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Independent University,

Bangladesh

Traffic Jam In Dhaka City

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Assignment

Course Title-Introduction to Environmental

science(ENV-101)

Section-10

Prepared By:

Md.Rashed Hossain

ID#1030068

Submitted to:

Ms.Ishrat Jahan Quader

Lecturer, School of Engineering & Computer Science

Independent University, Bangladesh

Submission date: Thursday 21st April 2011

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Table of Contents Page

No.

1. Introduction

Communication is an important aspect of our day-to-day life. And as such, the bad effect

of traffic jam can better be understood than described. So movements on the roads and streets

must strictly be regulated by certain rules, which we call traffic rules. Vehicles must keep to the

left, obey speed limits and should avoid overtaking and follow the traffic signals. If these rules

are followed strictly, the vehicles can go on smoothly without causing any traffic jam. But most

often than not, there is glaring carelessness about these rules. As a result, the common people

pay very dearly for it.People lose their time on their way for nothing. Sometimes we feel inclined to think that our

government and the people at the helm of these affairs are very indifferent to such vital

problems. Something positive must be done to relieve the people from such problems. Traffic

congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by

slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicularqueuing. The most common example is

the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction

between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, congestion is incurred. As demand

approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic

congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially

known as a traffic jam.

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I live in Dhaka, only 20 minutes away from my

university; but I get out from my house about 1 hour

and 15 minutes before class will start. Because of

terrible traffic jam, most of the time it takes about an

hour to reach university. I remember a week, right

after Eid-ul-Fitr Dhaka city was like half empty, at

that week I went to university in 20 minutes.

Most of time, I see that during jam traffic police just

let one side go for like 5 minutes or more which

increase the jam more. They should manage it more professionally; they could let go each side 1

minute.

2. Traffic Jam of Mega City Dhaka

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, has a great variety of tradition. Dhaka's eye-

catching architectures and other famous installations are known and acclaimed at home and

aboard. This is the city with historical background and loved by visitors at home and abroad for

Shaheed Minar, National Museum, Lalbagh Kella, Dhaka University, Ramna Park, Suhrawardy

Udyan, Mirpur Zoo and many other beautiful and historical places of interest. Being the capital

city, Dhaka has many advantages for higher and specialised education, employments, trade and

commerce. As such, Dhaka always attracts people from other parts of the country. Apart from

many advantages, Dhaka is burdened with many problems also, namely - housing problem,

sanitation problem and problem related to water logging, etc. Yet, among many other problems,

Dhaka city has been experiencing severe traffic-problem which is a common phenomenon in the

city.

The city-dwellers, city-planners, policy makers, the experts and researchers who think

about the city will unanimously agree that Dhaka is one of the most unplanned cities of the

world. It is certainly a wonder how this megapolis manages to survive. Nonetheless, it manages

to function somehow.

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The inhabitants living in this city

are now approximately over 10 million,

although there is perhaps no statistics

about the exact number of population of

Dhaka city. Survey carried out randomly

by different authorities provided

different data about the number of

population in the city. However, it is

estimated that population of Dhaka will

not be less than 15 million and yet the city is experiencing influx of population every day from

different parts of the country due to the opportunities available and lack of opportunities in the

areas from where they come.

Dhaka city is lengthy in south and northern directions while its width consisting of east

and western directions is few kilometres only. There is hardly any scope of its expansion in

eastern and western side to a visible extent.

Dhaka city situation is more alarming mainly due to vehicular movement and traffic jam.

There are different types of vehicular namely, car, bus, jeep, truck, minibus, microbus, auto-

rickshaw, tempo, mini-truck, motorcycles and innumerable numbers of rickshaws. Many of thevehicles that ply on Dhaka's streets daily are faulty and emit black smoke in excess of the

prescribed limit. Black smoke is primary unburning carbon that is agglomerated into small

particles caused by over-load and faulty engine condition of vehicles.

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Among others, notable causes of traffic jam include violation of traffic rules, deplorable

road condition, random stoppage of vehicles, unauthorised parking and use of footpath illegally.

Moreover, for growing urbanisation and affluence, the number of vehicles is also rising,

contributing to more and more traffic jams. Narrow roads and congestion are aggravating the

situation further. To quote AKM Shahidul Haque, Dhaka Metropolitan Police Commissioner that

one of the main reasons of traffic-jam is due to unauthorised parking of vehicles here and there.

There are three bus terminals in the city. These are: Mohakhali, Gabtoli and Sayedabad.

There is a bus stand at Phulbaria, Gulistan. There are innumerable numbers of ticket counters

adjacent to main traffic points. The worst traffic-vulnerable points include, among others,

Jatrabari, Hatkhola, Shapla Chattar, Gulistan, Dainik Bangla, Paltan, New Market, Science

Laboratory area, Shahbag, Bangla Motor, Sonargaon-crossing, Panthopath, Farmgate, Manik

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Mian Avenue, Asadgate, Shyamoli, Kalyanpur, Gabtoli, Mirpur-Goolchakkar, Mohakhali,

Pic: Fulbaria Bus Station Pic:Mohakhali Bus Station

Khilgaon, Banani, Mouchak, Kakrail and Malibagh. Now-a-days residential areas are also

experiencing heavy traffic-jam. The areas include Dhanmondi, Banani, Gulshan and other prime

residential locations. This is due to establishment of many schools, colleges, private universities

and other educational institutions in those areas. Moreover, many offices, particularly private-

owned offices and factories, are also located in the residential areas resulting in heavy traffic-

jam. Anybody crossing the areas can easily visualise the situation is grave as students with their

guardians are waiting and waiting to reach destinations and others going to their work places.

Everyday work-hours are unnecessarily wasted due to traffic jam. It has a great economic

impact on production and thus on our economy. Traffic-jam causes untold sufferings to the

people going to offices and various destinations.

Traffic-jam causes air pollution which affects the respiratory tract, causes irritation,

headache, fatigue, asthma, high blood pressure, heart diseases and cancer. Experts say if this

trend continues unabated, most residents of the metropolis would become exposed to the risk of

those ailments and different other health hazards and complications. The development of mental

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faculty of children would be impaired by lead pollution that could also affect the central nervous

system and causes of renal damage and hypertension. The massive traffic congestion is taking its

toll on human health, economy, environment and other anthropomorphic activities. This price tag

is rather high when people have to spend hours unnecessarily on the road in sweltering heat, not

to speak of the high humidity. The resulting misery generated by high heat and humidity takes its

toll in human health. To add insult to the injury, the unpleasantness this high misery index

generates slows down the productivity of a person.

The traffic problem of Dhaka is hindering the growth of this city and, at large,

Bangladesh both. On every intersection the drivers become quite unruly. A first time visitor may

think that people here are the most wild who have no respect for law of the land. This is indeed a

serious matter. Behavioral scientists have long since done experiments to show that even insects

demonstrate aggressive behaviour when they are placed in a crowded situation. Therefore, it

comes as no surprise to see that Dhaka's pedestrians, the rickshapullers, babytaxi drivers,

vanwallahs, and bus and truck drivers all vie for tiny spaces with noticeable aggression and utter

disregard for others' right of way. This obviously creates serious problems such as unnecessary

traffic holdup and some unhappy incidents. Serious vehicular-related accidents are growing at an

accelerated rate for growing traffic problem.

By any calculation, if we note, Dhaka is not a city of vast areas. The width (east-west

direction) is few kilometres. The city could have moved only in the North-South direction. This

imposes a serious restriction on the availability of land. But this severe paucity of land had

hardly diminished the growth rate of this city. Any legitimate city planner worth his merits

would not recommend the city of Dhaka for people over 1-2 million. The ever-growing

population had easily exceeded this capacity by 10 to 15 times already. And there is no sign that

the population growth in this city is abating. The present road system of Dhaka, which is hardly

adequate for moving vehicles for 1-2 million people, will virtually collapse when the population

of this megapolis will increase further. It is hoped that urban planners of Dhaka are doing their

clearheaded thinking right now or else the system will collapse right before their eyes.

3. Consequences of Traffic Jam

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At rush hour, a distance of three to four kilometres can take about an hour to reach.

Destinations like Gulisthan, Motijheel, Old Dhaka, Maghbazar, Malibagh, Gulshan, Banani and

Dhanmondi are nightmares for commuters from any point in the city. Especially frustrating are

the points Hotel Sonargaon crossing, the road in front of the Prime Ministers office, Maghbazar,

Mouchak, Malibagh, Khilghaon, Rampura, Elephant Road, Science Laboratory, Green Road,

Jatrabari, Sayedabad, Mohakhali and old parts of the city mainly at Dholaikhal, Postagola,

Bangshal, Chowkbazar and Imamganj.

People miss important appointments; people are late

for work,students are late for thire class, children and

old people fall sick, not to mention the painful site that

most of us choose to ignore alarming ambulance stuck

in the middle of a traffic jam trying desperately to find

a way.

The heat released from the engines, especially the

private cars that use air conditioners, increase the

overall temperature of the city. Continued exposure to

pollution from the streets during traffic jams, will

have grave consequences in the future health of these

people, say experts. The economy, meanwhile, is

losing out in millions because of traffic jams. In recent

weeks; the government has announced a number of steps to reduce the pressure of traffic in the

city. The government plans to initiate a number of measures like informing road users from

police control room through traffic radio on the state of traffic on different road networks,

installing of CCTV sets to monitor traffic movement, restricting road digging activities to night

time, and ensuring schools enforce its own transport for student commuting especially at the

primary level.

Also, from September 1, the government cut down the routes on which buses can travel from 138

to 40 to ease the overall traffic in the city. According to experts, however, these are only

piecemeal measures that will not make any significant change to the traffic situation.

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At present Dhaka has only six to seven per cent road although any major city should have 25 to

30 per cent. Unfortunately, around 60 per cent of the city roads are encroached by hawkers,

undesignated parking, and dumping of construction materials. 30 types of motorised and non-

motorised vehicles are plying on the same street, causing haphazard traffic jams.

The real hindrance to smooth traffic as experts look at it does not lie in inadequate roads.

Dhakas unplanned growth, a Dhaka-centric development of the country, the lack of east-west

connecting roads, unplanned construction inside the city, increased number of private transports,

the lack of mass transit are some of the contributory factors to traffic congestion. At the same

time the poor traffic management, increasing population of rickshaws, lack of parking space,

pedestrian walkways and reluctance to use of foot over-bridge make travelling on the streets

difficult.

With all of this in sight, on August 28, chief adviser Dr Fakhruddin Ahmed launched the

Strategic Transport Plan, a 20-year old mega-project for sustainable, safe, and environment-

friendly transport and communications system encompassing Dhaka and adjacent districts of

Narayanganj, Munshiganj, Narsingdi, Gazipur and Manikganj.

Under the plan, the government will construct and reconstruct 330 kilometers of roads and

highways including 50 new roads, flyovers, elevated expressways, metro (underground railway),

circular waterways, bus rapid transit, rapid mass transit, bus-route rationalization, traffic system

development and safe environment.

4. Losses Caused By Traffic Jam

A study conducted by the Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry in collaboration

with Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport states that 200 billion taka is lost every year

because of staying longer time, 8.15 million working hours, on the streets because of traffic jams

every year. The loss of business hours constitute 40 per cent of the total working hours lost. Both

public and private transport operators and freight industry also suffer losses for losing trips per

day. Traffic jam reduces speed of motorised vehicles from 40 kilometre per hour (kph) to on an

average 15 kph. Loss of different modes of vehicles including buses, mini buses and CNG three

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wheelers and paddle-driven rickshaws for losing speed is estimated at Tk 12 billion a year.

Another study of Roads and Highways (RHD) done in 2009 also estimated loss of fuel

worth Tk 96 million that the motorised vehicles burn staying longer than required time in the

streets. Each vehicle faces killing of on an average time of 7.5 hours. On an average 2500

vehicles can run only 15 kph as against its 50 kph during the traffic jam free roads.

5. Reasons for Traffic Jam

Contrary to popular belief, Dhaka city is a planned city. Patrick Geddes made the first plan

during the British rule which was followed by the plan made by the Pakistan government in 1956

and finally the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan in 1990.

According to the older plans, the Tejgaon Industrial area, the cantonment and most of the rail

crossing were constructed outside the city parameters. Unfortunately, they all lie in the heart of

the city, at present. Nearly 40 per cent of city space is occupied by campuses of DU, BUET,

Jagannath, Dhaka Cantonment, BDR cantonment, the courts, where public transports find very

limited space, experts opine.

With mass transport not allowed through BUET and DU it creates excessive pressure on the

adjoining roads, says one senior police official, also, the judge court and Jagannath University

has eat up the most important parts of Old Dhaka, he adds. He says, that because of the location

of the Press Club at Segunbagicha, a large number of processions, demonstrations start from

there causing massive congestion in that busy area.

While relocating some of these establishments may not be feasible any longer, especially since

the university campuses have become an integral part of city life, experts believe, that the

authorities in these institutions could allow a better flow of traffic during extreme traffic

scenarios and the government should develop alternate roads and flyover along these places to

smoothen the flow of traffic.

While very little can be done to change the larger picture now, there are a number of smaller

factors which aggravate the traffic situation in the city.

i.Road Digging

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The uncoordinated road digging by Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), Dhaka Electric Supply

Authority (DESA), Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA), Bangladesh Telegraph and

Telephone Board (BTTB), Titas Gas and other utility service providers together make reasonsfor further road congestion, say experts.

ii. Rail Crossing

Each day around 80 trains enter and exit the city, which causes six hours halt of traffic in

total through each level crossing. Such types of level crossing create intolerable congestion at

kilgaun,Malibag,Magbazar, Mohakhali, Staff road, Karwan Bazar and other places.

iii. Rickshawas causes traffic jam

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According to the office of traffic control there are 76,000 licensed rickshaws in Dhaka

though the actual figure is above 600,000. An additional 100,000 rickshaws enter the city during

Eid just to make additional income, says one senior traffic official.

iv. New and unregisturd vehicles adding regular

Every year some 30,000 new vehicles are registered. And while officially there are 160,000

motorized vehicles registered, of which 4,800 consist of buses, the unauthorized numbers of

vehicles are much higher. Last year, more than 60,000 motorized vehicles were added to the

existing number of unregistered vehicles. Among them, nearly 50,000 were found in Dhaka

alone.

v. Local Buses causes traffic jam

Although bus counters have been opened by many in the recent past but their unplanned

establishments have resulted in the buses occupying road spaces that otherwise are essential for

traffic flow. The buses stop randomly to pick up and drop passengers.

vi. Hawkers occupy the pathway

Outside the mall and right beside the road, occupation of tea-stalls and shops make difficult

for pedestrians to use the pathway.

Most foot-over bridges and underpasses remain unutilized by the pedestrians reasoning dark and

dodgy atmosphere inside as billboards block view from outside. Unhygienic passageways, steep

stairs and pathway encroached by hawkers make it difficult to move on the bridge, say

pedestrians. Although these all are true, the bottom line of the fact is that people are habituated

and thus love using the shortest way by crossing over the street. Now, that it poses risk for the

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vehicles and create unnecessary traffic block let apart risking the pedestrians lives, are not their

concern.

vii. CNG & Petrol Pumps

Many compressed natural gas (CNG) refueling stations and petrol pumps are located near to

the intersections that disturb the streets when large queues of vehicles break into the road.

Although there is rule to set up refueling stations having vacant spaces to accommodate thirty

vehicles to wait inside the compound, it has been overlooked.

viii. Shoping mall &other establishment

The government is to blame for the chaos when it approves universities, commercial

establishments, garment factories, schools, clinics and wholesale kitchen markets at the

residential areas that make life mess for those living in the community.

A lot of the plush shopping malls in the city have resulted in illegal road occupation by vehicles.

Between Panthapath and Sonargaon intersection the traffic jam at anytime of the day is horrible

because of the citys biggest shopping mall constructed in the area, urban researchers allege.

ix. Lack of traind Driver

Due to lack of traind driver traffic jam and

accident occur everyday.so we need trained

driver to reduce traffic jam.

x. Car Parking

People are habituated and love to park their

car on the street so that they can come out of the

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market and drive away fast without having to go down the parking space, pay for the parking

ticket and look for the driver.

xi. Low inforcement of traffic law

Drivers and pathway people they are not willing maintain the traffic rule.Some time traffic

police and RAB are forced people to maintain the traffic rule.

xii. Narrow roads

Narrow roads are one of the major causes of traffic jam in dhaka city.beacuse of narrow roads

cars can not move one place to another.

6. Rules and Regulation to Control Traffic Jam

To reduce traffic jam we can take some initial steps but beyond this government help and

implications of traffic rules and regulations are most important. The initial steps are-

1. Policy makers, city planners, researchers and the related directorates and offices must sit

together and find ways and means to address the problem. Coordination is very urgent

and important.

2. Readjustment of office timings depending upon the nature of job of the offices.

3. No shop or other installation be allowed in the footpaths and nearby.

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4. Every year Traffic Week is observed by the concerned department. More and more

awareness be created to achieve the goal.

5. Shifting of educational institutes namely, private universities, school and colleges and

other offices from residential zone to outskirts of the city.

6. More and more fly-overs and over-bridges be constructed to address the problem.

7. It is learnt that a mega plan is under consideration for underground rail. The plan be

speeded up. The World Bank, IMF and ADB or other donor agencies may be

approached in a planned way to materialise the plan.

8. Restriction on import of old and unnecessary vehicles be imposed rigidly.

9. There may be three blocks from Tongi Bridge to Jatrabati which will be treated as east

block, middle block and west block. Road planning should be made accordingly for

easy traffic movement.

10.Traffic management should be improved further for which necessary training or

facilities may be available ..

11.Unregistered rickshaws must be withdrawn arranging alternatives for their employment.

12.Unauthorised parking of vehicles be stopped.

7. Effective Traffic Management System Needed

There are some ways through which traffic jam could manage or control more or less. They are-

Traffic reporting, via radio,GPS or possiblymobile phones, to advise road users.

Variable message signs installed along the roadway, to advise road users.

Navigation systems, possibly linked up to automatic traffic reporting.

Traffic counterspermanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts.

Convergence indexing road traffic monitoring, to provide information on the use

of highway on-ramps.

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Automated highway systems, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval

between cars (required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by

as much as 100% while increasing travel speeds.

Parking guidance and information systems providing dynamic advice to motorists

about free parking.

Active Traffic Management system opens up UK motorway hard shoulderas an

extra traffic lane, it uses CCTV and VMS to control and monitor the traffics use of

the extra lane.

School opening times arranged to avoid rush hour traffic (in some countries,

private car school pickup and drop-off traffic are substantial percentages of peak hour

traffic).

Considerate drivingbehavior promotion and enforcement. Driving practices such

as tailgating and frequent lane changes can reduce a roads capacity and exacerbate

jams. In some countries signs are placed on highways to raise awareness, while others

have introduced legislation against inconsiderate driving.

Visual barriers to prevent drivers from slowing down out of curiosity (often called

rubbernecking in the United States). This often includes accidents, with traffic

slowing down even on roadsides physically separated from the crash location. This

also tends to occur at construction sites, which is why some countries have introduced

rules that motorway construction has to occur behind visual barrier.

Speed limit reductions, as practiced on the M25 motorwayin London. With lower

speeds allowing cars to drive closer together, this increases the capacity of a road.

Note that this measure is only effective if the interval between cars is reduced, not the

distance itself. Low intervals are generally only safe at low speeds.

Lane splitting/filtering, where space-efficient vehicles, usually motorcycles,

scooters, and ultra-narrow cars ride or drive in the space between cars, buses, and

trucks. This is however illegal in many countries as it is perceived as a safety risk.

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8. Conclusion

The citys lone dependency on surface transportation system should be diversified to

monorail, metro rail, and elevated expressways. Not only is the economy losing out from the

increased cost of fuel but traffic jams sometimes result in deterioration of perishable goods in

an existing food crisis. Since our traffic management system is extremely poor, the laws

should be updated and monitored carefully and regularly.

There should be a whole park to educate on traffic system for the residents and children

especially since one of the main reasons for road accidents and drivers not following rules is

because of the abundance of fake licenses.

Experts recommend that the most effective solution for our current situation of traffic jam is

to construct flyovers at important intersections to reduce traffic congestion.

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9. References

1. www.google.com (google images)

2. www.yahoo.com

3. Hitz Techno Pvt. Ltd. (12/9/08) Traffic Jam welcomes you. Traffic Jam: Latest on

traffic conditions.4. Andrew Downie (2008-04-21). The Worlds Worst Traffic Jams. Time.

5. Goddard, Haynes (July 1997). Using Tradeable Permits to Achieve Sustainability in the

Worlds Large Cities.6. Mees, Paul; Dodson, Jago (2006); Urban Research Program Issues Paper 5, Griffith

University. Backtracking Auckland: Bureaucratic rationality and public preferences in

transport planning7. Hermann Knoflacher (2006). A new way to organize parking: the key to a successful

sustainable transport system for the future.Environment and Urbanization (International

Institute for Environment and Development)

8. Matt Rosenberg (2007-09-26). Slow But Steady Telework Revolution Eyed.Cascadia Prospectus.

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