi tr hng ho, dch v. Cng

vi vic d bo v mt ln sng u t mi vo Vit Nam, s lng n ng k

quc t cc i tng ca quyn SHTT ca cc tp on, cng ty mun tm kim c

hi kinh doanh VN s gia tng nhanh chng trong nhng nm ti. Do , vn

chnh phi l ci thin nhn thc t cng ng doanh nghip VN i vi vn

SHTT ni chung, thc thi quyn SHTT ni ring, c bit l ng k xc lp v bo

v quyn.

3.3.1. V bn quyn tc gi:

- T nm 2005, Vit Nam ban hnh Lut S hu tr tu. Vn bn quyn

tc gi c quy nh v p dng theo Lut SHTT 2005 v B Lut Dn s 2005.

Theo , quyn tc gi i vi nhng tc phm gc c bo h khng phn bit

hnh thc, ngn ng th hin v cht lng ca tc phm. Trong qu trnh m phn,

tr li cu hi lin quan n vic p dng nguyn tc i x quc gia, i din ca

Vit Nam ni rng, Lut SHTT nm 2005 bo m thc hin iu 3 ca Hip nh

TRIPS v iu 3 ca Cng c Berne. Theo iu 13 ca Lut SHTT cng dn canc thnh vin Cng c Berne hoc WTO s c bo h quyn tc gi Vit

Nam.

Trong qu trnh m phn, mt s Thnh vin c kin cho rng h thy mt

s c quan ca Chnh ph Vit Nam s dng phn mm my tnh m cha c php

ca ch s hu. H cng lu rng mt c quan ca Chnh ph Vit Nam v mt

doanh nghip Nh nc ang cung cp truyn hnh cp khng c bn quyn cho

khch hng Vit Nam. Nhng Thnh vin ny ngh Vit Nam chm dt tnh trng

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ny trong qu trnh m phn gia nhp WTO v thc thi ngha v theo Hip nh

TRIPS.

i din Vit Nam xc nhn rng, trc ngy gia nhp, Vit Nam s ban hnh

cc vn bn quy phm php lut ph hp vi yu cu cc c quan ca Chnh ph chs dng cc phn mm my tnh hp php v khng vi phm quyn tc ca nhng

phn mm ny; quy nh vic mua v qun l tt c phn mm do cc c quan ca

Chnh ph s dng; ban hnh vn bn quy phm php lut quy nh vic cc nh cung

cp truyn hnh cp ch c cung cp cc chng trnh c php n khch hng

ca h.

- V th lao, nhun bt, cc t chc, c nhn s dng cc tc phm c

cng b hoc bn ghi m/ghi hnh thc hin chng trnh pht sng c ti tr,

qung co hoc thu tin di bt k hnh thc no khng phi xin php nhng phi

tr tin nhun bt, th lao cho ch s hu quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan theo quy

nh ca Chnh ph. Vit Nam lu rng cc t chc pht sng Vit Nam do Nh

nc qun l, hot ng bng ngn sch nh nc, v vy ch nhng trng hp c

ti tr, qung co hoc thu tin di bt k hnh thc no mi phi tr tin nhun bt,

th lao.

Tc gi hoc ch s hu quyn tc gi tc phm gc khi b xm hi c quyn

yu cu t chc c nhn c hnh vi xm phm chm dt hnh vi xm phm, xin li,

ci chnh cng khai v bi thng thit hi; yu cu c quan Nh nc c thm quyn

x l hnh vi xm phm hoc khi kin ra to n c thm quyn hoc thng qua trng

ti bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca mnh. Ngi xm phm c th b pht

n 200 triu ng hoc b pht t n 3 nm.

3.3.2. V nhn hiu, bao gm c nhn hiu dch v:

- Nhn hiu c bo h theo quy nh ti cc iu t 750 -753 ca B Lut

Dn s 2005 v Phn III ca Lut SHTT nm 2005. Khng c yu cu bt buc ng

k nhn hiu i vi bt k hng ha v dch v no. Tt c cc ng k nhn hiu

u c cng b trn Cng bo S hu cng nghip.

Vit Nam xc nhn rng trong qu trnh son tho Lut SHTT, Vit Nam

tham kho cc quy nh ca Khuyn ngh chung lin quan n cc quy nh v bo h

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nhn hiu ni ting do Hi ng Lin hip Pari v i hi ng ca T chc SHTT

th gii (WIPO) thng qua vo thng 9/1999. H thng bo h nhn hiu ca Vit

Nam hon ton ph hp vi Hip nh TRIPS v khon 1 iu 6 bis Cng c Pari.

3.3.3. V ch dn a l, bao gm c tn gi xut x hng ha:

- Ch dn a l c bo h theo quy nh ti cc iu t 750-753 ca B

Lut Dn s nm 2005 v Phn III ca Lut SHTT nm 2005. Vit Nam lu mt

ch dn a l s khng c bo h nu tr thnh tn gi chung Vit Nam. Ch

dn a l nc ngoi c bo h nc xut x mi c th c bo h Vit

Nam.

- Bt k ch th no c quyn, theo lut php ca nc ngoi, s hu, s dng

hoc np n ng k ch dn a l nc xut x u c quyn np n ng k

ch dn a l ti Vit Nam v c th c ghi nhn trong ng b ch dn a l

Vit Nam.

- i din Vit Nam cho rng Lut SHTT nm 2005 bo h cc ch dn a

l ca Vit Nam v nc ngoi ph hp vi Hip nh TRIPS. Theo , cc quy nh

trong iu c quc t m Vit Nam l Thnh vin s c p dng trong trng hp

c xung t.

3.3.4. Kiu dng cng nghip:

- Php lut hin hnh ca VN ph hp vi cc yu cu ca iu 26.1 Hip

nh TRIPS. VN lu , mc d cc quy nh lin quan khng c din t ging ht

nh li vn ca Hip nh TRIPS nhng cc quy nh ca cc iu 123.1(a), 124.2

v 126.1 ca Lut S hu tr tu nm 2005 cng bao hm vic sn xut, bn hocnhp khu sn phm mang kiu dng v c bn l bn sao ca kiu dng c bo

h.

- Thi hn bo h ban u i vi kiu dng cng nghip l 5 nm tnh t

ngy np n-c hiu lc t ngy ng k - v c th c gia hn 2 ln lin tip,

mi ln 5 nm.

3..3.5. Sng ch:

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- Sng ch c tnh mi i vi th gii, trnh sng to v kh nng p dng

cng nghip c bo h theo quy nh ti cc iu t 750 n 753 ca B Lut Dn

s nm 2005 v Phn III ca Lut SHTT nm 2005. c bit, i tng khng phi

bo h theo Hip nh TRIPS vn c bo h ti VN.- Sng ch c tnh mi i vi th gii, v c kh nng p dng cng nghip -

thm ch khng c trnh sng to nhng khng phi l hiu bit thng thng - c

th c bo h theo Bng c quyn gii php hu ch. Ch s hu Bng c quyn

sng ch hoc Bng c quyn gii php hu ch c c quyn s dng, chuyn giao

quyn s hu, v chuyn giao quyn s dng sng ch cho ngi khc.

Ch s hu c quyn yu cu ngi khc chm dt hnh vi xm phm v c

quyn yu cu bi thng thit hi do hnh vi xm phm gy ra. Thi hn hiu lc

ca nhng Bng c quyn sng ch v Bng c quyn gii php hu ch tng ng

l 20 v 10 nm tnh t ngy np n - c hiu lc t ngy cp.

3.3.6. Bo h ging cy trng:

- Cc quy nh v bo h ging cy trng mi theo cc tiu chun ca UPOV.

Cc iu kin bo h c p dng cho ging cy trng theo quy nh ti cc iu t

158 n 162 ca Lut SHTT nm 2005 hon ton tng thch vi cc iu kin bo

h quy nh ti cc iu t 5 n 9 ca UPOV, bao gm tnh mi, tnh khch bit,

tnh ng nht v tnh n nh.

- Thi hn bo h quyn ca ngi to ging l 25 nm i vi cy thn g v

cy nho v 20 nm i vi cc ging cy trng khc k t ngy cc quyn c xc

lp. Khng m rng quyn ca ngi to ging i vi sn phm thu hoch hoc sn

phm c sn xut trc tip t sn phm thu hoch c t vic s dng tri phpvt liu nhn ging ca ging cy c bo h.

3.3.7. Thit k b tr mch tch hp:

i din VN khng nh thit k b tr mch tch hp bn dn c bo h

theo cc iu 4.4, 6.3 (a) v Phn III ca Lut SHTT 2005.

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3.3.8. Cc yu cu i vi thng tin b mt, bao gm b mt thng mi

v d liu th nghim:

- B mt kinh doanh c bo h nu p ng y cc iu kin theo quy

nh m khng phi ng k. Ch s hu b mt kinh doanh c quyn cm vic sdng tri php b mt kinh doanh ca mnh v yu cu cc c quan Nh nc c thm

quyn ra lnh chm dt hnh vi xm phm v bi thng thit hi.

- i din VN xc nhn rng Chnh ph VN s tin hnh tt c cc bin php

cn thit nhm tun th y tt c cc quy nh ca Hip nh v Cc kha cnh

lin quan n thng mi ca quyn SHTT k t ngy gia nhp WTO m khng vin

dn n bt k thi hn chuyn tip no.

3.4. Hot ng u t:

Minh bch ha chnh sch u t/ kinh doanh:

- Vit Nam khng c cam kt tng th v chnh sch u t m ch c ngha v

minh bch ha vn ny. Trong bo co ca Ban cng tc v vic Vit Nam gia

nhp WTO, ngoi vic m t hin trng chnh sch, php lut lin quan n hot

ng u t , Vit Nam khng nh mt s nguyn tc sau:Nh u t, doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn kinh t u c quyn t ch

u t, kinh doanh trong cc lnh vc ngnh ngh m php lut khng cm v c

quyt nh hnh thc, a im u t, t l gp vn, th trng tiu th sn phm...,

tr trng hp iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin c quy nh khc.

- Danh mc lnh vc u t/ kinh doanh c iu kin hoc cm u t/ kinh

doanh s c nh k r sot nhm xc nh nhng quy nh cn chng cho hay

mu thun xem xt sa i, b sung, hoc loi b.

- Vic sa i, b sung hay bi b danh mc cc lnh vc/ ngnh ngh cm

u t/ kinh doanh hoc u t / kinh doanh c iu kin s tun th hon ton cc

ngha v ca Vit Nam vi WTO, k c nhng ngha v v minh bch ha, ngha v

theo hip nh chung v thng mi dch v (GATS) v biu cam kt c th ca Vit

Nam v dch v. kin ca doanh nghip, c nhn v t chc c lin quan n vic

sa i, b sung cc danh mc ny trong qu trnh son tho s c cng khai ha

ph hp vi Lut ban hnh cc vn bn quy phm php lut.

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Cam kt v iu kin v th tc cp php

Vit Nam bo m p dng cc iu kin v th tc cp php theo nguyn tc

khng to ra cc ro cn c lp v tip cn th trng; c th l:

- Th tc v iu kin cp php phi c cng b trc khi c hiu lc vphi xc nh r thi hn c quan c thm quyn xem xt, quyt nh vic cp

php.

- C quan c thm quyn phi xem xt v quyt nh vic cp php trong thi

hn xc nh nu trn.

- L ph xt h s xin cp php khng c to ra mt ro cn c lp v tip

cn th trng.

- Theo yu cu ca ngi np h s xin cp php, c quan c thm quyn phi

thng bo tnh trng h s v phi cho bit h s y hay cha; h s c

coi l y khi in cc thng tin phi cung cp theo quy nh, nu c yu

cu b sung thng tin, c quan c thm quyn phi thng bo khng chm tr cho

ngi np h s v phi nu r nhng thng tin cn b sung hon thin h s;

ngi np h s phi c c hi sa i, b sung v hon thin h s.

- Trng hp khng c cp php, ngi np h s c quyn yu cu cquan c thm quyn thng bo bng vn bn l do t chi cp php.

- Trng hp h s cn ph duyt, ngi np h s phi c thng bo

khng chm tr bng vn bn sau khi h s c ph duyt.

- Khi b t chi cp php, ngi np h s c th np h s mi sa i

cc iu kin cha p ng yu cu cp php nu trong h s np trc ;

- Trng hp cn kim tra cp php hnh ngh, c quan c thm quyn

phi n nh trong thi gian hp l.

Cam kt m ca th trng u t trong cc ngnh dch v

Vit Nam cam kt m ca 11/12 ngnh vi 110 phn ngnh dch v theo

quy nh ca WTO, gm:

Cc dch v kinh doanh;

Cc dch v thng tin ( chuyn pht, vin thng, nghe nhn);

Dch v xy dng v cc dch v k thut c lin quan;

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Dch v phn phi ( bn bun, bn l, i l, nhng quyn thng

mi);

Cc dch v gio dc ( gio dc ph thng c s, gio dc bc cao, gio

dc cho ngi ln, cc dch v gio dc khc); Cc dch v mi trng ( x l nc thi, rc thi, kh thi, nh gi tc

ng mi trng);

Cc dch v ti chnh ( bo him, ngn hng , chng khon);

Cc dch v y t ( bnh vin, nha khoa, v khm bnh);

Cc dch v du lch ( nh hng, khch sn, i l l hnh v iu hnh

tour du lch);

Cc dch v gii tr, vn ha, th thao ( nh ht, nhc sng, kinh doanh

tr chi in t);

Cc dch v vn ti ( vn ti bin, vn ti thy ni a, vn ti hng

khng, vn ti ng st, vn ti ng b, cc dch v h tr cho tt c

cc phng thc vn ti.

Nhn chung, tr mt s ngnh dch v cha c cam kt, l trnh m cc ca

cc dch v ni trn c thc hin ngay sau khi Vit Nam chnh thc l thnh vinca WTO hoc trong mt s nm k t thi im gia nhp.

Cam kt v hnh thc u t ( hin din thng mi) v iu kin

gp vn, mua c phn ca nh u t nc ngoi trong cc doanh

nghip Vit Nam

- Tr khi c quy nh khc trong biu cam kt v dch v, nh cung cp dch

v nc ngoi c php hin din thng mi ti Vit Nam di cc hnh thc:

Hp ng hp tc kinh doanh;

Doanh nghip lin doanh

Doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi

Vn phng i din ca nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi khng c php

kinh doanh thu li nhun

Nh u t nc ngoi khng c php hin din thng mi di hnh thc

chi nhnh, tr khi c quy nh khc trong biu cam kt

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- Tr khi php lut Vit Nam c quy nh khc hoc theo s chp thun ca c

quan c thm quyn Vit Nam, nh u t nc ngoi ch c mua c phn ca

doanh nghip Vit Nam vi t l khng qu 30% vn iu l ca doanh nghip.

Sau 01 nm k t khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, hn ch ni trn s c loib, tr hn ch i vi ngn hng v cc ngnh khng c a vo biu cam kt.

i vi cc ngnh/ phn ngnh khc nu trong biu cam kt , t l c phn nh u t

nc ngoi c php mua li ca doanh nghip Vit Nam phi ph hp vi hn ch

v vn gp nc ngoi quy nh ti biu cam kt( nu c), k c nhng hn ch v

hnh thc trong giai on chuyn i( nu c th p dng)

Cho d c nhng hn ch nu trong biu cam kt, song cc iu kin v s

hu, hot ng, hnh thc php nhn quy nh ti Giy php u t / chng nhn u

t hoc cc hnh thc khc s khng hn ch hn cc iu kin p dng trc thi

im Vit Nam gia nhp WTO

3.5. Doanh nghip nc ngoi

- Tun th quy nh WTO, ta ng cho doanh nghip v c nhn nc ngoi

c quyn xut nhp khu hng ha nh ngi Vit Nam k t khi gia nhp, tr ivi cc mt hng thuc danh mc thng mi nh nc nh: xng du, thuc l iu,

x g, bng a hnh, bo ch v mt s mt hng nhy cm khc m ta ch cho php

sau mt thi gian chuyn i (nh go v dc phm).

Vit Nam ng cho php doanh nghip v c nhn nc ngoi khng c hin

din ti Vit Nam c ng k quyn xut nhp khu ti Vit Nam. Quyn xut

khu ch l quyn ng tn trn t khai hi quan lm th tc xut nhp khu.

- Trong mi trng hp, doanh nghip v c nhn nc ngoi s khng ct ng tham gia vo h thng phn phi trong nc. Cc cam kt v quyn kinh

doanh s khng nh hng n quyn ca ta trong vic a ra cc quy nh qun

l dch v phn phi, c bit i vi sn phm nhy cm nh dc phm, xng du,

bo - tp ch...

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3.6. B ti tr xut khu:

- V tr cp phi nng nghip, Vit Nam ng bi b hon ton cc loi tr

cp b cm theo quy nh WTO nh tr cp xut khu v tr cp ni a ha. Tuy

nhin vi cc u i u t dnh cho hng xut khu cp trc ngy gia nhpWTO, ta c bo lu thi gian qu l 5 nm (tr ngnh dt may).

- V tr cp nng nghip, Vit Nam cam kt khng p dng tr cp xut khu

i vi nng sn t thi im gia nhp. Tuy nhin, ta bo lu quyn c hng mt

s quy nh ring ca WTO dnh cho nc ang pht trin trong lnh vc ny. i

vi loi h tr m WTO quy nh phi ct gim nhn chung ta duy tr c mc

khng qu 10% gi tr sn lng. Ngoi mc ny, ta cn bo lu thm mt s khon

h tr na vo khong 4.000 t ng mi nm. Cc loi tr cp mang tnh cht

khuyn nng hay tr cp phc v pht trin nng nghip c WTO cho php nn ta

c p dng khng hn ch.

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IV. THC TRNG, THNH CNG V HN CH CA

DOANH NGHIP VIT NAM TRONG QU TRNH THC

HIN CAM KT WTO HI NHP KINH T QUC T:

1. Thc trng doang nhip Vit Nam:

Ngy 11-1-2007, Vit Nam chnh thc tr thnh thnh vin th 150 ca T

chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO). T n nay, ngi dn Vit Nam chng

kin nhiu din bin kinh t phc tp, c ci hay nhng cng khng t iu d, t vic

hi nhp ny.

Vi Vit Nam, vic gia nhp WTO to ra c hi thc y ci cch th

ch, to lp mi trng u t v kinh doanh thun li, nng cao nng lc cnh tranh,

to iu kin m rng th trng xut khu hng ha v dch v...

Trung tm Thng tin t liu thuc Vin Nghin cu qun l kinh t Trung

ng c bo co nh gi nhng tc ng ca vic gia nhp WTO n i sng

kinh t x hi ca Vit Nam vi tiu Vit Nam sau ba nm gia nhp WTO. Theo

bo co ny, bn cnh cc tc ng hu hnh nh gia tng kim ngch xut khu, u

t trc tip nc ngoi tng mnh, h thng phn phi c ci thin... vic gia nhp

WTO cn c nhng tc ng v hnh khc.

Nhn thc ca x hi v nhu cu hi nhp c chuyn bin v gia tng ng

k. Quan im cho rng Vit Nam khng th ng ngoi sn chi chung nu mun

tip tc pht trin tr nn ph bin trong x hi. Hoc cng nh hi nhp m th

ch nh nc c s i mi mnh m, h thng vn bn php lut ngy cng ng b

hn.

Vic gim 30% th tc hnh chnh m Vit Nam ang lm mt phn cng nhsc p ca hi nhp. Cc tc gi bo co ni trn cn cho rng, cng vi tin trnh hi

nhp, c Chnh ph ln doanh nghip Vit Nam u c nhn thc tt hn v th

trng, v nhng im yu c hu ca nn kinh t hay ca bn thn doanh nghip, t

tm ra cch ng ph linh hot, ch ng.

- Tuy nhin, vic nhn din nhng bt cp sau ba nm gia nhp WTO c l s

cn thit hn cho nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch cng nh doanh nghip c

nhng iu chnh kp thi.

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Xut nhp khu: cha bt ph khng th ph nhn kt qu tng trng xut

khu trong hai nm u gia nhp WTO (nm 2007 tng 21,3% v nm 2008 tng

29,5%. Ring nm 2009, do tc ng ca cuc khng hong kinh t th gii, xut

khu ca Vit Nam gim 9% (trong khi hu ht cc i tc thng mi chnh ca VitNam u gim mnh hn mc ny). S liu thng k cho thy, tnh chung kim ngch

xut nhp khu trung bnh hai nm 2008-2009 l 150 t la M/nm, tng ng

vi hn 160% tng GDP ca c nc.

iu ny cho thy m v thng mi ca Vit Nam ngay trong thi gian

u gia nhp WTO kh cao. Mc d vy, xt v tng th, kt qu gt hi nh trn

cha c xem l mt s bt ph. Tnh bnh qun hai nm u gia nhp WTO, kim

ngch xut khu ch tng trng 25,27%, khng qu cao so vi con s 22,63% ca

hai nm tin WTO l 2005-2006, thm ch cng ch bng ba nm trc (2004-

2006). Cn nu so snh vi Trung Quc th cng thy s chnh lch. Trong su nm

sau khi gia nhp WTO, xut khu ca Trung Quc tng 28,85%/nm, cao gp 2,91

ln so vi mc 9,9%/nm trong giai on tin WTO (1996-2001).

i su vo cc mt hng xut khu ch lc ca Vit Nam, th nng sn l mt

hng c xem c nhiu c hi hng li t vic Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, nhng

thc t li khng nh mong mun. Ba nm qua, 2007-2009, tuy kim ngch xut khu

hng nng lm thy sn c tng so vi nm 2006 nhng vn chm hn tc tng

xut khu ni chung (tr c ph).

Ngoi ra, u t ca Nh nc cho lnh vc nng nghip hin mi mc 8%

ch cha t n 10% gi tr nng nghip theo nh tha thun vi WTO. Khng ch

vn u t nh nc m c vn ODA, vn FDI u t cho khu vc ny va thp va

c xu hng gim. Vi thc trng yu km nh vy, theo nhn nh ca nhiu chuyngia kinh t, khu vc nng nghip v nng thn ang chu nhiu tc ng bt li nht

sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO. Mt khi m ca thng mi cng cao th nguy

c d b tn thng cng ln trc nhng c sc gi, nhng ro cn thng mi v s

thay i chnh sch ca cc nc nhp khu.

hn ch nhng thit hi kiu nh vy th chnh sch ca Vit Nam cng

phi minh bch v phi c tnh tin liu c. iu ng ni, y li l im yu

trong vic hoch nh chnh sch nc ta. Mt minh chng r nt cho nhn nh

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ny l vic ct gim thu t ngt v thiu mt hng ro k thut trong ngnh chn

nui khin tht nhp khu t v Vit Nam trong nm 2009 lm nh hng n

sn xut trong nc. Trc , trong hai nm 2008-2009, Vit Nam gim thu

nhp khu tht nhiu v nhanh hn l trnh cam kt, cho d c c mc thu nhcam kt, cc nh m phn phi u tr rt gay go. Sau khi rt nhiu h gia nh,

trang tri chn nui gia cm trong nc b tht nhp khu nh ti t th cc c

quan chc nng mi iu chnh thu. Cng qua trng hp trn cho thy s phi hp

gia cc c quan b, ngnh cn hn ch.

Khi gia nhp WTO, ngi dn trong nc c c hi tip cn v s dng nhiu

mt hng vi gi r hn nhng iu khng c ngha l cht lng hng c b th

ni, khng th kim sot c. Trong nhng nm qua, hng xut khu ca Vit Nam

lin tc phi i ph vi cc hng ro phi thu quan, cc v kin chng bn ph gi,

chng tr cp... ca cc nc, trong khi chiu ngc li Vit Nam li c qu t cc

hng ro k thut hn ch nhp khu v kim sot cht lng hng nhp.

u t nc ngoi: nhng bt cp Trong lnh vc thu ht vn u t nc

ngoi (FDI), sau ba nm gia nhp WTO, lng vn FDI vo Vit Nam l hn 114

t la M (vn ng k), cao gp 4,5 ln mc tiu ra cho c giai on nm nm

2006-2010. Tng t, vn thc hin trong ba nm qua, 2007-2009, cng t 29,5 t

la, cng vt ch tiu ra cho nm nm. Kt qu ny cho thy mi trng u t

kinh doanh Vit Nam ngy cng thun li hn, nhiu c hi lm n Vit Nam

thnh hin thc.

Tuy nhin, ng sau nhng con s ng ghi nhn ni trn cng xut hin

mt s mt tri ca n m nguyn nhn chnh c l do tm nhn, nng lc ca cc c

quan nh nc cn nhiu hn ch. V d, tnh trng cc a phng ua nhau lp khucng nghip, khu ch xut nhm thu ht vn FDI vi suy ngh rng c thu ht nhiu

vn FDI th kinh t a phng s pht trin, m khng tnh ti nhng tc ng v

mi trng, x hi m cc d n ny c th gy ra. Bo co Vit Nam sau ba nm

gia nhp WTO ca Vin Nghin cu qun l kinh t Trung ng cng nhn nh

rng tnh hnh thu ht v s dng vn FDI gn y ang dn n mt s h ly lm

nh hng n mc tiu pht trin bn vng ca Vit Nam nh u t qu nhiu vo

khu vc bt ng sn vn mang li gi tr gia tng thp, lm thm ht cn cn thng

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mi, mi trng sinh thi b tc ng xu, sinh k ca ngi dn b mt t b nh

hng nng...

Nng lc cnh tranh: chm ci thin Theo bo co ni trn, c nng lc cnh

tranh quc gia, doanh nghip v sn phm ca Vit Nam u thp v chm c cithin so vi cc nc trong khu vc. gc quc gia, nhng nt tht c chai ca

nn kinh t nh ngun nhn lc, kt cu h tng, nng lc th ch, trnh cng ngh

c ni n rt nhiu nhng n nay vn cha gii quyt c. y chnh l

nhng lc cn i vi cnh tranh tt c mi cp . Trong khi , doanh nghip vn

lm n theo cch nh lu nay, cha tn dng c c hi t WTO mang li do thiu

thng tin. Nm 2009, nhiu doanh nghip c thm th trng mi l do p lc t bn

hng nhiu hn l tn dng cc c hi gim thu hay m ca ca cc th trng. V

vy thch thc ln nht i vi Vit Nam l to ra c ch v phng tin h tr

cc doanh nghip nh v rt nh c th cnh tranh c trong mt sn chi ln.

Cn kh nng cnh tranh ca hng ha Vit Nam, nu khng c s ci tin

mnh th c th s thua ngay trn sn nh ch cha ni n nc ngoi. Chng hn,

xut khu hng nng sn trong nm 2008 tng ch yu l nh st gi, trong khi ,

ngay th trng trong nc, cc mt hng nh tht, ng, tri cy... u lao ao v

hng nhp.

2. Nhng im mnh ca doanh nghip Vit Nam:

- Doanh nghip Vit Nam c lc lng lao ng di do, tui tr, cn c, kho

tay, ham hc hi, gi nhn cng thp.

- Doanh nghip Vit Nam c th trng ni a v th trng quc t rng ln.

Khi tham gia vo WTO, li ch ln nht m Vit Nam thu c t hi nhp l th

trng xut khu thun li cho Vit Nam m rng. Cnh tranh bnh ng vi cc

nc , khng cn vng ro cn v thu v hn ngch.

- Mc tn thng bi suy thoi kinh t thp do cc doanh nghip Vit Nam

khng qu da vo vn vay.

- Vit Nam c v tr a l kinh t thun li, nm trn chui cung ton cu.

- Chnh ph quan tm hon thin h thng php lut, th ch kinh t v ci

cch th tc hnh chnh, quyn t ch kinh doanh c tn trng. Khi gia nhp vo

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WTO v cam kt thc hin cc nguyn tc t do ha thng mi gia cc thnh phn

kinh t, gia trong nc v nc ngoi, Vit Nam s phi ci cch cc lut l sao cho

ph hp vi quc t. Qua , to mi trng kinh doanh bnh ng v thng thong

cho mi thnh phn kinh t.- Khu vc doanh nghip mi hnh thnh, u t cha nhiu, d dng trong vic

ti cu trc m khng b qu nhiu tn km.

- L nc i sau, Vit Nam cng c iu kin tip nhn cng ngh mi, nhng

ng dng khoa hc k thut c cc nc i trc p dng thnh cng thc

hin chin lc tin nhanh bt kp.

Trong nhng nm gn y, Chnh ph ban hnh cc chnh sch, xy dng

quan h i ngoi v tin hnh ci cch hnh chnh. Nhng thay i ny dn n

mt giai on tng trng mnh m v khuyn khch lung vn u t nc ngoi

trc tip lin tc chuyn vo Vit Nam. Cc nh ti tr vn ODA cng gia tng vic

ng gp ngun ti tr cho vic xy dng c s h tng Vit Nam. Nhng ci cch

ny ang c cng c vng chc bi vic Vit Nam ang y nhanh tin trnh hi

nhp vi nn kinh t ton cu v nhu cu duy tr tc tng trng kinh t mnh m

to vic lm cho dn s ang gia tng. Nu cc n lc trong qu trnh tip tc ci

cch hnh chnh v ci cch th trng c duy tr th kh nng duy tr tc pht

trin kinh t n nh ca Vit Nam tip tc gia tng trong khi hn ch s tng trng

cc vn c tim nng ny sinh.

3. Nhng hn ch ca doanh nghip Vit Nam:

- Hu ht cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khng c o to y , c bn kin

thc v kinh t th trng cnh tranh v hi nhp ton cu. Trnh qun l, yu t

to nn sc mnh ca doanh nghip cn nhiu bt cp, lng tng khi thc hin qu

trnh chuyn i sang c ch th trng.

- Do hon cnh t nc mi m ca v hi nhp, doanh nghip Vit Nam cn

thiu kinh nghim trn thng trng, c bit l kinh nghim x l cc c hi cng

nh nguy c mang tnh ton cu, kh nng chu ng cc va p, ri ro trong kinh

doanh thp, cha thc s am hiu cc thng l, lut pht kinh doanh quc t... Thiu

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tnh sng to i mi, t duy khng theo kp vi s chuyn bin ca th trng v i

th cnh tranh

- Doanh nghip Vit Nam thiu kinh nghim qun l, nht l qun l cc

doanh nghip, tp on ln, phm vi hot ng tri rng trn nhiu quc gia, trong, mt s li t ti hoc t tho mn vi nhng kt qu hin ti. Ngun nhn lc cht

lng thp, k nng qun l doanh nghip hn ch

- Tm nhn ca nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam cn hn ch, cha c chin lc

kinh doanh ph hp, r rng. Cha thc s t khch hng vo v tr trung tm,

thng p t suy ngh ca mnh cho khch hng, thiu s cam kt lu di. Bn cnh

, doanh nghip Vit cng thiu tp trung xy dng chin lc kinh doanh, la chn

sn phm ct li v th trng trng im

- Kh nng lin kt, hp tc, chia s thng tin gia cc doanh nghip km,

thm ch l khng c. Cc im yu ny khng phi l qu trm trng, nhng r rng

nu khng c khc phc c hiu qu s c nh hng xu v ngy cng ln i vi

kt qu kinh doanh ca doanh nghip

- Quy m doanh nghip nh, nng lc ti chnh, cng ngh v t chc th

trng yu. T tng tiu nng, d hi lng vi thc ti v thiu tnh hp tc. Doanh

nghip Vit Nam cn gp kh khn v th ch th trng cha ng b, c s h tng

cn yu km lm tng chi ph giao dch..

- Cc sn phm in t nguyn chic c nhp khu t cc nc khc, s

tham gia sn xut ca cc hng in t ni ting ngay th trng trong nc lm

cho cc doanh nghip in t Vit Nam yu li cng yu hn do khng c kh

nng cnh tranh.

Ngnh cng nghip ph tr ang rt yu, l mt ro cn rt ln cho cc nhu t nc ngoi c d nh u t vo Vit nam. Trong thc t, cha c nhng

chnh sch r rng v thch hp gip cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam mnh dn u

t chiu su, i mi cng ngh. l mt trong nhng l do lm cho mc tiu ca

chnh sch thu theo t l ni a ha khng t c nh mong mun. Chng ta mi

ch quan tm, khuyn khch v cu m cha quan tm khuyn khch v cung.

Nng sut lao ng ch mc trung bnh v thp, ch yu l lao ng th

cng, tc phong lao ng cng nghip cn km. Ngun nhn lc cht lng cao vn

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cha p ng c nhu cu, c s h tng cha tha mn c cc nh u t quc

t.

- Bt u t thi im 1/1/2009, cc doanh nghip bn l ca nc ngoi c c

hi thm nhp th trng ni a. Khng nhng th, t 1/1/2010, th trng phnphi hng ha s cng bng i vi c doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc. y l mi

lo cho c cc doanh nghip sn xut. Bi nu doanh nghip phn phi ca Vit Nam

thua th doanh nghip sn xut ca Vit Nam cng c nguy c thua ngay trn sn nh.

- Sn chi WTO l sn chi cng bng. V th, n i hi cc doanh nghip

Vit Nam cn phi n lc hn na mi c th tn ti v pht trin. Tuy nhin vai tr

nh hng v to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip pht trin ca Nh nc l v cng

quan trng. Hin nay nhng bt cp trong qui hoch, qun l, iu hnh ang l ro

cn ln cho s pht trin ca cc doanh nghip trong lnh vc cng nghip ph tr v

in t - cng ngh thng tin.

- Chnh sch thu thiu linh hot dn ti gi thnh cao, khng c sc cnh

tranh. Khi lm th tc cho linh kin nhp khu, cc doanh nghip gp nhiu kh khn

bi chnh sch thu, th tc hi quan... dn n vic yu li cng yu. V d: tivi

nhp khu nguyn chic, nu nhp t ASEAN th thu sut ch c 5%. Nhng nhiu

linh kin lp rp tivi thu sut vn rt cao nh cun bin p (28%); cu ch (29%);

phm ngun, phm iu khin (18%), cc chi tit nha (18%)

- Nng lc cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong ngnh Cng

nghip in t cn thp v c quy m hot ng, tim lc ti chnh n trnh cng

ngh, trnh qun l. Mi trng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip cn cha hon

chnh, thiu ng b, khng c kh nng cnh tranh v gi Ngoi ra, s iu hnh

ca Nh nc cn nhiu bt cp, cha p ng c yu cu i mi khi hi nhpkinh t quc t.

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4. Mt s thnh tu c bn m kinh t Vit Nam t c t

khi gia nhp WTO.

K t khi gia nhp t chc thng mi th

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
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