Baicells Technical TrainingWISPAMERICA 2018
For full color booklet, visit our documentation page at
www.baicells.com
Agenda
Patrick Leary Introduction
Rick Harnish Installing the eNodeB
Rick Harnish Preparing the User Equipment
Panel Q&A
Part 1 - Installation
Nitisha Potti LTE Overview
Cameron Kilton EPC: LTE Signaling & Call Flows
Cameron Kilton RF Planning & Design
Cameron Kilton X2 Handoffs
Nitisha Potti Troubleshooting Top Customer Issues
Cameron Kilton Baicells HaloB Solution
Panel Q&A
Part 2 - Operation
67
Baicells SupportWebsitehttps://na.baicells.com/support/
Baicells Operators Support Group onFacebookhttps://www.facebook.com/groups/baicellsoperatorsupportgroup/
Baicells CommunityForumhttps://community.na.baicells.com
BaicellsAddress555 Republic Dr., #200, Plano, TX 75074, USA
BaicellsPhone+1(888)–502–5585
[email protected] / [email protected]
CONTACTINFORMATION
Baicells Technical TrainingPart 1 - Installation
Patrick Leary, President of Baicells North AmericaRick Harnish, Director of WISP Markets
1
Installation Topics
• Introduction
• eNodeB Installation
• Preparing the User Equipment
2
IntroductionPatrick Leary, President of Baicells North America
3
Baicells System Architecture
4
Baicells eNodeB’s (1 of 4)
5
Baicells eNodeB’s (2 of 4)
6
Baicells eNodeB’s (3 of 4)
7
Baicells eNodeB’s (4 of 4)
8
Easy Installation
9
Baicells User Equipment
10
Baicells OAM Applications
• eNodeB (eNB) GUI
• User Equipment (UE) GUI
• CloudCore Operations Management Center (OMC)
• CloudCore Business Operations Support System (BOSS)
− Local and remote internet access to each eNB
− Local and remote internet access to each UE
− Configure and manage all of an operator’s network eNBs and UEs
− Subscriber management
OAM: Operation, Administration, & MaintenanceThese apps are covered in the Baicells Configuration & Network Administration Guidehttps://baicells.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/sections/115000516233-CloudCore-OMC-BOSS-
11
eNB GUI
12
UE GUI
13
OMC & BOSS
14
Installing the eNodeB
Installation Guides & User Manuals:
https://baicells.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/categories/204105328-Hardware
Rick Harnish, Director of WISP Markets
15
Open a Baicells CloudCore Account
• Open a web browser, and enter the CloudCore address: https://cloudcore.cloudapp.net/cloudcore/
• Click on the “Sign up” button.• Complete the mandatory fields, and click “Sign up”
You will receive an email from CloudCore.
In the email, click on the CloudCore link to
go to the login page. The default user name
and password are both admin.
16
Out-of-Box Audit: Nova-233 Outdoor 2x1WG2 eNodeB
• Nova-233 eNB unit
• AC/DC power adaptor
• Power terminal and plug
• GPS antenna kit
• Installation bracket kit
• Ground terminal
• Cold shrink tubes
• Optional optical modules
17
Materials & Tools
Item Description
Power Cable Gauge: Less than AWG16 (e.g., AWG14)Length: Shorter than 330 feet (100meters)
RF Antenna Cable
50-ohm feeder
Optical Fiber Single mode optical fiber
Ethernet Cable Outdoor CAT6Shorter than 330 feet (100 meters)
RF Antenna Omnidirectional or Directional
Ground Cable 16mm² diameter yellow-green wire
18
Interfaces & LEDsInterface DescriptionPWR Power interface: +48V (+42V to +60V) DCGPS External GPS antenna, N-female connectionANT0 External RF antenna 0, N-female connectorOPT Optical interface to connect to external data backhaulETH RJ-45 Ethernet interface, used for debugging or external data
backhaulANT1 External RF antenna 1, N-female connector
LED Color Status Description
PWR GreenSteady on Power is on Off No power supply
RUN Green
Fast flash: 0.125s on, 0.125s off Base station is booting up
Slow flash: 1s on, 1s off
Base station is booted and operational
Off No power input, or board failure
ACT
Green Steady on Active cell site. The transmitting channel is working normally.
Off Inactive cell site. The transmitting channel is not working.
ALM Red Steady on Hardware alarm, e.g., VSWR alarmOff No alarm
19
Space Requirements
20
Installation Process Overview Attach Mounting Bracket to eNB
Attach Antenna and eNB to Support Pole if Needed
Attach Cables to eNB Interfaces
Attach GPS Antenna to eNB
Install Equipment on Tower, Roof, or Other Structure
Power on eNB to Check LEDs
Connect Power and Grounding
Log in to eNB GUI or OMC to Check Status is Active
Staging
Weatherproof all Connections
1
23
2
5
4
6
7
8
9
21
Attach GPS Antenna to eNB
22
Connect Cables, Power Connector, Grounding
23
Power on, Check LEDs
LED Color Status Description
PWR GreenSteady on Power is on Off No power supply
RUN Green
Fast flash: 0.125s on, 0.125s off
Base station is booting up
Slow flash: 1s on, 1s off
Base station is booted and operational
Off No power input, or board failure
ACT
Green Steady on Active cell site. The transmitting channel is working normally.
Off Inactive cell site. The transmitting channel is not working.
ALM Red Steady on Hardware alarm, e.g., VSWR alarm
Off No alarm
24
Attach eNB to Support Pole (if Needed) or Wall
25
Once Installed & Before Weatherproofing…Check eNB Status in Software (eNB GUI)• Designed for plug-and-play, eNBs
arrive preconfigured• Before you seal and weatherproof
the connections on the eNB elements, log in to the local eNB GUI or the cloud-based OMC to ensure the eNB status is reported as Active.
• From the local eNB MGMT port, type in http://192.168.150.1, using default username admin, password admin.
• Once the application is installed and has a WAN IP address assigned, you can log in remotely with http://x.x.x.x.
26
Once Installed & Before Weatherproofing…Check eNB Status in Software (OMC)
• Directly connect the eNB’s DATA port to a network routed to the internet. The eNB DATA interface is set to DHCP client by default.
• Log in to the eNB GUI from either the DATA or MGMT interface IP: http://192.168.150.1
• Configure the eNB to connect to the Baicells Cloud OMC (“BaiOMC”)
• Navigate to BTS Settings -> Network Management Settings
• Enter baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080 into “Network Management IP”, and then click on Save.Note: Upgrading the firmware sets the network management IP by default.
Set up eNB for use with CloudCore Account:
27
Weatherproofing Techniques
• All-weather electrical tape and mastic
• Self-fusing silicone electrical tape: Scotch 70
• Black cold shrink amalgamating tape
• Cold shrink tubing
• Heat shrink tubing w/adhesive
• Weatherproof RF cable boots
28
RF Antenna Selection & Installation Considerations
• Define the desired coverage area and demographics
• Estimate the potential subscriber capacity of the coverage area
• Number of subscribers
• Bandwidth per subscriber (packages)
• Oversubscription Model: 10:1
• Consider reuse models, spectrum availability, and channel size
• Omni versus sectors• Vertical beamwidth• Electrical versus mechanical
downtilt• Horizontal beamwidth and overlap• Use downtilt calculator• Height above average terrain• Accurate azimuth settings• Dual slant versus horizontal and
vertical polarization
29
Basic Configuration of eNB
• Log in to the local eNB MGMT port: http://192.168.150.1
• Default user name and password: admin/admin
eNB GUI:
30
Quick Settings (North America)• Country Code: FCC
• Band: 41, 42, 43, or 48- Note: CBRS will be Band 48
• Channel Size: 10 or 20 MHz
• Frequency: This eNB’s EARFCN
• SubFrame Assignment: 1 or 2, where 1 = 2:2 DL/UL transmission ratio 2 = 3:1 DL/UL transmission ratio (default)
• Special Subframe Pattern: 5 or 7 (default)Pertains to synchronization of timing between DL and UL
• Physical Cell Identification (PCI): 0-503 Allocated by the operator
31
WAN/LAN Settings
• Select Network/WAN/LAN.• Select Static IP, DHCP, or PPPOE (not
recommended).• Assign Static IP address.• Enter Subnet Mask.• Enter Default Gateway. • Enter DNS Servers (8.8.8.8 default).• LAN address is used only for initial
configuration and should not need to be changed.
32
Upgrade Firmware via eNB GUI
• Select System/Upgrade.• To check for recent firmware
releases, go to: https://community.na.baicells.com/c/welcome/announcements.
• Download firmware to computer.• Select Firmware File.• Check Attempt to Preserve Settings.• Select Upgrade Now.
33
Upgrade Firmware via OMC
• Go to eNB/Strategy/Upgrade.• Click on + sign in top right corner.• Check eNB(s) to upgrade.• Click right arrow.• Name the task at the top of the
page.• Select Upgrade Time/Date under
Execute Type.• Select Next.• Select upgrade firmware file.• Select Finish.
34
Management Server
• Management Server: http://baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080/smallcell/ or IP address
• Cloudkey: Unique Operator Identifier
• Entering Cloudkey enters device into the OMC Operator’s account automatically
35
Mobility Management Entity (MME) and IPSec Tunnels
• The LTE MME is responsible for initiating paging and authentication of LTE devices. The operator may have more than one MME in the network.
• Upgrading firmware sets the defaults:
- IKE Port can be 4500 or 500- Note IPSEC Gateway
addresses- Note MME IP addresses
36
Local Gateway (LGW)
• LGW fields allow you to enable or disable the gateway
• Select an LGW Mode of Network Address Translation (NAT), router, or bridge
• If Router, make sure there is a default route to the assigned subnet
• If Bridge, make sure there is a DHCP server feeding the subnet to the eNB WAN port
• NAT is default
37
Preparing the User EquipmentRick Harnish, Director of WISP Markets
38
Plan Subscriber Information
• You need 2 pieces of information before adding a new subscriber:
• SIM card IMSI number• Service Plan
39
Import SIM Card IMSI’s
• Open a blank Excel sheet*, and paste the SIM card IMSI numbers in it, e.g., 311980000012596. Save the file.
• Go to BOSS > Network > Sim Card.• To activate up to 100 SIM cards, select
SIM Card and enter the activation code.
• Click on Import > Import SIM Card File.• Navigate to the Excel file you saved,
and select Import.
*An example template is availablein BOSS for you to download.
40
Add Service Plans
• Go to BOSS > System > Service Plans.• Select Add Service Plan.• Enter the required information, and
click on Enable.• System prompts you to be sure you
want to enable the scheme. Select OK.
41
Add Subscribers
• Go to BOSS > Subscriber.• Select “New” to add a new subscriber.• Enter subscriber information, and click
on the search icon in the SIM card field.• Select the respective IMSI number.• Select Service Plan (default is wide
open).• Click on Save to add a new subscriber
and activate the SIM card.
42
Basic Configuration of UE
• Log in to the UE GUI: http://192.168.254.1- Note: Older firmware versions used 192.168.1.1
• Default Username and Password: admin/admin
43
Overview Fields
44
Overview Fields, Cont.
45
Overview Fields, Cont.
46
Overview Fields, Cont.
47
Network Mode on the Atom UEs
• Select the network mode as either Network Address Translation (NAT), Router, or Bridge. NAT is default.
• Warning: Selecting Bridge mode will pass the assigned IP address to the customer router. Remote management of the UE will no longer be possible.
• This will hopefully be corrected in a future firmware upgrade.
48
LTE Settings
49
Scan Mode Settings
• FullBand – The UE will routinely scan all channels in the band.
• PCI Lock – Allows you to select the specific E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) and Physical Cell Identifier (PCI).
• Band/Frequency Preferred – You can specify which band(s) the UE will scan.
50
TR069 Settings
• Navigate to System -> TR069• Check Enable• ACS URL:
http://baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080/smallcell/AcsService
• Periodic Inform Interval: 60• Enter Cloudkey• Click on Submit
51
PCI Lock Settings
• Select PCI Lock in Scan Mode• Add EARFCN and PCI numbers,
and then click on Add.• You can add multiple PCI lock
entries• The UE will scan the list for eNBs
with the PCI and EARFCN combination
52
Upgrade UE Firmware via Web GUI
• Select System/Version Manager• Go to
https://community.na.baicells.com/c/welcome/announcementsfor recent firmware releases.
• Download firmware to computer• Select Firmware File• Click on Submit
53
Upgrade UE Firmware via OMC
• Go to CPE/Strategy/Upgrade• Click on + sign in top right corner• Check CPE(s) to upgrade• Click right arrow• Name the task at the top of page• Select Upgrade Time/Date under
Execute Type• Select Next• Select upgrade firmware file• Click on Finish
54
Contact and Support
• Baicells Support Website -https://na.baicells.com/support/
• Baicells Operators Support Group on Facebook -https://www.facebook.com/groups/baicellsoperatorsupportgroup/
• Baicells Community Forum –https://community.na.baicells.com
55
Q & A
56
Baicells Technical TrainingPart 2 - Operation
Nitisha Potti, Level 2 Technical Support EngineerCameron Kilton, Director of Engineering Services
57
Operation Topics
• LTE Overview• EPC: LTE Signaling & Call Flows • RF Planning & Design • X2 Handoffs • Troubleshooting Top Customer Issues • Baicells HaloB Solution
58
LTE OverviewNitisha Potti, Level 2 Technical Support Engineer
59
LTE Overview
• What is LTE? Long-Term Evolution – A standardized wireless broadband technology evolution project begun in 2004 by a telecommunications body known as 3GPP.
• Why? With the rapid increase of mobile data usage and the emergence of new applications, 3GPP worked on LTE on the way towards 4G mobile.
• Main goals and benefits of LTE:- FDD and TDD capable in the same platform
- Seamless connection with legacy systems
- Higher throughput
- Lower latency
- Superior end-user experience, e.g., optimized signaling
60
LTE Network Architecture
3 main components:• User Equipment (UE)• Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (E-UTRAN)- The E-UTRAN handles the radio
communications between the mobile and the evolved packet core (EPC) and has just one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB (eNB).
• Evolved Packet Core (EPC)- Baicells hosts an EPC called CloudCore
E-
Evolved Packet Core
61
Terms
• UE: These terms all refer to the same thing regarding subscriber equipment, and are used interchangeably:
• eNB: These terms all refer to the same thing regarding the radio access network (RAN) equipment, and are used interchangeably:
Subscriber Station (SS)
Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)
User Equipment (UE)
Terminal
eNodeB (eNB)
Base Station
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Access Point (AP)
CellRadio Access Network
(RAN)
62
Key Features of LTEFrequency Range UMTS Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and UMTS Time Division Duplexing (TDD) bands
Channel Bandwidth
MHz: 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Resource Blocks:1 resource block = 180 KHz
6 15 25 50 75 100
Modulation Schemes Downlink (DL)/Uplink (UL): QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (64QAM optional for terminal device)
Multiple Access
DL: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)UL: Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
MIMO Technology
DL: Maximum 4 antennas at eNB and terminal device. Wide choice of options regarding transmit diversity, spatial multiplexing, and cyclic delay diversity.
UL: Multi-user collaborative MIMO
Peak Data Rate
DL: 150 Mbps – user equipment (UE) category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20 MHz300 Mbps – UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20 MHz
UL: 75 Mbps – 20 MHz
63
Orthgonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Advantages:• Efficient multi-access scheme that partitions different subcarriers among multiple users
(OFDM-A)• Robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath• Reduced computational complexity using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT)• Easily adapts to severe channel conditions• Robust against burst errors caused by portions of spectrum undergoing deep fades• Robust against narrowband interference
Disadvantages:• Adapts to severe channel conditions• Robust against burst errors caused by portions of spectrum undergoing deep fades
64
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Basics
• LTE incorporates MIMO, which uses two or more antennas and related receive and transmitcircuitry to achieve higher speeds within a given channel.
• MIMO divides the serial data to be transmitted into separate data streams that are thentransmitted simultaneously over the same channel.
• This technique mitigates the multipath problem and adds to the signal reliability because of thediversity of reception.
• One common arrangement is 2x2 MIMO, where the first number indicates the number oftransmit antennas and the second number is the number of receive antennas. Standard LTE canaccommodate up to a 4x4 MIMO.
2x2 MIMO65
Frequency & Time Division Duplexing (FDD/TDD)
TDDFDD
Two different frequencies One frequency, different timing
2 types of LTE radio frame structures: FDD (Type 1) and TDD (Type 2)
66
LTE-FDD Frame Structure
• FDD systems:1 frame = 10 ms (comprised of ten 1-ms subframes)
1 subframe = 2 consecutive time slots (1 time slot = 0.5 ms)
Therefore, 1 frame = 20 time slots (0-19)
67
LTE-TDD Frame Structure• TDD systems:
- 1 frame = 10 ms (comprised of two 5-ms half frames)- 1 frame = 10 subframes- 1 subframe = 2 time slots- Subframe configuration is divided between downlink/uplink , e.g., 2:2, 3:1 ratio- Subframes 0 and 5 are special subframes (SS) used by the downlink and carry downlink pilot
time slot, guard period, and uplink pilot time slot information that cause the DL/ULtransmission switch
68
LTE-TDD Downlink/Uplink Switch Points
69
Baicells LTE-TDD Frame Structure
70
Carrier Aggregation (CA)
• The most straightforward way to increase capacity is to add more bandwidth.• Each aggregated carrier is referred to as a component carrier. A component carrier can have a
bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz. A maximum of five component carriers can beaggregated. Hence, the maximum bandwidth is 20 MHz x 5 = 100 MHz.
• The number of aggregated carriers can be different in DL and UL; however, the number of ULcomponent carriers is never larger than the number of DL component carriers.
fDL
fUL
71
LTE Network Identifiers
• Public Land Mobile Network Identity (PLMN-ID) identifies each operator’s unique network number. PLMN is a combination of the Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC).
• Tracking Area Code (TAC) identifies a tracking area within a particular network (e.g., could be geographical).
• E-UTRAN Cell Identity (ECI) identifies a cell site within the operator’s network.
• Physical Cell Identity (PCI) distinguishes a specific cell from its immediate neighbors.
Operator’s PLMN-ID
ECI-1A
TAC-1 TAC-2 TAC-3
ECI-1B ECI-2A ECI-2B ECI-3A ECI-3B
PCI-1A1
PCI-1A2
PCI-1A3
PCI-1B1
PCI-1B2
PCI-1B3
ECI-2A1
ECI-2A3
ECI-2A2
ECI-2B1
ECI-2B3ECI-2B2
ECI-3A1
ECI-3A3ECI-3A2
ECI-3B1
ECI-3B3ECI-3B2
72
LTE User Equipment Identifiers
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a unique ID used to identify a specific subscriber. The IMSI is programmed on the USIM card.
• International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a unique ID that globally identifies 3GPP UE hardware. In LTE, IMEI is equivalent to a MAC address in other technologies.
73
LTE Signal Measurements – RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ
• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures the total received wide-band power.
• Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is the average power of the LTE reference signals over the entire bandwidth. [RANGE]: -44 to -140dBm
• Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) indicates the quality of the received reference signal. [RANGE]: -3 to -19.5dB
RSRQ Formula:
RSRQ = N x RSRP / RSSIN = Number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs)
RSRP does a better job of measuring signal power from a specific sector while potentially excluding noise from other sectors.
Basically, RSRQ depends on serving cell power and the number of Tx antennas.
74
RSSI vs RSRP
• RSSI measures the power of the entire resource block symbol containing the Reference Signal (RS).
• RSRP measures the power of a single resource element.
75
LTE Signal Measurements – SINR, CINR
• Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is the ratio of the average received demodulated signal power to the sum of the average co-channel interference power and the noise power from other sources.
• Carrier-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (CINR) is the ratio between the power of the RF carrier bearing the wanted signal and the total power of interfering signals and noises.
76
TDD Configuration Options
Supported subframe assignments• 1 - DL:UL = 2:2• 2 - DL:UL = 3:1Peak data rates• 20 MHz, 1-7 = 82 Mbps DL / 20 Mbps UL• 20 MHz, 2-7 = 112 Mbps DL / 10 Mbps ULSupported special subframe patterns• Format 5: Long guard period (~46 miles / 75 km limit)• Format 7: Short guard period (~11 miles / 18 km limit)
77
MCS ChartModulation and Coding
SchemeMax troughtput [Mbps] SINR (dB) Receiver Sensitivity (dBm)
rank 1 rank 2 rank 1 rank 2DL MCS UL MCS DL (Rank 2) UL DL UL DL DL UL DL
0-QPSK 0-QPSK 3.07 Mbps 1.07 Mbps -7.9 -6.5 -6.9 -101.9 -105.5 -100.9
1-QPSK 1-QPSK 3.99 Mbps 1.40 Mbps -6.9 -5.4 -5.5 -100.9 -104.4 -99.5
2-QPSK 2-QPSK 5.01 Mbps 1.71 Mbps -6 -4.4 -4.5 -100 -103.4 -98.5
3-QPSK 3-QPSK 6.35 Mbps 2.22 Mbps -4.8 -3.4 -3.7 -98.8 -102.4 -97.7
4-QPSK 4-QPSK 7.92 Mbps 2.79 Mbps -3.7 -2.3 -2.3 -97.7 -101.3 -96.3
5-QPSK 5-QPSK 9.69 Mbps 3.40 Mbps -3.1 -0.9 -1.5 -97.1 -99.9 -95.5
6-QPSK 6-QPSK 11.33 Mbps 3.96 Mbps -2.1 -0.1 -0.6 -96.1 -99.1 -94.6
7-QPSK 7-QPSK 13.43 Mbps 4.73 Mbps -1.1 0.6 0.6 -95.1 -98.4 -93.4
8-QPSK 8-QPSK 15.56 Mbps 5.41 Mbps -0.1 1.4 1.7 -94.1 -97.6 -92.3
9-QPSK 9-QPSK 17.40 Mbps 6.11 Mbps 0.6 2.2 2.9 -93.4 -96.8 -91.1
10-16QAM 10-QPSK 17.40 Mbps 6.80 Mbps 1.5 3 3.7 -92.5 -96 -90.3
11-16QAM 11-16QAM 19.24 Mbps 6.80 Mbps 1.7 3.3 3.9 -92.3 -95.7 -90.1
12-16QAM 12-16QAM 21.98 Mbps 7.63 Mbps 2.7 4.4 5.1 -91.3 -94.6 -88.9
13-16QAM 13-16QAM 25.13 Mbps 8.86 Mbps 3.8 5.2 6.3 -90.2 -93.8 -87.7
14-16QAM 14-16QAM 28.00 Mbps 9.80 Mbps 4.6 6.1 7.4 -89.4 -92.9 -86.6
15-16QAM 15-16QAM 31.22 Mbps 10.95 Mbps 5.5 7.2 8.8 -88.5 -91.8 -85.2
16-16QAM 16-16QAM 33.63 Mbps 11.72 Mbps 5.9 7.7 9.3 -88.1 -91.3 -84.7
17-64QAM 17-16QAM 33.63 Mbps 12.68 Mbps 6.9 8.7 10.6 -87.1 -90.3 -83.4
18-64QAM 18-16QAM 36.08 Mbps 14.06 Mbps 7.4 9 11.2 -86.6 -90 -82.8
19-64QAM 19-16QAM 40.31 Mbps 15.16 Mbps 8.4 9.5 12.7 -85.6 -89.5 -81.3
20-64QAM 20-16QAM 43.10 Mbps 16.23 Mbps 9 10.4 13.4 -85 -88.6 -80.6
21-64QAM 21-16QAM 48.20 Mbps 16.23 Mbps 10.5 10.5 15.3 -83.5 -88.5 -78.7
22-64QAM 22-16QAM 51.57 Mbps 18.14 Mbps 11 11.4 15.6 -83 -87.6 -78.4
23-64QAM 55.97 Mbps 12.1 17.2 -81.9 -76.8
24-64QAM 60.28 Mbps 13.1 18.6 -80.9 -75.4
25-64QAM 63.40 Mbps 13.6 19.1 -80.4 -74.9
26-64QAM 67.47 Mbps 14.5 21.3 -79.5 -72.7
27-64QAM 69.78 Mbps 15.5 21.4 -78.5 -72.6
28-64QAM 82.32 Mbps 19.2 22.3 -74.8 -71.7
• Channel Bandwidth = 20 MHz• Subframe Assignment = 1 (2:2)
• Special Subframe Patterns = 7• Category 4 UE – 2rx 1tx
78
MCS Chart, Cont.Modulation and Coding
SchemeMax troughtput [Mbps] SINR (dB) Receiver Sensitivity (dBm)
rank 1 rank 2 rank 1 rank 2DL MCS UL MCS DL (Rank 2) UL DL UL DL DL UL DL
0-QPSK 0-QPSK 4.19 Mbps 0.53 Mbps -7.9 -6.5 -6.9 -101.9 -105.5 -100.9
1-QPSK 1-QPSK 5.44 Mbps 0.70 Mbps -6.9 -5.4 -5.5 -100.9 -104.4 -99.5
2-QPSK 2-QPSK 6.85 Mbps 0.85 Mbps -6 -4.4 -4.5 -100 -103.4 -98.5
3-QPSK 3-QPSK 8.64 Mbps 1.11 Mbps -4.8 -3.4 -3.7 -98.8 -102.4 -97.7
4-QPSK 4-QPSK 10.81 Mbps 1.39 Mbps -3.7 -2.3 -2.3 -97.7 -101.3 -96.3
5-QPSK 5-QPSK 13.20 Mbps 1.70 Mbps -3.1 -0.9 -1.5 -97.1 -99.9 -95.5
6-QPSK 6-QPSK 15.45 Mbps 1.98 Mbps -2.1 -0.1 -0.6 -96.1 -99.1 -94.6
7-QPSK 7-QPSK 18.32 Mbps 2.37 Mbps -1.1 0.6 0.6 -95.1 -98.4 -93.4
8-QPSK 8-QPSK 21.21 Mbps 2.71 Mbps -0.1 1.4 1.7 -94.1 -97.6 -92.3
9-QPSK 9-QPSK 23.74 Mbps 3.05 Mbps 0.6 2.2 2.9 -93.4 -96.8 -91.110-16QAM 10-QPSK 23.74 Mbps 3.40 Mbps 1.5 3 3.7 -92.5 -96 -90.311-16QAM 11-16QAM 26.27 Mbps 3.40 Mbps 1.7 3.3 3.9 -92.3 -95.7 -90.1
12-16QAM 12-16QAM 29.92 Mbps 3.82 Mbps 2.7 4.4 5.1 -91.3 -94.6 -88.9
13-16QAM 13-16QAM 34.30 Mbps 4.43 Mbps 3.8 5.2 6.3 -90.2 -93.8 -87.7
14-16QAM 14-16QAM 38.18 Mbps 4.90 Mbps 4.6 6.1 7.4 -89.4 -92.9 -86.6
15-16QAM 15-16QAM 42.56 Mbps 5.48 Mbps 5.5 7.2 8.8 -88.5 -91.8 -85.2
16-16QAM 16-16QAM 45.86 Mbps 5.86 Mbps 5.9 7.7 9.3 -88.1 -91.3 -84.7
17-64QAM 17-16QAM 45.86 Mbps 6.34 Mbps 6.9 8.7 10.6 -87.1 -90.3 -83.4
18-64QAM 18-16QAM 49.23 Mbps 7.03 Mbps 7.4 9 11.2 -86.6 -90 -82.8
19-64QAM 19-16QAM 54.99 Mbps 7.58 Mbps 8.4 9.5 12.7 -85.6 -89.5 -81.3
20-64QAM 20-16QAM 58.80 Mbps 8.12 Mbps 9 10.4 13.4 -85 -88.6 -80.6
21-64QAM 21-16QAM 65.72 Mbps 8.12 Mbps 10.5 10.5 15.3 -83.5 -88.5 -78.7
22-64QAM 22-16QAM 70.33 Mbps 9.07 Mbps 11 11.4 15.6 -83 -87.6 -78.4
23-64QAM 76.38 Mbps 12.1 17.2 -81.9 -76.8
24-64QAM 82.30 Mbps 13.1 18.6 -80.9 -75.4
25-64QAM 86.33 Mbps 13.6 19.1 -80.4 -74.9
26-64QAM 92.14 Mbps 14.5 21.3 -79.5 -72.7
27-64QAM 95.29 Mbps 15.5 21.4 -78.5 -72.6
28-64QAM 112.47 Mbps 19.2 22.3 -74.8 -71.7
• Channel Bandwidth = 20 MHz• Subframe Assignment = 2 (3:1)
• Special Subframe Patterns = 7• Category 4 UE – 2rx 1tx
79
Physical-Layer Cell Identity (PCI)
Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)3 different sequences called Physical-Layer ID (0 to 2)Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)168 different sequences called Physical-Layer Cell ID Group (0 to 167)
3x168 = 504 available PCIs. Once a UE knows the PCI, it also knows the location of the cell reference signals.
80
Summary – LTE Overview
• FDD/TDD is same platform, based on OFDM multi-access technology• 3 main architectural components: UE, eNB, EPC• Channel bandwidth 1.4-20 MHz• MCS QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM• MIMO multi-antenna technology at eNB and UE• CA increases bandwidth• Network identifiers: PLMN, TAC, ECI, PCI• UE identifiers: IMSI, IMEI• RF measures: RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CINR
81
EPC: LTE Signaling & Call Flows
Cameron Kilton, Director of Engineering Services
82
Signaling in Basic LTE Network Architecture
HSS: Home Subscriber ServerMME: Mobility Management EntityPCRF: Policy & Charging Rule FunctionPGW: Packet GatewaySGW: Serving Gateway
83
E-UTRAN Network Interfaces
S1 InterfaceConnects the eNodeB to the EPC.It is split into two interfaces:• Control plane (S1-MME) and • User plane (S1-U)
X2 InterfaceUsed to interconnect eNodeBs. It is where handoff related and load or interference related information is exchanged.
84
EPC Elements
• Mobility Management Entity (MME): Responsible for user authentication (by interacting with HSS), idle mode location tracking, paging, roaming, handovers, bearer activation and deactivation process, and selecting gateways for UE.
• Home Subscriber Server (HSS): Central database that contains user-related and subscription-related information.
• Serving Gateway (S-GW): Gateway which terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN, serving a large number of eNodeBs. Responsible for handovers with neighbor eNodeBs and data transfer across the user plane.
• Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW): Controls IP data services, routing, allocates IP addresses, enforces policies, and provides access for non-3GPP access networks such as WiMAX and 3GPP2.
• Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF): Interfaces with PGW and supports service data flow detection, policy enforcement, and flow-based charging.
85
User Plane – UE to PGW
IP packets in the core network are encapsulated in an EPC-specific protocol and tunneled between the PGW and the eNodeB. GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP) is used on the S1 and S5/S8 interfaces.The protocol stack between the eNodeB and UE consists of the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayers.
86
Control Plane – UE to MME
The control plane additionally includes the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, which is responsible for establishing the radio bearers (carriers) and configuring the lower layers. Control plane handling of radio-specific functionality includes:• Cell selection and reselection
procedures• UE information on the downlink
channel quality and neighbor cell information
87
EPS Bearer – Part 1
Evolved Packet System (EPS) Bearer is defined between the PGW and UE, and maps to a specific set of QoS parameters such as data rate, latency, and packet error rate.
Bearer Classes:• Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) bearer• Non-GBR bearer
88
EPS Bearer – Part 2
• Access Point Name (APN) is a gateway the UE attaches to and which identifies the Packet Data Network (PDN).
• QoS Class Identifier (QCI) identifies 9 different QoS performance characteristics.
• Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) indicates the priority of the bearer.
• Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) is used for GBR type bearers, and indicates the bit rate to be guaranteed in the uplink and in the downlink.
• Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) is used for GBR type bearers, and indicates the maximum bit rate allowed in the uplink and in the downlink.
• APN-AMBR (UL/DL) is used for non-GBR type bearers, and indicates the maximum bit rate allowed for all bandwidth in a PDN.
• UE-AMBR (UL/DL) is the same as APN-AMBR, but is the maximum bit rate allowed for all non-GBR type bearers associated to the UE.
89
EPS Bearer – Part 3
90
EPS Bearer – Part 4 (SDF)
Service Data Flow (SDF) is a group of IP flows of user traffic associated with a type of service. Each SDF that matches the packet filters of a Traffic Flow Template (TFT)(DL TFT) is mapped by the P-GW to an EPS bearer that satisfies its QoSrequirements.
91
EPS Bearer – Part 5.1 (QoS)
• QoS parameters are defined at service level and bearer level. • Both QCI and ARP are the basic QoS parameters applied to all SDFs
and EPS bearers. • GBR, MBR, and AMBR are the rate limiting related QoS parameters.• QoS authorization is handled by the Policy Control and Charging Rules
Function (PCRF), which dynamically manages and controls data sessions.
• QoS parameters:• SDF QoS parameters: QCI, ARP, GBR and MBR• EPS bearer QoS parameters: QCI, ARP, GBR, MBR, APN-AMBR and UE-AMBR
92
EPS Bearer – Part 5.2 (QOS)
93
EPS Bearer – Part 6.1 (QoS Provisioning)
EPS Bearer QoS ProvisioningQoS parameters applied to a default bearer are provisioned by the HSS, which is downloaded by the MME when the default bearer is activated. These QoS rules can be modified by the PCRF. The PCRF is also responsible for provisioning QoS parameters for dedicated bearers.
SDF QoS ProvisioningAll the QoS parameters for SDFs are provisioned by the PCRF.
94
EPS Bearer – Part 6.2 (QoS Provisioning)
95
EPS Bearer – Part 7 (QoS Enforcement)
QoS rules are applied to each detected SDF and EPS bearer upon detection of user traffic (IP flows). IP flows arriving at a P-GW are filtered into different SDFs. Enforcement of QoS for EPS bearers are done in EPS entities (UE, eNB, S-GW, and P-GW)
96
Baicells CloudCore Design
97
LGW – NAT Mode
• URL access to UE:https://[IP Address]:[Port]
• [IP Address] = eNB IP• [Port] = 5xxxx where xxxx =
last 4 digits of UE’s IMSI
98
LGW – Router Mode
• Requires a static route entry to access the LGW subnet
99
LGW – Bridge Mode• MAC address of UE is
generated from the IMSI to hex
• To calculate the UE MAC address, convert the last 12 digits of the IMSI number to hex, and then prefix it with 8A.
• For example, if the IMSI is 311980000002918, you would take the last 12 digits "980000002918" and convert them to hex, which would equal "E42C8D5366“. The resulting MAC address would be 8A:E4:2C:8D:53:66.
100
RF Planning & Design
Cameron Kilton, Director of Engineering Services
101
Challenges?
How do we develop a business model with so many parameters? • The three C’s to planning: Coverage, Capacity, & Cost• Vertical assets: Towers, Buildings, Utility Poles, etc.
What are the challenges to be overcome? • Data accuracy - clutter• Site selection
102
Propagation Modeling Software
103
PCI Planning - Why it’s Important
Two synchronization signals transmitted once every 5 ms:Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) ◦ Subframe #0 and #5 ◦ Mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of
the band ◦ OFDM symbol #6
Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) ◦ Subframe #0 and #5 ◦ Mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of
the band ◦ OFDM symbol #5
104
Cell Sizes
• Macro cells – cover 1-30 km, e.g., cellular networks• Small cells – typically to improve cellular service and cover dead zones
in a building:oMicro – covers 200-2000 metersoPico – covers 4-200 meters o Femto – user-installed local wirelessoAtto – optical Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) vs RF, as small as light bulbs
• Heterogeneous network (HetNet) – a combination of different cell types, sizes, and access technologies
Small cells increase user capacity at a lower power
105
Capacity Planning
• The challenge of macro and HetNet planning is ensuring capacity is provided where the demand is located.
• The cell spectral efficiency is critical if there is to be an effective increase in network capacity. In the presence of traffic hotspots, an adaptive modulation and coding scheme means the difference between users sharing .5 Mbps and 100 Mbps.
• The location of traffic hotspots determines whether there will be a return on investment or not, and maximizes profit margins.
106
PCI Planning – TDD Sync signals
• Sync signals are transmitted by the eNB to UEs to obtain cell identity and timing
• 2 synchronization signals aretransmitted once every 5 ms, and mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of the band
• Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) • Subframe #1 and #6 • OFDM symbol #2
Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) • Subframe #0 and #5 • OFDM symbol #13
107
PCI Planning - Priority Orders
When planning PCIs, the following priority orders are recommended: 1. The same PCIs should be avoided within the same site and as neighbors. 2. PCIs with conflicting k values should be avoided within the same site and as
neighbors. 3. PCIs with conflicting m0 and m1 values should be avoided within the same site
and as neighbors.
Reasons for not following these rules strictly: • Will not work in an irregular pattern (see previous slide) • Will cause a lot of limitations on neighbors, and neighbor lists will have to be
shortened
108
PCI Planning Calculator
Example formula using Excel to calculate PCI usage: =SUM(3*E2+D2)
109
Antenna Choice - Coverage vs Interference
• Which antenna you choose is very important when designing an LTE site.
• The next few slides provide examples of some DO’s and some DO NOT’s.
110
Antenna Choice: Three 120-degree Sectors (DO NOT)
111
Antenna Choice: Three 90-degree Sectors (Acceptable)
112
Antenna Choice: Four 90-degree Sectors (DO NOT)
113
Antenna Choice: Four 65-degree Sectors (DO!)
114
Antenna Choice: Six 45-degree Sectors (Best use)
115
Antenna Basics – Down Tilt
• Need to know:• Desired coverage area (radius from tower)• Antenna mounting height above average
terrain• Vertical beamwidth• Electrical down tilt
• Use down tilt calculator before ordering antennas
• http://www.commscope.com/calculators/qdowntilt.aspx
• Most antennas fall in a range of 6-8 degree vertical beamwidth
• Use 7 as an average starting point
116
Antenna Down Tilt – Electrical vs Mechanical
• Need to know:• With mechanical tilt, the coverage area is reduced
in the central direction, but the coverage area in side directions is increased.
• With electrical tilt, the coverage area suffers a uniform reduction in the direction of the antenna azimuth; that is, the gain is reduced uniformly.
• Tilt is used to reduce and control interference with other sites
• Tilt is used to concentrate the RF pattern in the desired coverage area
• Mechanical down tilt may worsen CINR levels from neighboring sectors
117
Baicells Antenna Selection
• Once you know the target antenna specifications for your deployment, search for the best antenna to fit your deployment.
• Baicells has approved:• Alpha Antennas https://alphaantennas.com/• KP Performance Antennas https://www.kpperformance.ca• MTI Antennas http://www.mtiwe.com/
• Fixed vs Adjustable Electrical Downtilt• F/B Ratio - The front-to-back ratio denotes the sensitivity of an antenna to radio waves in the
region of 180 ±40 degrees from the main beam direction - the area of space behind the antenna.
• F/B Ratio of 30-35 dB is considered good. Less than that is not, but may be acceptable under certain small cell scenarios. The higher the number, the better.
118
Baicells Antenna Selection, Cont.
• Polarization: • Dual Slant• Horizontal/Vertical
• Benefits of dual slant:• Improved noise immunity• Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)• Improved coverage in congested
environments• Vertical polarization generally
maintains a stronger receive signal than horizontal polarization (inequality)
• Slanting both polarities 45 degrees improves receive sensitivity equality
119
Baicells Antenna Selection, Cont.
• Find a few antennas that may fit your deployment• Run down tilt calculations again using the correct vertical beamwidth
specifications• Choose as much electrical down tilt as possible to meet your desired
down tilt. Reduced mechanical down tilt reduces pattern skew.• Total Down tilt (DT) = Electrical DT + Mechanical DT
• Install antenna with accurate mechanical down tilt, per calculations• Test and adjust if needed
120
RF Cables
• PIM - defined as the unwanted signal or signals generated by the non-linear mixing of 2 or more frequencies
• High PIM means poor reception and limited bandwidth to the end user, which in turn means lost customers.
• Low PIM means strong signals with more bandwidth for more users, which means happy customers and higher revenues.
• Extensive testing by LTE providers determined that legacy LMR braided cables may test perfectly in a Return Loss or VSWR test, but generally possess only average PIM performance.
• PIM lowers the reliability, capacity, and data rate of LTE systems. It does this by limiting the receive sensitivity.
121
RF Cables, Cont.
• PIM shows up as a set of unwanted signals, created by loose or corroded connectors, nearby rust, medium or high PIM braided cable products, and other variables listed below. Other names for PIM include the diode effect and the rusty bolt effect.
• Connectors made for LTE usage are non-ferrous and plated with coatings such as silver, white bronze, and gold.
• Over-tightening, insufficient contact pressure, distorted contact surfaces, foreign material in the mating surfaces, or corrosion can cause excessive PIM.
• Other causes of PIM: Poorly manufactured antennas, nearby corrosion, lightning arrestors
122
RF Cables, Cont.
• Following are a few datasheet links for Low PIM cables from various manufacturers:
• RFS Cellflex49• Superior Essex HSFC Series23• Commscope Heliax Sureflex27• Times Microwave LMR-SW49
123
Power Levels
• Range in power can vary greatly, from the smallest to the largest components.
• Increasing power can swamp the smaller components and render them inoperable; they must be planned carefully with new levels of accuracy.
• Environment modeling such as clutter data must be reconsidered, with accuracy the main focus, due to the range in power levels.
• Deployments in significant numbers result in an exponential growth in the planning complexity.
124
Coverage Prediction
• Clutter data accuracy – recommendations:• Macro : < 32 feet / 10 meters• Pico/SmallCell : < 8 feet / 2.5 meters• Femto/Wi-Fi : < 3 feet / 1 meter• Atto : < .8 feet / 0.25 meters
• Network Capacity• Provide capacity where demand is located• Spectral efficiency is critical if there is to be an effective increase in network capacity. It
may mean the difference between users sharing 5 Mbps and 50 Mbps.• Location, Location, Location
• Adaptive modulation works to achieve maximum performance of the link• High Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) means more spectrum efficiency, which in turn maximizes
ROI
125
Network Capacity
• Network capacity is sensitive to the cell spectral efficiency.• An adaptive modulation and coding scheme means that user locations determine
the capacity of the serving cell.• A commuting, dynamic population means that residential or business census falls
short of the actual population distribution in modern cities.• Components are sensitive to the mobility of the demand. Fast moving demand
cannot be served by small cells such as picos.• Different components are suited to different environments. Femto and Wi-Fi are
designed primarily for indoor; macros and picos work effectively outdoors.
126
Interference
1. The power of a distant macro can often be at a similar value to the power of a small cell’s serving area.
2. The interference potential of a macro is increased considerably for a small celldue to the greater powers of the macro.
3. Complex interplays between the macro and small cells should be modeled.4. Modeling entire cities, it may be necessary to extend the signal predictions to
much farther distances in order to compute a site’s capacity.How do we address this? 1. Reduce power, increase gain2. Tilt - Focus your antenna for your planned coverage, and stick to it.
127
Planning Summary
• Use deployment-ready business case studies for cell planning.• Use good clutter data, as available. Design for capacity with
coverage as the second most important factor.
• Various techniques are required to understand the ROI on each new site.
Remember: Clutter data is not cheap, but neither is putting a site in the wrong spot.
128
X2 Handoffs
NOTE: The terms handoff and handover are used interchangeably in LTE. You will see both terms used in Baicells.
Cameron Kilton, Director of Engineering Services
129
X2 Handoffs (LTE to LTE)
EPC
X2 InterfaceLogical interface for signaling between eNBs. When attached to the same MME, the serving and the target eNBs can communicate directly without going through a radio network controller (RNC). X2 starts buffering on the target eNB in advance of a handoff.X2 is disabled by default.
130
X2 Handoff Configuration
Configure Neighbor
Frequencies
Configure Mobility
Parameters
Examine Advanced Settings
1 2 3
131
X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Neighbor Frequency & Neighbor Cell Tables
Configure Neighbor
Frequencies1
132
X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Mobility Settings
Configure Mobility
Parameters2
133
X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Mobility Settings, Cont.
Configure Mobility
Parameters2
134
X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Advanced > X2
Examine Advanced Settings
3
135
X2 Handoff Config., Cont.Real-World Example
Neigh Freq & Neigh Cell Tables
136
X2 Handoff Config., Cont.Real-World Example, Cont.Mobility:Event A1: The serving cell becomes better than the absolute threshold.
Event A2: The serving cell becomes worse than theabsolute threshold.
Event A3: The neighbor cell becomes “x” amount ofoffset better than the serving cell.
Event A5: The serving cell becomes worse than theabsolute threshold 1 AND the neighbor cell becomesbetter than another absolute threshold 2.
137
X2 Handoff Configuration, Cont.Real-World Example, Cont.
Mobility & X2
138
Troubleshooting Top Customer Issues
Nitisha Potti, Level 2 Technical Support Engineer
139
eNB Status Shows Inactive
140
OMC Status Check
141
IPSEC Status Check
142
MME Status & Quick Settings
143
UE Connect/Reconnect Problems
• Check SIM status:- For a new install, first check the USIM
card status. ‘USIM Normal’ is expected.
- If you find it displays ‘SIM not ready’, please check if the SIM card is firmly installed.
144
• Check if the UE can “hear” a cell:- Try adjusting the orientation of the UE
so that it faces the eNB’s antenna in order to get better RF quality.
- If it cannot, maybe the UE is out of RF coverage of an eNB. Adjust the height and/or down tilt of the eNB’s antenna.
UE Connect/Reconnect Problems, Cont.
145
UE Connect/Reconnect Problems, Cont.
- Check if the user status in BOSS is activated:
- If the PC cannot get an IP from the UE, then restart the UE; it may be that the LAN is not working.
- If the UE’S PCI lock feature is enabled, make sure the frequency and PCI information are correct.
- Make sure the eNB power settings are correct. An eNB’s reference signal may be set incorrectly, so the UE will receive lower RSRP and have difficulty attaching.
- Make sure the eNB is activated.- If all of the above checked OK but the UE still fails to gain access, collect logs from the eNB and
report it to Baicells support.
If you cannot find the UE in BOSS, contact BaiCells support to add it in.
146
UE or eNB not showing up in OMC
• Add the UE or eNB in OMC:1. Log in to the OMC.2. Go to the Device Management menu.3. Click on the CPE/UE or eNB tab.4. Click the plus symbol + in the top right corner.5. Enter the serial number/MAC address of the CPE/UE or eNB into the box.
• Check that the CPE/UE or eNB is active and connected to the internet.• Check that the management server settings on the eNB and the TR069 settings
are correct on the CPE/UE.• Check the DNS settings.
147
Speed & Latency Issues
• Check if there is any flow control enabled on the switch connected to the eNB.
• Check the RF parameters on the CPE/UE, i.e., RSRP, MCS, CINR, SINR and see if they are optimum.
• Check to see if the backhaul is the problem. Run iperf3 between the eNBand the client PC. Run iperf3 server on iperf server-tower, and try the iperf3 test on the client PC. Iperf3 TCP Test w/ 8 Parallel Connections - DownloadServer: iperf3 -s Client: iperf3 -c x.x.x.x -P8 -t15 -O5 -RIperf3 TCP Test w/ 8 Parallel Connections - UploadServer: iperf3 -s Client: iperf3 -c x.x.x.x -P8 -t15 -O5
• If the results are satisfactory, include the ISP and run the iperf3 test again.
148
LGW Modes on the eNB & UE
• There are three LGW modes on the eNB and UE: NAT, Router, Bridge.1. NAT mode on eNB
To access the UE when the eNB is in NAT mode, use URL: https://[IP Address]:[Port]• [IP Address] is the eNB’s IP address.• [Port] is a number with format 5XXXX, XXXX with the last 4 digits of UE’s IMSI.
149
LGW Modes on the eNB & UE, Cont.
2. Router mode on eNB:
Use the UE’s local IP address to access the Web GUI, e.g.: https://10.10.0.10
150
LGW Modes on the eNB & UE, Cont.
3. Bridge mode on eNB: In LGW L2 bridge mode, the eNB will create a virtual interface for every UE that attaches. Each virtual interface will then do a DHCP request and create a 1:1 mapping between the UE IP (from Cloud EPC) and LGW IP. In L2 mode, the MAC address that the UE uses is generated from the IMSI number.
To calculate the UE MAC address, convert the last 12 digits of the IMSI number to hex, and then prefix it with 8A. For example, if the IMSI is 311980000002918, you would take the last 12 digits "980000002918" and convert it to hex, which would equal "E42C8D5366“. The resulting MAC address is 8A:E4:2C:8D:53:66. Once you know the MAC address, you can provision your networking accordingly. Use the UE’s local IP address to access the Web GUI, e.g.: https://192.168.1.101
151
CPE/UE Not Connected to Internet
• Check the CPE/UE SIM status.• Check if the CPE/UE is connected to the eNB.• Check the DNS information on the CPE/UE.
152
CPE/UE Not Connected to Internet, Cont.
• Perform the ping test on the CPE/UE:
• Check the LGW setting on the eNB and CPE/UE.• Check the route between the eNB and the external router.
153
GPS Unsynchronized
• When an installation unsync alarm is found: Make sure the GPS antenna on the eNB was correctly mounted, per the eNB Installation Guide, before it was powered on. If the GPS status appears unsynchronized in OMC after the eNB is powered on for the first time, check the following items:1. In the eNB GUI, check whether the GPS switch setting is set to Enable.
154
GPS Unsynchronized, Cont.
2. Check whether the GPS connector is loosened.3. Check whether the GPS antenna is operating normally by connecting it
to another eNB.4. Reboot the eNB to try again if the above items are normal.
• During normal operations an unsync alarm may be seen. Sometimes, the GPS status suddenly appears unsynchronized in OMC while the eNB is operating normally. The probable cause of this situation is as below:1. The GPS antenna may have been damaged by natural factor, such as a
thunderstorm.2. The GPS antenna has been unplugged manually. 3. The GPS connector is loosened.4. Reboot the eNB after you have checked the above items.
155
CPE/UE Shows Disconnected in OMC While Passing Traffic
• After noting the MAC address, delete the CPE/UE from the OMC.• Upgrade the CPE/UE if it is not at the latest release. An upgrade will
automatically cause a reboot.• If no upgrade was required, reboot the CPE/UE.• Add the CPE/UE back in the OMC using its MAC address.
156
Interference Issues
• The first indication there may be interference issues is when you see bad CINR and MCS values despite having good RSRP.
• To confirm, look at the CINR, SINR, and MCS values on the other CPE/UEs connected to this eNB.
• If all the CPEs/UEs are facing similar problems, it could be that interference is at the eNB; else, it can only be at this particular CPE/UE.
• To further verify this, check the BLER %.• If you have a frequency scanner and know that you are not operating
anywhere near the eNB on the same frequency, scan and see if you are seeing signals in your operating frequency.
• Check the frequency configuration on your nearby eNBs, and make sure there is no PCI conflict on any of your eNBs.
157
CPE/UE Weak RF Conditions
• From the CPE/UE web GUI, you can monitor both RSRP0 and RSRP1 in real-time. If the values are greater than -110 dBm, it indicates that the RF is within the
service scope of the eNB. If the values are greater than -95 dBm, it indicates the RF is good.
• We strongly suggest that the RSRP of the CPE/UE should be greater than -110 dBm; otherwise, the CPE/UE will frequently be offline or not functioning properly.
158
CPE/UE Weak RF Conditions, Cont.
• The items listed below also may cause poor RF issues:1. Problems with the RF path from the eNB to the antenna, such as water in the RF cable, a bad
lightning protector, a bad cable termination, or a bad cable.2. One radiator in the antenna is defective or disconnected internally. In this case, replace with
another antenna to test.3. Bad UE hardware, e.g., one antenna radiator is defective or disconnected internally, or one
transmitter is bad. Try another UE unit.4. RF interference on one RF chain. Try changing to a different frequency.5. Incorrect antenna down tilt, or the UE antenna is not mounted to face directly at the eNB
antenna. Check the eNB antenna down tilt and vertical beamwidth in relation to the UE location.
6. The UE is mounted outside or at the edge of the eNB antenna propagation field. Move the UE inside the antenna propagation field.
7. Bad eNB hardware, e.g., one RF port is disconnected from the transmitter internally, or a bad transmitter. Replace the eNB unit.
159
Baicells HaloB Solution
Cameron Kilton, Director of Engineering Services
160
Problem: Unstable Backhaul Causes S1 Failure
An MME pool solution remits the situation but does not resolve it. And the cost is much higher.
Using the internet for S1 backhaul is flexible but unstable. There are always some end-users out of service because of the unstable backhaul.
eNodeBCPE
Internet
Internet
APP Server
IPSec & EPC
Signaling
Traffic
LGW
Node Failure
Link Failure
TransmissionNetwork
IP-S
ec
SAE-GW
MME-Pool
161
Problem: Complicated Structure
The complicated structure requires professional design.
Centralized EPC causes heavy impact when a failure occurs.
LTE is an E2E L3 network; it is hard to migrate a L2 network to LTE.
Traditional LTE Architecture
OMC&BOSS
MME
eNodeBeNodeB
SGW
PGW HSSPCRF
Internet
End to end IP
162
HaloB Overview
Nova
HaloB
Nova
HaloB
Nova
HaloB
Nova
HaloB
Nova
HaloB
Internet
Traditional LTE Architecture
OMC&BOSS
MME
eNodeBeNodeB
SGW
PGW HSSPCRF
Internet
End to end IP
One HaloB, One LTE
OMC&BOSS
Nova
HaloB
Nova
HaloB
163
HaloB Highlights
• NAS is processed by the HaloB eNB; the UE will be always online
• Only users under that HaloB will be affected when a failure occurs
• Less investment, easier for newcomers• Simplified structure, no need for professional design and
maintenance• Self-configuration, plug-and-play, shorter TTM• Decouples eNodeB and core network• Provides L2 scenario, such as for SME and LAN gaming• Multiple APNs, isolates management from service packets
Nova
HaloB
164
HaloB Network Diagram
Software upgrade to get HaloB.Concise structure, concise management UI.Get active subscriber information from HSS.
Cache subscriber information in local database. Cipher storage.
OMC
Self-configuration:PLMNEARFCNBandwidth…
BOSS
Subscriber Info:SynchronizationTransportationStorageVerification
Subscriber Info: Input Accounting
NAS Processing
Subscriber InformationManagement
Local Traffic Breakout
Local Breakout
Cipher Data
APN1 Mgmt.
APN2 DATA
Nova
HaloB Self-optimization:PCIPRACH…
How to get HaloB
Software upgrade plus active license on existing hardware:
New hardware with license:
Q & A
167
168
Thank you!