BAL 1 The Radio Spectrum: utilisation and management Les Barclay.

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The Radio Spectrum: The Radio Spectrum:

utilisation and managementutilisation and management

Les BarclayLes Barclay

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Information revolutionInformation revolution

Value of informationValue of information

Demand for bandwidthDemand for bandwidth

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No shortage of bandwidthNo shortage of bandwidth

Cable and optical fibre systems Cable and optical fibre systems can have as much bandwidth as they can have as much bandwidth as they need.need.

Standards and protocols only Standards and protocols only have to be agreed between those have to be agreed between those concernedconcerned

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Need for mobilityNeed for mobility

Information is only of value if it Information is only of value if it can be delivered where it is can be delivered where it is neededneeded

Some mobility through intelligent Some mobility through intelligent wired networkwired network

More mobility through wireless More mobility through wireless LAN technology, etcLAN technology, etc

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But for true mobilityBut for true mobility

Flexibility and rapid deploymentFlexibility and rapid deployment

Radio is the only optionRadio is the only option

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There is only one radio spectrumThere is only one radio spectrum

Capability only expandable to a Capability only expandable to a limited extent into the mm limited extent into the mm

wavebands or by improving wavebands or by improving modulation and coding methodsmodulation and coding methods

MUST use it effectively to get MUST use it effectively to get best best value, and to have potential value, and to have potential for for future expansion of services future expansion of services

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Need adequate quality of serviceNeed adequate quality of service

Assurance of protection against Assurance of protection against interferenceinterference

REGULATEREGULATE

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National RegulationNational Regulation

Each country is sovereign – can Each country is sovereign – can authorise the use of radio transmissionsauthorise the use of radio transmissions

Needs to plan and control the use of Needs to plan and control the use of radioradio

Licensing, etcLicensing, etc

In UK: OFCOM In UK: OFCOM (previously the Radiocommunications (previously the Radiocommunications Agency)Agency)

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Satellite transmissionsSatellite transmissions

Particular problem as the Particular problem as the transmitters are not within the transmitters are not within the territory of the countryterritory of the country

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RegionalRegional

Common objectives to coordinate the Common objectives to coordinate the use of radio:use of radio:To avoid interferenceTo avoid interferenceCreate common equipment specificationsCreate common equipment specificationsPermit cross border usePermit cross border use

In EuropeIn EuropeEuropean Communications Committee of European Communications Committee of

CEPTCEPTETSIETSI

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InternationalInternational

International Telecommunication International Telecommunication UnionUnion

International treaties to regulate the use International treaties to regulate the use of the radio spectrum and the satellite of the radio spectrum and the satellite orbitsorbits

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radio spectrum 3 kHz to 3 THz

main use 9 kHz to 400 GHz:

range covered by ITU Radio Regulations. range covered by ITU Radio Regulations.

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Band No

Symbol Frequency Range Wavelength Corresponding metric sub-division of wavebands

Symbol

ELF < 300 Hz > 1000 km 3 ULF 300 Hz -3 kHz 1000 - 100 km Hectokilometric B.hkm

4 VLF 3 kHz - 30 kHz 100 km - 10 km Myriametric B.Mam 5 LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz 10 km - 1 km Kilometric B.km 6 MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz 1 km - 100 m Hectometric B.hm 7 HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz 100 m - 10 m Decametric B.dam

8 VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz 10 m - 1 m Metric B.m 9 UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz 1 m - 100 mm Decimetric B.dm 10 SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz 100 mm - 10 mm Centimetric B.cm

11 EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz 10 mm - 1 mm Millimetric B.mm 12 300 GHz - 3 THz 1 mm – 100 m Decimillimetric B.dmm 13 3 - 30 THz 100 - 10 m Centimillimetric B.cmm 14 30 - 300 THz 10 - 1 m Micrometric B.m

300 - 3000 THz 1 - 0.1 m Decimicrometric B.dm

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Radar (GHz) Space radiocommunications Letter symbol Spectrum

region GHz

Examples GHz

Nominal designations

Examples (GHz)

L 1 – 2 1.215 - 1.4 1.5 GHz band 1.525 - 1.710 S 2 – 4 2.3 - 2.5

2.7 - 3.4 2.5 GHz band 2.5 - 2.690

C 4 – 8 5.25 - 5.85 4/ 6 GHz band 3.4 - 4.2 4.5 - 4.8

5.85 - 7.075 X 8 – 12 8.5 - 10.5

Ku 12 – 18 13.4 - 14.0 15.3 - 17.3

11/ 14 GHz band 12/ 14 GHz band

10.7 - 13.25 14.0 - 14.5

K (1) 18 – 27 24.05 - 24.25 20 GHz band 17.7 - 20.2 Ka(1) 27 – 40 33.4 - 36.0 30 GHz band 27.5 - 30.0

V 40 GHz bands 37.5 - 42.5 47.2 - 50.2

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ELF (below 3 kHz) and VLF (3-30 kHz)

Typical services: world-wide telegraphy to ships and submarines; time standards; worldwide comms, sub-surface comms

System considerations: even largest antennas only a small fraction of a wavelength with low radiation resistance; bandwidth very limited, only low or very low data rates; high atmospheric noise

Propagation:In Earth-ionosphere waveguide, relatively stable propagation; asymmetric propagation E/W & W/E. Propagation through sea-water, which has significant skin depth for these wavelengths.

No international frequency allocations below 9 kHz. Limited use below 9 kHz for military purposes.

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LF (30-300 kHz)

Typical services: long-distance shore-to-ship communication; fixed services over continental distances; broadcasting; time signals

System considerations: vertical polarisation (for ground wave propagation, & for antenna efficiency); efficient but large antennas possible;

directional antennas very large; high atmospheric noise; limited bandwidth.

Propagation: up to several thousand km; ground wave, strong sky wave at night, slow fading

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MF (300 kHz -3 MHz)

Typical services:

broadcasting; radionavigation; maritime mobile communications;

System considerations:

1/4vertical antenna at 1 MHz is 75 m high; directional antennas possible, magnetic receiving antennas;

Propagation:

ground wave more pronounced over sea; strong sky wave absorption during the day, but little absorption at night; high atmospheric noise levels

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HF ( 3-30 MHz) I

Typical services:

international broadcasting, national broadcasting in tropical regions; long-distance point-to-point communications; aeronautical and maritime mobile communications;

System considerations:

arrays of horizontal dipoles; log-periodic antennas (vertical or horizontal), vertical whip antennas; frequency agility essential; crowded spectrum needing good intermodulation performance; external noise environment varies with time and location. Bandwidths up to about 6 kHz

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HF ( 3-30 MHz) II

Propagation:propagation up to world-wide distances by ionospheric sky-wave, very variable in time. Propagation window between MUF and LUF (maximum and lowest usable frequencies) varies from a few MHz to about 20 MHz

Comment: necessary to change the operating frequency several times during 24 hours. Broadcasting uses schedule of frequencies. Fixed and some mobile services use intelligent frequency adaptive systems. Continues to provide the main intercontinental air traffic control system. Most modulation bandwidths may exceed the correlation bandwidth..

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VHF ( 30-300 MHz) I

Typical services: land mobile for civil, military and emergency purposes, maritime and aeronautical mobile; sound (FM and DAB) and (outside UK) TV broadcasting (to about 100 km); aeronautical radionavigation and landing systems; cordless telephones; paging; very limited little LEO satellite systems

System considerations: multi-element dipole (Yagi) antennas, rod antennas suitable for vehicle mounting, atmospheric noise small but man-made noise significant.

Some use for meteor burst communications

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VHF ( 30-300 MHz) II

Propagation:

usually by refraction in troposphere; reflections may cause multipath on line-of sight paths; screening by major hills, but diffraction losses generally small;

some anomalous propagation due to atmospheric refractivity; unwanted ionospheric modes due to sporadic E and meteor scatter.

substantial Faraday rotation and ionospheric scintillation on Earth-space paths

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UHF (300 MHz - 3 GHz)

Typical services: TV broadcasting; cellular and personal

communications; satellite mobile; GPS; important radio astronomy bands; surveillance radars; terrestrial point-to-point service; radio fixed access; telemetry; cordless telephones; tropospheric scatter links.

System considerations: small rod antennas; multi-element dipole (Yagi)

antennas; parabolic dishes for higher frequencies; wide bandwidths available

Propagation: : line-of sight and slightly beyond; tropospheric scatter

for transhorizon paths, screening by hills, buildings and trees; refraction effects; ducting possible; ionospheric scintillation

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SHF (3-30 GHz)

Typical services: fixed (terrestrial point-to-point up to 155 Mb/s); fixed satellite; radar; satellite television; GSO and NGSO fixed satellite services; remote sensing from satellites; RFA

System considerations: high-gain parabolic dishes and horns; waveguides; major inter-service frequency sharing; wide bandwidths

Propagation: severe screening; refraction and ducting; scintillation; rain attenuation and scatter increasing above about 10 GHz; atmospheric attenuation above about 15 GHz, ionospheric effects becoming small.

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EHF (30-300 GHz)

Typical services: line-of sight communications, future satellite applications; remote sensing from satellites; MVDS; fixed service in the future using high altitude platforms

System considerations: small highly directional antennas; equipment costs increase with frequency; little use at present above 60 GHz; very wide bandwidths; short range

Propagation: severe difficulties: screening; atmospheric absorption; rain; fog; scintillation

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Spectrum OccupancySpectrum Occupancy

Space:Space: service rangeservice rangecoverage areacoverage areainterference range or areainterference range or area

Time:Time: continuous or intermittent continuous or intermittent transmissiontransmission

propagation variabilitypropagation variability

Bandwidth:Bandwidth:necessary bandwidthnecessary bandwidthtransmitter and receiver transmitter and receiver

imperfectionsimperfections

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Spectrum Utilisation (U)Spectrum Utilisation (U)

U=BxSxTU=BxSxT

where where B is the bandwidthB is the bandwidth

S is the geographic space or S is the geographic space or volume volume

occupied (desired or denied)occupied (desired or denied)

T is the timeT is the time

Not a real equation!Not a real equation!

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Geographic spaceGeographic space

Area coverage systems such as Area coverage systems such as broadcasting or mobile applications: - broadcasting or mobile applications: - required space is defined as coverage arearequired space is defined as coverage area

Point-to-point communications – desired Point-to-point communications – desired space is confined to the direct path space is confined to the direct path between the terminalsbetween the terminals

Geostationary satellite networks:- just the Geostationary satellite networks:- just the orbit spacing around the geostationary arc orbit spacing around the geostationary arc and the direct links to earth stationsand the direct links to earth stations

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Geographic spaceGeographic space

BUT:BUT:

More relevant to define spectrum utilisation in More relevant to define spectrum utilisation in terms of the geographic space denied to othersterms of the geographic space denied to others

Consider: Consider: radiated powerradiated power

antenna directivityantenna directivity

propagation for small time percentagespropagation for small time percentages

Passive applications such as radio astronomy, have Passive applications such as radio astronomy, have no transmissions, but still need a large geographic no transmissions, but still need a large geographic space to give protection against interferencespace to give protection against interference

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BandwidthBandwidth

for narrow band systems – related to for narrow band systems – related to information rateinformation rate

complex modulation methods permit more complex modulation methods permit more bits/Hz but usually need a more perfect bits/Hz but usually need a more perfect propagation channelpropagation channel

spread spectrum – consider a factor spread spectrum – consider a factor related to the power density across the related to the power density across the bandwidthbandwidth

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Time factorTime factor

Unity for broadcastingUnity for broadcasting

Smaller for some other applicationsSmaller for some other applications

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Efficient spectrum Efficient spectrum utilisationutilisation

Perfect technical efficiency would require:Perfect technical efficiency would require:Perfect transmitters – no unwanted emissionsPerfect transmitters – no unwanted emissions

Perfect receivers – no susceptibility to other Perfect receivers – no susceptibility to other

signalssignals

- perfect selectivity- perfect selectivity

High gain antennas, accurately pointedHigh gain antennas, accurately pointed

Emissions limited to the necessary bandwidthEmissions limited to the necessary bandwidth

Minimum power to provide sufficient signalMinimum power to provide sufficient signal

Maximise frequency reuseMaximise frequency reuse

etcetc

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This would impose impossible This would impose impossible demands on demands on

equipmentsequipments

- too expensive- too expensive

- unreasonable maintenance- unreasonable maintenance

- no flexibility for changing - no flexibility for changing requirementsrequirements

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Effective spectrum useEffective spectrum use

Seek efficient use within practical Seek efficient use within practical constraintsconstraints

Specifications for unwanted emissionsSpecifications for unwanted emissions

reasonable selectivity characteristicsreasonable selectivity characteristics

Design for acceptable costDesign for acceptable cost

Rapid entry to marketRapid entry to market

Provide for future flexibilityProvide for future flexibility

etc.etc.

Effective usage is a more reasonable Effective usage is a more reasonable aimaim

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International International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Union

and the and the

Radio RegulationsRadio Regulations

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History of International History of International TelecommunciationTelecommunciation

1849 first international telegraph1849 first international telegraph 1865 foundation of international telegraph 1865 foundation of international telegraph unionunion

To deal with emerging technical and financial problems To deal with emerging technical and financial problems of international telegraphyof international telegraphy

1876 invention of telephone1876 invention of telephone 1895 first wireless communication1895 first wireless communication 1906 first international Radio Conference1906 first international Radio Conference 1927 CCIR established1927 CCIR established 1932 becomes International Telecommunication 1932 becomes International Telecommunication

UnionUnion 1947 becomes specialised agency of the united 1947 becomes specialised agency of the united NationsNations

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Purposes of the ITUPurposes of the ITU

ITU – concerned with the international ITU – concerned with the international

regulation of telecommunicationsregulation of telecommunications

Purposes include:Purposes include:To extend international cooperationTo extend international cooperation

To offer technical assistanceTo offer technical assistance

To promote the development of To promote the development of telecommunication facilities and their most telecommunication facilities and their most efficient operationefficient operation

To this end the ITU,To this end the ITU, amongst many other thingsamongst many other thingsUndertakes studiesUndertakes studies

Adopts recommendationsAdopts recommendations

Collects and publishes informationCollects and publishes information

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The ITU shallThe ITU shall

Allocate frequency bands, register assignments Allocate frequency bands, register assignments and geostationary orbit positions to avoid harmful and geostationary orbit positions to avoid harmful interferenceinterference

Coordinate efforts to avoid harmful interference Coordinate efforts to avoid harmful interference and improve use of spectrum and GSOand improve use of spectrum and GSO

Facilitate international standardizationFacilitate international standardization

Foster international cooperationFoster international cooperation

Harmonise development of facilitiesHarmonise development of facilities

Establish rates as low as possible, consistent with Establish rates as low as possible, consistent with efficiencyefficiency

Ensure safety of lifeEnsure safety of life

Undertake studiesUndertake studies

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Membership of ITUMembership of ITU

Member States (national administrations)Member States (national administrations)

Registered operating agenciesRegistered operating agencies

Scientific and industrial organisationsScientific and industrial organisations

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ITU modernised in 1947ITU modernised in 1947

Plenipotentiary ConferencePlenipotentiary Conference

- Every 5 years- Every 5 years

World Adminstrative Radio Conferences (WARC)World Adminstrative Radio Conferences (WARC)

- Held as required- Held as required

World Administrative Telephone and Telegraph World Administrative Telephone and Telegraph

Conferences (WATTC)Conferences (WATTC)

- infrequent- infrequent

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General SecretariatGeneral Secretariat

International Frequency Registration BoardInternational Frequency Registration Board

CCIR secretariat (international radio CCIR secretariat (international radio consultative committee)consultative committee)

CCITT secretariatCCITT secretariat

Telecommunication Development BureauTelecommunication Development Bureau

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International Frequency Registration International Frequency Registration BoardBoard

- Record and register frequency assignments and Record and register frequency assignments and locations in the GSOlocations in the GSO

- Maintain and publish the Master International Maintain and publish the Master International Frequency RegisterFrequency Register

- Examine the probability of harmful interferenceExamine the probability of harmful interference- Advise on spectrum usageAdvise on spectrum usage- Publish the seasonal HF broadcasting schedulePublish the seasonal HF broadcasting schedule- Undertake inter-sessional work for WARCsUndertake inter-sessional work for WARCs- Offer technical assistanceOffer technical assistance- Develop coordination proceduresDevelop coordination procedures

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Need for changeNeed for change

Perceived pressure from regional Perceived pressure from regional standardization bodiesstandardization bodies

budgetbudget

speedspeed

complexitycomplexity

convergenceconvergence

= ITU reorganization= ITU reorganization

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WARCs following WARC 1979WARCs following WARC 19791981 W1981 W general allocationsgeneral allocations1981 R1981 R MF BC (region 2)MF BC (region 2)1983 W1983 W mobilemobile1984 W1984 W HFBC 1HFBC 1stst session session1984 R1984 R VHF BC (reg 1 & part reg 3)VHF BC (reg 1 & part reg 3)1985 R1985 R radiobeacons (Europe)radiobeacons (Europe)1985 W1985 W VHF/UHF BC (Europe)VHF/UHF BC (Europe)1985 W1985 W GSO planning 1GSO planning 1stst session session19871987WW HFBC 2HFBC 2ndnd session session19881988 RR MFBC (region 2)MFBC (region 2)1988 W1988 W GSO 2GSO 2ndnd session session1989 R 1989 R VHF/UHF TV BC in AfricaVHF/UHF TV BC in Africa1992 W1992 W allocations, etcallocations, etc

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New ITUNew ITU

Plenipotentiary Conference – every 4 yearsPlenipotentiary Conference – every 4 years

ITU Council – 41 members, meets annuallyITU Council – 41 members, meets annually

Three SectorsThree SectorsRadiocommunicationRadiocommunication

Telecommunication standardizationTelecommunication standardization

Telecommunication developmentTelecommunication development

Each sector has: Each sector has: study groups, study groups,

advisory group, advisory group,

and is supported by a Bureauand is supported by a Bureau

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Radiocommunication sectorRadiocommunication sector

World Radiocommunication ConferencesWorld Radiocommunication ConferencesEvery 2 years ( now a longer interval)Every 2 years ( now a longer interval)

Radiocommunication AssemblyRadiocommunication AssemblyTo manage the study groups, at the same time To manage the study groups, at the same time

ad the WRCsad the WRCs

Radiocommunication Advisory GroupRadiocommunication Advisory GroupMeets annuallyMeets annually

Radio Regulations BaordRadio Regulations Baord9 part time members9 part time members

Radiocommunication Bureau (BR)Radiocommunication Bureau (BR)

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ITU-R Study GroupsITU-R Study Groups

SG1SG1 spectrum utilisation and monitoringspectrum utilisation and monitoring

SG3SG3 radiowave propagationradiowave propagation

SG4SG4 fixed-satellite servicefixed-satellite service

SG6 SG6 broadcastingbroadcastingSG7SG7 science services science services (space research, (space research,

radio astronomy, standard radio astronomy, standard frequencies frequencies and time signals)and time signals)

SG8SG8 mobile; radiodetermination; mobile; radiodetermination; amateur; amateur; & related satellite services& related satellite services

SG9SG9 fixed servicefixed service

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ITU-R Study GroupsITU-R Study Groups

Meet every 2 years or more oftenMeet every 2 years or more oftenReport to Radiocommunication AssemblyReport to Radiocommunication AssemblyWork through:Work through:

Task Groups – for urgent time limited studiesTask Groups – for urgent time limited studiesWorking partiesWorking partiesEmail correspondence groupsEmail correspondence groups

Studies based on approved questionsStudies based on approved questionsProduce:Produce:

RecommendationsRecommendationsHandbooksHandbooksReportsReports

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ITU-R STUDY GROUP 4ITU-R STUDY GROUP 4

FIXED-SATELLITE SERVICEFIXED-SATELLITE SERVICE

Scope:Scope:

Systems and networks for the fixed satellite Systems and networks for the fixed satellite service and inter-satellite links in the service and inter-satellite links in the fixed-satellite service, including associated fixed-satellite service, including associated tracking, telemetry and telecommand tracking, telemetry and telecommand functions.functions.

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Baseband transmission variability, delay & echoes Baseband transmission variability, delay & echoes in systems in the FSS in systems in the FSS

Characteristics of antennas at earth stations in the Characteristics of antennas at earth stations in the FSS FSS

Use of transportable transmitting earth stations in Use of transportable transmitting earth stations in the FSS including use for feeder links to the FSS including use for feeder links to broadcasting satellites broadcasting satellites

Preferred multiple-access characteristics in the FSS Preferred multiple-access characteristics in the FSS Feeder links in the FSS used for the connections to Feeder links in the FSS used for the connections to and from geostationary satellites in various MSS and from geostationary satellites in various MSS

Frequency sharing of the FSS with terrestrial radio Frequency sharing of the FSS with terrestrial radio services other than the FS services other than the FS

Frequency sharing between the FSS and the EESS Frequency sharing between the FSS and the EESS (passive) and SRS (passive) services near 19 GHz(passive) and SRS (passive) services near 19 GHz

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Frequency sharing of FSS & ISS with other space Frequency sharing of FSS & ISS with other space services services

Protection of GSO against unacceptable Protection of GSO against unacceptable interference from transmitting earth stations in interference from transmitting earth stations in FSS above 15 GHz FSS above 15 GHz

Availability & interruptions to traffic on digital Availability & interruptions to traffic on digital paths in FSS paths in FSS

Performance objectives of intl. digital links in FSS Performance objectives of intl. digital links in FSS

Voice & data signal processing for intl. digital links Voice & data signal processing for intl. digital links in FSS in FSS

Video signal proc. for intl. digital links in FSS Video signal proc. for intl. digital links in FSS

Use of satellite communication systems in B-ISDN Use of satellite communication systems in B-ISDN

Frequency sharing among networks in FSS, MSS & Frequency sharing among networks in FSS, MSS & those of satellites equipped to operate in more those of satellites equipped to operate in more than one service in the 20-50 GHz bandthan one service in the 20-50 GHz band

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QUESTION ITU-R 113-1/9QUESTION ITU-R 113-1/9FREQUENCY SHARING BETWEEN RADIO-RELAY SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMSFREQUENCY SHARING BETWEEN RADIO-RELAY SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS

OF THE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE SERVICE ANDOF THE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE SERVICE ANDTHE SPACE RESEARCH SERVICETHE SPACE RESEARCH SERVICE

(1990-1993)(1990-1993)The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly,

consideringconsideringa)a) that radio-relay systems are widely employed throughout the world and make extensive and that radio-relay systems are widely employed throughout the world and make extensive and

increasing use of several frequency bands;increasing use of several frequency bands;b)b) that there is potential for interference between radio-relay systems and both geostationary and that there is potential for interference between radio-relay systems and both geostationary and

non-geostationary satellite radiocommunication systems;non-geostationary satellite radiocommunication systems;c)c) that special consideration must be made of the unique characteristics of systems in space that special consideration must be made of the unique characteristics of systems in space

radiocommunication services other than the traditional fixed-satellite service;radiocommunication services other than the traditional fixed-satellite service;d)d) that Radiocommunication Study Group 7 has undertaken some preliminary studies with regard to that Radiocommunication Study Group 7 has undertaken some preliminary studies with regard to

radio-relay systems sharing with the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research radio-relay systems sharing with the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service;service;

e)e) that the World Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1979) (WARC-79) allocated these services that the World Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1979) (WARC-79) allocated these services to share additional frequency bands and at the same time requested the ex-CCIR via to share additional frequency bands and at the same time requested the ex-CCIR via Recommendation No.706 to study certain aspects of the sharing criteria between radio-relay Recommendation No.706 to study certain aspects of the sharing criteria between radio-relay systems and passive sensors for the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research systems and passive sensors for the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service operating in the band 18.6 to 18.8 GHz;service operating in the band 18.6 to 18.8 GHz;

f)f) that administrations will require agreed sharing criteria to carry out compatibility analysis under the that administrations will require agreed sharing criteria to carry out compatibility analysis under the Radio Regulations, such as Article 14,Radio Regulations, such as Article 14,

decides decides that the following Question should be studiedthat the following Question should be studied11 What are the levels of interference from the earth exploration-satellite service and the space What are the levels of interference from the earth exploration-satellite service and the space

research service acceptable to radio-relay systems, including percentage of time considerations?research service acceptable to radio-relay systems, including percentage of time considerations?22 What are the constraints on the services which would be necessary and acceptable to facilitate What are the constraints on the services which would be necessary and acceptable to facilitate

sharing?sharing?33 What special considerations of sharing are required when non-geostationary satellites are used by What special considerations of sharing are required when non-geostationary satellites are used by

these space services?these space services?44 What are the feasibility and constraints on sharing these services when the space services employ What are the feasibility and constraints on sharing these services when the space services employ

passive or active microwave sensors?passive or active microwave sensors?

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Considering:Considering:a) that radio-relay systems are widely employed throughout a) that radio-relay systems are widely employed throughout

the world and make extensive and increasing use of several the world and make extensive and increasing use of several frequency bands;frequency bands;

b)that there is potential for interference between radio-relay b)that there is potential for interference between radio-relay systems and both geostationary and non-geostationary systems and both geostationary and non-geostationary satellite radiocommunication systems;satellite radiocommunication systems;

c)that special consideration must be made of the unique c)that special consideration must be made of the unique characteristics of systems in space radiocommunication characteristics of systems in space radiocommunication services other than the traditional fixed-satellite service;services other than the traditional fixed-satellite service;

d)that Radiocommunication Study Group 7 has undertaken d)that Radiocommunication Study Group 7 has undertaken some preliminary studies with regard to radio-relay systems some preliminary studies with regard to radio-relay systems sharing with the earth exploration-satellite service and the sharing with the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service;space research service;

e)that WARC-79 allocated these services to share additional e)that WARC-79 allocated these services to share additional frequency bands and at the same time requested the ex-frequency bands and at the same time requested the ex-CCIR via Rec.706 to study certain aspects of the sharing CCIR via Rec.706 to study certain aspects of the sharing criteria between radio-relay systems and passive sensors criteria between radio-relay systems and passive sensors for the earth exploration-satellite service and the space for the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service operating in the band 18.6 to 18.8 GHz;research service operating in the band 18.6 to 18.8 GHz;

f)that administrations will require agreed sharing criteria to f)that administrations will require agreed sharing criteria to carry out compatibility analysis under the Radio carry out compatibility analysis under the Radio Regulations, such as Article 14Regulations, such as Article 14

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decides decides that the following Question should be that the following Question should be studiedstudied

1What are the levels of interference from the earth 1What are the levels of interference from the earth exploration-satellite service and the space exploration-satellite service and the space research service acceptable to radio-relay systems, research service acceptable to radio-relay systems, including percentage of time considerations?including percentage of time considerations?

22 What are the constraints on the services What are the constraints on the services which would be necessary and acceptable to which would be necessary and acceptable to facilitate sharing?facilitate sharing?

33 What special considerations of sharing are What special considerations of sharing are required when non-geostationary satellites are required when non-geostationary satellites are used by these space services?used by these space services?

44 What are the feasibility and constraints on What are the feasibility and constraints on sharing these services when the space services sharing these services when the space services employ passive or active microwave sensors?employ passive or active microwave sensors?

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Radio RegulationsRadio Regulations

Provide World-Wide agreement on the Provide World-Wide agreement on the use, coordination and regulation of use, coordination and regulation of radioradio

Contain the International Table of Contain the International Table of Radio Frequency AllocationsRadio Frequency Allocations

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4.14.1 Member States shall endeavour to limit the Member States shall endeavour to limit the number of frequencies and the spectrum used to number of frequencies and the spectrum used to the minimum essential to provide in a satisfactory the minimum essential to provide in a satisfactory manner the necessary services. To that end they manner the necessary services. To that end they shall endeavour to apply the latest technical shall endeavour to apply the latest technical advances as soon as possible advances as soon as possible

4.24.2 … in assigning frequencies to stations which … in assigning frequencies to stations which are capable of causing harmful interference to are capable of causing harmful interference to services … of another country, such assignments services … of another country, such assignments are to be made in accordance with the Table of are to be made in accordance with the Table of Frequency Allocations and other provisions of these Frequency Allocations and other provisions of these Regulations Regulations

4.34.3 Any new assignment or any change of Any new assignment or any change of frequency … shall … avoid causing harmful frequency … shall … avoid causing harmful interference … interference …

4.44.4 … shall not assign to a station any frequency … shall not assign to a station any frequency in derogation of either the Table of Frequency in derogation of either the Table of Frequency Allocations … or other provisions … except on the Allocations … or other provisions … except on the express condition … shall not cause harmful express condition … shall not cause harmful interference interference

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Terrestrial ServicesTerrestrial Services

Fixed*Fixed* ┌ ┌ - - Aeronautical Mobile ( R )- - Aeronautical Mobile ( R )

┌ ┌ - -Aeronautical Mobile* - ┴- - - Aeronautical Mobile (OR)*- -Aeronautical Mobile* - ┴- - - Aeronautical Mobile (OR)* Mobile* - -┼- - - - - Land Mobile*Mobile* - -┼- - - - - Land Mobile*

└ └ - - - -- Maritime Mobile* - - - - ┬ - - Ship Movement- - - -- Maritime Mobile* - - - - ┬ - - Ship Movement └ └ - - Port Operation- - Port Operation

┌ ┌ - Maritime Radionavigation*- Maritime Radionavigation* Radiodetermination*-┬- Radionavigation* ┴ Aeronautical Radiodetermination*-┬- Radionavigation* ┴ Aeronautical

Radionavigation*Radionavigation* └ └ - Radiolocation*- Radiolocation*

Broadcasting*Broadcasting* Amateur* Amateur* Radio AstronomyRadio Astronomy Meteorological AidsMeteorological Aids Standard Frequency and Time Signal*Standard Frequency and Time Signal*

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Satellite servicesSatellite services

The terrestrial services marked with an The terrestrial services marked with an asterisk. Plus:asterisk. Plus:

earth-exploration-satellite earth-exploration-satellite

meteorological-satellite meteorological-satellite

inter-satelliteinter-satellite

space operationsspace operationsspace researchspace research

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Designation of emissionsDesignation of emissions

The nature of an emission is specified in a The nature of an emission is specified in a designation. designation.

wxyzABCwxyzABC

the first 4 characters give the necessary bandwidththe first 4 characters give the necessary bandwidth

the next 3 characters give the classification the next 3 characters give the classification according to the type of modulationaccording to the type of modulation there may also be two additional final characters which there may also be two additional final characters which

provide some supplementary information, where necessary.provide some supplementary information, where necessary.

64BAL

necessary bandwidthnecessary bandwidth

3 digits for numerical value and a letter, in 3 digits for numerical value and a letter, in position of the decimal point for the multiplier: position of the decimal point for the multiplier:

necessary bandwidth of 0.1 Hz = H100necessary bandwidth of 0.1 Hz = H100

2.4 kHz = 2K402.4 kHz = 2K40

202 MHz = 202M202 MHz = 202M

5.65 GHz = 5G655.65 GHz = 5G65

65BAL

Classification of Emissions. A: Type of Classification of Emissions. A: Type of modulationmodulation

An unmodulated carrierAn unmodulated carrier NNThe main carrier is amplitude-modulatedThe main carrier is amplitude-modulated Double-sidebandDouble-sideband AA Single sideband, full carrierSingle sideband, full carrier HH Single sideband, reduced or variable level carrierSingle sideband, reduced or variable level carrier RR Single sideband, suppressed carrierSingle sideband, suppressed carrier JJ Independent sidebandsIndependent sidebands BB Vestigial sideband Vestigial sideband CCThe main carrier is angle modulatedThe main carrier is angle modulated Frequency modulationFrequency modulation FF Phase modulationPhase modulation GGThe main carrier is amplitude and phase modulated, The main carrier is amplitude and phase modulated, simultaneously or in a pre-established sequencesimultaneously or in a pre-established sequence DDPulse emissions Pulse emissions a sequence of unmodulated pulsesa sequence of unmodulated pulses PP Modulated in amplitudeModulated in amplitude KK Modulated in width/durationModulated in width/duration LL Modulated in position/phaseModulated in position/phase MM With angle modulation of carrier during pulsesWith angle modulation of carrier during pulses QQ Other pulse modulation methods or combinations of methodsOther pulse modulation methods or combinations of methods VVHybrid modulation systems not covered above, involving two or Hybrid modulation systems not covered above, involving two or more basic modulation techniques, amplitude angle or pulsemore basic modulation techniques, amplitude angle or pulse WWOther casesOther cases XX

66BAL

Classification of emissions, B: Nature of modulating Classification of emissions, B: Nature of modulating signalsignal

No modulating signalNo modulating signal 00A single channel of quantized or digital information A single channel of quantized or digital information Without the use of a sub-carrierWithout the use of a sub-carrier 11 with a sub-carrierwith a sub-carrier 22A single channel containing analogue informationA single channel containing analogue information 33Two or more channels containing quantified or digital informationTwo or more channels containing quantified or digital information 77Two or more channels containing analogue informationTwo or more channels containing analogue information 88A composite system containing both analogue and digital channelsA composite system containing both analogue and digital channels 99Other casesOther cases XX

Classification of emissions, C: Type of InformationClassification of emissions, C: Type of Information

No information transmittedNo information transmitted NNTelegraphy - for aural receptionTelegraphy - for aural reception AATelegraphy - for automatic receptionTelegraphy - for automatic reception BBFacsimileFacsimile CCData transmission, telemetry, telecommandData transmission, telemetry, telecommand DDTelephony (including sound broadcasting)Telephony (including sound broadcasting) EETelevisionTelevision FFCombinations of the aboveCombinations of the above WWOther casesOther cases XX

67BAL

cw telegraphycw telegraphy A1AA1A

dsb AM dsb AM A3EA3E

ssb, suppressed carrierssb, suppressed carrier J3EJ3E

tv visiontv vision C3FC3F

fm telephonyfm telephony F3EF3E

4 frequency telegraphy4 frequency telegraphy F7BF7B

fm sound bc:fm sound bc: 180K180KF3EF3EGGNN

68BAL

NECESSARY BANDWIDTHNECESSARY BANDWIDTH, for a given class of , for a given class of emission, is the width of the frequency band which emission, is the width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and the quality required information at the rate and the quality required under specified conditions. The Radio Regulations under specified conditions. The Radio Regulations give a number of empirical rules for its give a number of empirical rules for its determination.determination.

ASSIGNED FREQUENCY BANDASSIGNED FREQUENCY BAND is determined by is determined by adding the necessary bandwidth to twice the adding the necessary bandwidth to twice the frequency tolerancefrequency tolerance

OCCUPIED BANDWIDTHOCCUPIED BANDWIDTH is defined as the width of is defined as the width of the frequency band such that, below the lower and the frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage emitted are each equal to a specified percentage (usually 0.5%) of the total mean power of the (usually 0.5%) of the total mean power of the emission. This definition takes account of the emission. This definition takes account of the practical effects of out of band emissionspractical effects of out of band emissions

69BAL

70BAL

Frequency TolerancesFrequency Tolerances

Spurious emissionsSpurious emissions

Radiated powerRadiated power

Antenna gainAntenna gain

definitionsdefinitions

71BAL

ITU RegionsITU Regions

5-01

75°

60°

40°30°20°

0°

20°30°

40°

60°

75°

60°

40°

30°20°

0°

20°30°

40°

60°

170° 140°160° 100°120° 60°80° 20°40° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

170°

170°

140°160° 100°120° 60°80° 20°40° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 170°

ABC

ABC

The shaded part represents the Tropical Zones as defined in Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21.

REGION 1

REGION 2

REGION 3 REGION 3

72BAL

73BAL

74BAL

5.235 Additional allocation: in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Norway, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Switzerland, the band 174-223 MHz is also allocated to the land mobile service on a primary basis. However, the stations of the land mobile service shall not cause harmful interference to, or claim protection from, broadcasting stations, existing or planned, in countries other than those listed in this footnote

75BAL

76BAL

77BAL

78BAL

Frequency AssignmentsFrequency Assignments

National frequency authorities assign National frequency authorities assign specific carrier frequencies, specific carrier frequencies, within the frequency block allocations, within the frequency block allocations,

for transmission at radio stations; for transmission at radio stations;

assignments are made for specified assignments are made for specified purposes, usually specifying emission purposes, usually specifying emission parameters; receiving point, carrier power, parameters; receiving point, carrier power, bandwidth, antenna characteristics, etc. bandwidth, antenna characteristics, etc.

79BAL

Interference may cross national Interference may cross national frontiersfrontiers

National authorities notify BR, and ask for National authorities notify BR, and ask for frequency assignments to be registered in the frequency assignments to be registered in the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR). Master International Frequency Register (MIFR).

BR may merely check that the assignment is in BR may merely check that the assignment is in accordance with the RR, then registers it. accordance with the RR, then registers it.

Or BR will do technical checks to verify that the Or BR will do technical checks to verify that the new assignment will not cause interference to an new assignment will not cause interference to an assignment of another country.assignment of another country.

Or the RR require national authorities to discuss Or the RR require national authorities to discuss and agree (“coordinate”)and agree (“coordinate”)

Or there will be an Or there will be an a-prioria-priori plan plan

80BAL

Regional and national Regional and national

spectrum managementspectrum management

81BAL

Regional spectrum managementRegional spectrum management

Regional groups are advantageous:Regional groups are advantageous:

- establishing common standards across a region- establishing common standards across a region

- provide a large market place- provide a large market place

- remove barriers to trade- remove barriers to trade

- permit cross-border operation- permit cross-border operation

82BAL

EuropeEurope

CEPT - Electronic Communications CommitteeCEPT - Electronic Communications Committee

European Telecommunication Standards Institute European Telecommunication Standards Institute

European Telecommunication Network OperatorsEuropean Telecommunication Network Operators

European UnionEuropean Union

83BAL

EU harmonisation measuresEU harmonisation measures

ERMES DirectiveERMES Directive 19901990

DECT DirectiveDECT Directive 19911991

SPCS DirectiveSPCS Directive 1997 1997

GSM DirectiveGSM Directive 19971997

UMTS DirectiveUMTS Directive 19981998

84BAL

European Conference of Postal European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications and Telecommunications Admins (CEPT)Admins (CEPT)

- established in 1959 by 19 countries- established in 1959 by 19 countries

- original members were monopoly-holding postal - original members were monopoly-holding postal and telecommunications administrationsand telecommunications administrations

- in 1992, postal & telecom operators set up - in 1992, postal & telecom operators set up

PostEurope and ETNOPostEurope and ETNO

CEPT became a body of policy-makers & CEPT became a body of policy-makers & regulators. regulators.

Central & East European Countries became Central & East European Countries became eligible eligible

for membership in CEPT. for membership in CEPT.

85BAL

CEPT membersCEPT members

now, 45 members now, 45 members

Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium,

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,

Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein,

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands,

Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rep of Macedonia, Romania, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rep of Macedonia, Romania,

Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro,

Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,

Ukraine, Vatican.Ukraine, Vatican.

86BAL

role and purpose of CEPTrole and purpose of CEPT

- establish European forum for sovereign and regulatory issues - establish European forum for sovereign and regulatory issues for post and telecommunications for post and telecommunications - provide mutual assistance among members- provide mutual assistance among members- exert influence on goals & priorities through common - exert influence on goals & priorities through common

positions; positions; - carry out its activities at a pan- European level; - carry out its activities at a pan- European level; - strengthen and foster more intensively co-operation - strengthen and foster more intensively co-operation with Eastern and Central European countries; with Eastern and Central European countries; - promote and facilitate relations between European - promote and facilitate relations between European regulators; influence developments in ITU and UPU regulators; influence developments in ITU and UPU - respond to new circumstances in a non-bureaucratic, - respond to new circumstances in a non-bureaucratic, cost-effective and timely way cost-effective and timely way - settle common problems through close collaboration - settle common problems through close collaboration - give its activities more binding force, if required; - give its activities more binding force, if required; - create a single Europe on posts and telecommunications - create a single Europe on posts and telecommunications

sectorssectors

87BAL

Electronic Communications Electronic Communications CommitteeCommittee

develop Radiocommunication policydevelop Radiocommunication policy

coordinate frequency, regulatory and technical coordinate frequency, regulatory and technical mattersmatters

consult with users, operators, industry and consult with users, operators, industry and standards bodiesstandards bodies

develop guidelines for ITU meetingsdevelop guidelines for ITU meetings

guide and coordinate work of the ERO and the guide and coordinate work of the ERO and the WG’sWG’s

88BAL

ECC policy goals - 1ECC policy goals - 1

- Forward plan use of the spectrum - Forward plan use of the spectrum - Harmonise use of frequencies within Europe; foster - Harmonise use of frequencies within Europe; foster world-wide harmonisation; ensure effective utilisation, world-wide harmonisation; ensure effective utilisation,

minimum interference and safety of human life minimum interference and safety of human life - Ensure European telecommunications standards; utilise - Ensure European telecommunications standards; utilise spectrum efficiently; consider market demands; spectrum efficiently; consider market demands; introduce standards in national type approval regimes introduce standards in national type approval regimes

- Provide for free circulation of radio equipment - Provide for free circulation of radio equipment - Provide mutual recognition of type approval - Provide mutual recognition of type approval certificates & mutual acceptance of test reports certificates & mutual acceptance of test reports - Provide mutual recognition of radio licences - Provide mutual recognition of radio licences - align admin procedures for free circulation & use- align admin procedures for free circulation & use

89BAL

ECC policy goals - 2ECC policy goals - 2

- Exchange of information on national research - Exchange of information on national research

- Exchange information & harmonise national - Exchange information & harmonise national legislationlegislation

- Exchange information on principles of financing the - Exchange information on principles of financing the

work of administrations; find a common basis for work of administrations; find a common basis for feesfees

- Encourage deregulation & minimise burdens on users- Encourage deregulation & minimise burdens on users

- Coordinate Members action with respect to EC - Coordinate Members action with respect to EC initiativesinitiatives

- Foster development of ECP's; coordinate Members’ - Foster development of ECP's; coordinate Members’

activities in respect of ITUactivities in respect of ITU

- Consult widely- Consult widely

90BAL

ECC working groups ECC working groups (radio related)(radio related)

Frequency Management (FM) - to agree and Frequency Management (FM) - to agree and harmonise the use of parts of the spectrum within harmonise the use of parts of the spectrum within EuropeEurope

Radio Regulatory (RR) - concerned with licensing, Radio Regulatory (RR) - concerned with licensing, certification, etccertification, etc

Spectrum Engineering (SE) - concerned with Spectrum Engineering (SE) - concerned with compatibility & related technical issuescompatibility & related technical issues..

Conference Preparatory Group – prepares for ITU Conference Preparatory Group – prepares for ITU conferencesconferences

Project teamsProject teams

Supported by the European Radio Office in CopenhagenSupported by the European Radio Office in Copenhagen

91BAL

Working Group SE - 1Working Group SE - 1

develop technical guidelines for the use of the develop technical guidelines for the use of the

frequency spectrum by various radiocom services;frequency spectrum by various radiocom services;

develop sharing criteria between radiocom services, develop sharing criteria between radiocom services,

systems or applications using same frequency systems or applications using same frequency bands;bands;

develop compatibility criteria between radiocom develop compatibility criteria between radiocom

services using different frequency bands;services using different frequency bands;

co-ordinate related activities & contributions to co-ordinate related activities & contributions to

work in ITU-R;work in ITU-R;

co-operate with relevant technical bodies in ETSI co-operate with relevant technical bodies in ETSI

study technical impacts of ISM & other non-radio study technical impacts of ISM & other non-radio

equipment on radio servicesequipment on radio services

92BAL

Working Group SE - 2Working Group SE - 2

contribute to CPG on preparation of CEPT positions contribute to CPG on preparation of CEPT positions

for WRCs and other relevant fora;for WRCs and other relevant fora;

seek contributions & assistance from ERO, etcseek contributions & assistance from ERO, etc

consult various bodies & organisations within consult various bodies & organisations within CEPT CEPT

countries or Administrations outside the CEPT, countries or Administrations outside the CEPT, to to

collect information & broaden support for collect information & broaden support for

deliverables;deliverables;

prepare draft Decisions and prepare & approve prepare draft Decisions and prepare & approve

Recommendations and Reports as necessary;Recommendations and Reports as necessary;

93BAL

European Telecommunication European Telecommunication Standards InstituteStandards Institute

Established 1988Established 1988Membership - industry & administrationsMembership - industry & administrations

Objective: to be a regional standards body Objective: to be a regional standards body sensitive to market needs with an innovative and sensitive to market needs with an innovative and efficient approach to producing quality standards efficient approach to producing quality standards in a timely mannerin a timely manner

Facilitate integration of telecoms infrastructureFacilitate integration of telecoms infrastructureAssure interworking of future servicesAssure interworking of future servicesAchieve compatibility of terminal equipmentAchieve compatibility of terminal equipmentCreate pan-European telecoms networksCreate pan-European telecoms networksContribute to international standardization (ITU)Contribute to international standardization (ITU)

94BAL

ETSIETSI

General AssemblyGeneral Assemblytechnical committeestechnical committeesETSI projectsETSI projects

TC ERMTC ERM emc and radio spectrum mattersemc and radio spectrum mattersTC MSGTC MSG mobile standardsmobile standardsTC SESTC SESsatellite earth stations and systemssatellite earth stations and systemsTC PLTTC PLT power line telecommunciationspower line telecommunciationsJTC broadcastJTC broadcastEP DECTEP DECT digital cordless phonesdigital cordless phonesEP TETRAEP TETRA terrestrial trunked radioterrestrial trunked radioEP BRANEP BRAN broadband radio access networksbroadband radio access networks

95BAL

ETSI deliverablesETSI deliverablesENEN European Standard (telecommunication series) European Standard (telecommunication series) contains normative provisions, approved for contains normative provisions, approved for

publication by a process involving national publication by a process involving national standards organisations or ETSI national standards organisations or ETSI national

delegations;delegations;

TSTS Technical specification which contains Technical specification which contains normative normative provisions approved by a technical body;provisions approved by a technical body;

ESES Standard which contains normative provisions Standard which contains normative provisions approved by the membershipapproved by the membership

SRSR Special Report containing information Special Report containing information approved approved

by a technical bodyby a technical body

EGEG Guide containing information approved by the Guide containing information approved by the membershipmembership

96BAL

National - UK National - UK

UK legislation:UK legislation:

wireless telegraphy act wireless telegraphy act 19491949

wireless telegraphy act wireless telegraphy act 19671967

marine, etc. broadcasting (offences) act marine, etc. broadcasting (offences) act 19671967

telecommunications act, telecommunications act, 19841984

interception of telecommunications act, interception of telecommunications act, 19851985

Broadcasting act, Broadcasting act, 19901990

Wireless telegraphy act Wireless telegraphy act 19981998

Communications Act Communications Act 20032003

and many statutory instrumentsand many statutory instruments

97BAL

Office of Communications, Office of Communications, OFCOM.OFCOM.

OFCOM brings into one non-governmental OFCOM brings into one non-governmental regulatory organisation five existing regulatory organisation five existing bodies:bodies:

Broadcast Standards CommissionBroadcast Standards Commission

Independent Television CommissionIndependent Television Commission

Radio AuthorityRadio Authority

OFTEL (Office of Telecommunications)OFTEL (Office of Telecommunications)

Radiocommunciations AgencyRadiocommunciations Agency

98BAL

OFCOMOFCOM

OFCOM is the regulator for the UK OFCOM is the regulator for the UK communications industries, with communications industries, with responsibilities across television, radio, responsibilities across television, radio, telecommunications and wireless telecommunications and wireless communications services.communications services.

OFCOM exists to further the interests of OFCOM exists to further the interests of citizen-consumers as the communications citizen-consumers as the communications industries enter the digital age.industries enter the digital age.

99BAL

To do this OFCOM shall:To do this OFCOM shall:

Balance the promotion of choice and competition Balance the promotion of choice and competition with the duty to foster plurality, informed with the duty to foster plurality, informed citizenship, protect viewers, listeners and citizenship, protect viewers, listeners and customers and promote cultural diversity.customers and promote cultural diversity.

Serve the interests of the citizen-consumer as the Serve the interests of the citizen-consumer as the communications industry enters the digital age.communications industry enters the digital age.

Support the need for innovators, creators and Support the need for innovators, creators and investors to flourish within markets driven by full investors to flourish within markets driven by full and fair competition between all providers.and fair competition between all providers.

Encourage the evolution of electronic media and Encourage the evolution of electronic media and communications networks to the greater benefit communications networks to the greater benefit ofof all who live in the United Kingdom.all who live in the United Kingdom.

100BAL

Note that nowhere amongst these aims are Note that nowhere amongst these aims are any technical objectives to ensure the any technical objectives to ensure the effective or efficient use of the spectrum, effective or efficient use of the spectrum,

nor to provide any leadership in guiding UK nor to provide any leadership in guiding UK interests towards the establishment of interests towards the establishment of common developments common developments

which will maintain the UK as leaders in the which will maintain the UK as leaders in the future uses of radio and benefit the UK future uses of radio and benefit the UK economy as a whole.economy as a whole.

101BAL

Radiocommunications AgencyRadiocommunications Agency

Until the end of 2003Until the end of 2003

Managed the civil radio spectrumManaged the civil radio spectrum

Aim: Aim: optimal use of the radio spectrum in a optimal use of the radio spectrum in a dynamic dynamic and successful UK economy with and successful UK economy with enhanced enhanced quality of life through excellence and quality of life through excellence and innovation innovation in spectrum managementin spectrum management

102BAL

Radiocommunications AgencyRadiocommunications Agency

610 staff (400 in London)610 staff (400 in London)

Eight licensing centresEight licensing centres

Monitoring station at BaldockMonitoring station at Baldock

Technical centre at Whyteleafe, SurreyTechnical centre at Whyteleafe, Surrey

Income Income £138M £138M 2001/20022001/2002

ExpenditureExpenditure £66M£66M 2001/20022001/2002

RA prepared and led international work in Europe RA prepared and led international work in Europe and ITUand ITU

103BAL

Radio usersRadio users

210 types of licence210 types of licencefrom Vodafone (3G licence for 20 years - £6 from Vodafone (3G licence for 20 years - £6 billion)billion)to CB and amateur user (£15 per year)to CB and amateur user (£15 per year)

Mobile phonesMobile phonesBroadcastingBroadcastingInfrastructure (satellite and terrestrial)Infrastructure (satellite and terrestrial)Broadband networks and local networksBroadband networks and local networksDefence and emergency servicesDefence and emergency servicesRadarRadarRadio astronomyRadio astronomyAmateur and CBAmateur and CB

104BAL

Economic impactEconomic impact

Value of spectrum estimated at £20 billion in 2000 Value of spectrum estimated at £20 billion in 2000 & continues to grow& continues to grow

2.5 million more cellular subscribers than a year 2.5 million more cellular subscribers than a year agoago

12% growth in fixed links since Oct 200112% growth in fixed links since Oct 2001

15% growth in satellite earth stations15% growth in satellite earth stations

105BAL

Vision statement - 1994Vision statement - 1994

We will publish, and update annually, a strategic We will publish, and update annually, a strategic plan for the use and development of the radio plan for the use and development of the radio spectrum.spectrum.

We are also committed to improving We are also committed to improving communications ......by publishing more communications ......by publishing more information about spectrum usage......"information about spectrum usage......"

The 2nd commitment is being met by the The 2nd commitment is being met by the availability from the Agency library of a large availability from the Agency library of a large number of information sheets, number of information sheets,

(see index on http://www.radio.gov.uk)(see index on http://www.radio.gov.uk)

106BAL

Strategic plan 1996Strategic plan 1996

1.1. Providing access to the spectrum - maximising Providing access to the spectrum - maximising the use of the spectrum & endeavouring to the use of the spectrum & endeavouring to ensure accessensure access

2.2. seeking improvement in global and regional seeking improvement in global and regional spectrum coordinationspectrum coordination

3.3. ensuring compliance with spectrum ensuring compliance with spectrum management conditionsmanagement conditions

4.4. improving communications and decision improving communications and decision makingmaking

5.5. developing the skills of RA staff and the developing the skills of RA staff and the supporting systemssupporting systems

107BAL

Green paper 1994Green paper 1994

How to manage the spectrum?How to manage the spectrum? Regulation not sufficient Regulation not sufficient – burdensome, inflexible, ineffective in predicting future use– burdensome, inflexible, ineffective in predicting future use

Congestion – Congestion – PBR, mobile telephony, terrestrial BC, fixed PBR, mobile telephony, terrestrial BC, fixed linkslinks

Telecoms policyTelecoms policy

RA or SMO’sRA or SMO’sPricing – Pricing – cost based pricing undervalues spectrum – leads to cost based pricing undervalues spectrum – leads to

wastage & apparent shortagewastage & apparent shortage

Spectrum rightsSpectrum rights

Secondary tradingSecondary trading

AuctionsAuctions

enforcementenforcement

108BAL

Green paper 1994Green paper 1994

Response:Response: pricing – 70% - reform desirablepricing – 70% - reform desirable

prefer administrative pricingprefer administrative pricing secondary trading – mixed responsesecondary trading – mixed response

organisation – yes to self managed SMOsorganisation – yes to self managed SMOs no to commercial SMOsno to commercial SMOs RA should enforceRA should enforce RA’s function – core spectrum managementRA’s function – core spectrum management impartialimpartial

independentindependent accountableaccountable

109BAL

Wireless Telegraphy Act 1998Wireless Telegraphy Act 1998

Licence feesLicence fees

prescribed by regulation, orprescribed by regulation, or

as determined by the Secretary of Stateas determined by the Secretary of State

Regulations may:Regulations may:

make different provisions for different casesmake different provisions for different cases

confer exemptionsconfer exemptions

fees may be refundedfees may be refunded

make transitional arrangementsmake transitional arrangements

Fees may be greater than necessary for cost recoveryFees may be greater than necessary for cost recovery

May undertake or arrange research and developmentMay undertake or arrange research and development

May make grantsMay make grants

110BAL

Satellite ServicesSatellite Services

111BAL

Fixed satellite serviceFixed satellite service

RR1.20RR1.20fixed servicefixed service: : AA radiocommunication service radiocommunication service between specified between specified fixed points.fixed points.

RR1.21RR1.21fixed-satellite servicefixed-satellite service: : AA radiocommunication service radiocommunication service between between earth earth stationsstations at given positions, when one or more at given positions, when one or more satellitessatellites are used; the given position may be a are used; the given position may be a specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified areas; in some cases this service specified areas; in some cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also be operated in thebe operated in the inter-satellite service inter-satellite service; the ; the fixed-satellite service may also includefixed-satellite service may also include feeder feeder linkslinks for other for other space radiocommunication space radiocommunication servicesservices..

112BAL

FSS allocationsFSS allocations

WARC 1963WARC 19633400 - 4200 MHz (down-links) [i.e. space to 3400 - 4200 MHz (down-links) [i.e. space to Earth]Earth]

4400 - 4700 MHz (up-links)4400 - 4700 MHz (up-links)


7250 - 7750 MHz (down-links)7250 - 7750 MHz (down-links)


113BAL


WARC-71 added allocations for FSS at WARC-71 added allocations for FSS at higher frequencies:higher frequencies:

10.95 - 11.2 GHz (down-links)10.95 - 11.2 GHz (down-links)


11.7 - 12.2 GHz (down-links) (Region 2 only)11.7 - 12.2 GHz (down-links) (Region 2 only)

12.5 - 12.75 GHz (down-links) (Region 1 only)12.5 - 12.75 GHz (down-links) (Region 1 only)

14.0 - 14.5 GHz (up-links)14.0 - 14.5 GHz (up-links)


27.5 - 31.0 GHz (up-links)27.5 - 31.0 GHz (up-links)

plus several pairs of bands between 35 and 275 plus several pairs of bands between 35 and 275 GHz and narrow bands at 2.6 GHz.GHz and narrow bands at 2.6 GHz.

114BAL


WARC 1988WARC 1988down-links down-links up-links up-links

5.15 - 5.25 5.15 - 5.25 3.4 - 4.2 and 4.5 - 4.8 3.4 - 4.2 and 4.5 - 4.8 5.725 - 7.075 5.725 - 7.075 7.25 - 7.75 7.25 - 7.75 7.9 - 8.4 7.9 - 8.4 10.7 - 11.7 10.7 - 11.7 12.5 - 13.25 12.5 - 13.25 12.5 - 12.75 12.5 - 12.75 12.75 - 13.25 12.75 - 13.25 15.43 - 15.6315.43 - 15.63 17.3 - 17.717.3 - 17.7 17.7 - 21.2 17.7 - 21.2 27.5 - 31.0 27.5 - 31.0 37.5 - 40.537.5 - 40.5 42.5 - 43.5 42.5 - 43.5

47.2 - 50.247.2 - 50.2 50.4 - 51.450.4 - 51.4

plus several pairs of bands at higher frequencies.plus several pairs of bands at higher frequencies.

115BAL

Almost all of the FSS bands are shared Almost all of the FSS bands are shared

with other serviceswith other services

Elaborate means are used to enable Elaborate means are used to enable this this

shared useshared use

116BAL

Mobile Satellite serviceMobile Satellite service

RR1.24RR1.24 mobile service: mobile service: AA radiocommunication radiocommunication serviceservice between between mobile mobile and and land stations land stations, or , or betweenbetween mobile stations mobile stationsRR1.25RR1.25 mobile-satellite service: mobile-satellite service: AA radiocommunication service:radiocommunication service: – – betweenbetween mobile earth stations mobile earth stations and one or more and one or more

space stationsspace stations, or between, or between space stations space stations used used

by this service; orby this service; or – – between between mobile earth stationsmobile earth stations by means of one by means of one

or more or more space stationsspace stations..

This service may also includeThis service may also include feeder links feeder links necessary for necessary for its operationits operation

117BAL

RR1.67RR1.67mobile station: mobile station: AA station station in the in the mobile mobile serviceservice intended to be used while in motion or intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points.during halts at unspecified points.

RR1.68RR1.68mobile earth station: mobile earth station: AnAn earth station earth station in the in the mobile-satellite servicemobile-satellite service intended to be used while intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points.in motion or during halts at unspecified points.

RR1.69RR1.69land station: land station: AA station station in the in the mobile mobile serviceservice not intended to be used while in motion. not intended to be used while in motion.

base station: base station: in thein the land mobile service land mobile service..coast station: coast station: in thein the maritime mobile maritime mobile

serviceservice.. aeronautical station: aeronautical station: in thein the aeronautical aeronautical mobile mobile

serviceservice..

118BAL

a radio station which is on wheels and a radio station which is on wheels and roadworthy but is only operated while it is roadworthy but is only operated while it is stationary at one or more specified points may be stationary at one or more specified points may be a fixed station, because its use of frequencies can a fixed station, because its use of frequencies can be co-ordinated with the use made by other fixed be co-ordinated with the use made by other fixed stations of the same frequencies. stations of the same frequencies.

, a transportable station which is set up to operate , a transportable station which is set up to operate at unspecified points but is always stationary at unspecified points but is always stationary when it is in operation is nevertheless classified as when it is in operation is nevertheless classified as mobile.mobile.

119BAL

FSS needs very large allocated bandwidth because of FSS needs very large allocated bandwidth because of the information flow the information flow

- sharing constraints devised to allow both FSS & FS - sharing constraints devised to allow both FSS & FS

to operate in the same frequency band,to operate in the same frequency band,

(more difficult for small dish systems)(more difficult for small dish systems)

MSS systems use quite small earth station antennas. MSS systems use quite small earth station antennas.

- demands high down-link PFD & high up-link - demands high down-link PFD & high up-link receiver receiver

sensitivity, - sharing difficult.sensitivity, - sharing difficult.

120BAL

Choice of radio frequencyChoice of radio frequency

For all satellite systems: cost of RF power to For all satellite systems: cost of RF power to

satellite antenna is high - desirable to select satellite antenna is high - desirable to select

frequency bands to maximise C/N ratiofrequency bands to maximise C/N ratio

For FSS choice is simple; allocated bands start at For FSS choice is simple; allocated bands start at 3.4 GHz - desirable to use bands close to this 3.4 GHz - desirable to use bands close to this bottom limit, but relatively small penalty for bottom limit, but relatively small penalty for higher frequencies up to say 15 GHz. higher frequencies up to say 15 GHz.

(rain attenuation significant at higher frequencies)(rain attenuation significant at higher frequencies)

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Choice of radio frequencyChoice of radio frequency

For MSS, assume gain of satellite antenna is fixed - For MSS, assume gain of satellite antenna is fixed - determined by the required coverage area. determined by the required coverage area. (a) (a) As frequency reduced, size of satellite antenna As frequency reduced, size of satellite antenna for constant gain increases,for constant gain increases, as it gets too big to launch, gain of the satellite as it gets too big to launch, gain of the satellite antenna may start to fall away below a certain antenna may start to fall away below a certain frequency, frequency, ( b) ( b) For given satellite antenna gain & given earth For given satellite antenna gain & given earth station antenna size, transmission loss constantstation antenna size, transmission loss constant regardless of operating frequency. regardless of operating frequency. - but mobile station antenna gain increases & - but mobile station antenna gain increases & beamwidth reduces, - more costly trackingbeamwidth reduces, - more costly tracking

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(c) (c) antennas of constant gain at both satellite & antennas of constant gain at both satellite &

earth station:earth station:

- transmission loss - transmission loss increases by 20 dB for 10-increases by 20 dB for 10-fold fold

increase in frequency. increase in frequency.

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satellite tracking capabilities of satellite tracking capabilities of mobile earth station mobile earth station

(a) (a) simple, cheap antenna with no tracking:simple, cheap antenna with no tracking:

gain about 8 dBi; small enough to mount on most gain about 8 dBi; small enough to mount on most

vehicles, regardless of frequency, vehicles, regardless of frequency,

(b) (b) antenna on ship or aircraft with 10º beamwidth: antenna on ship or aircraft with 10º beamwidth:

simple tracking system. simple tracking system.

gain about 25 dBi. (at 2 GHz, diameter 1 gain about 25 dBi. (at 2 GHz, diameter 1 metre),.metre),.

(c) where high cost is tolerable(c) where high cost is tolerable, much better , much better tracking tracking

is feasible, is feasible,

for 1º minimum beamwidth & 1 metre max diam. for 1º minimum beamwidth & 1 metre max diam.

gain about 45 dBi for frequencies above 20 GHz, gain about 45 dBi for frequencies above 20 GHz,

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minimum earth station antenna size, minimum minimum earth station antenna size, minimum cost system, - frequencies well below 1 GHz cost system, - frequencies well below 1 GHz desirable, particularly for wide coverage systems. desirable, particularly for wide coverage systems.

larger earth terminal antenna of medium cost larger earth terminal antenna of medium cost (e.g. (e.g.

INMARSAT), transmission loss is less, - optimum INMARSAT), transmission loss is less, - optimum frequency band, say 800 MHz to 2 GHz frequency band, say 800 MHz to 2 GHz

high performance, high cost earth terminal, high performance, high cost earth terminal,

- frequency range spreads from below 1 GHz to - frequency range spreads from below 1 GHz to at least 30 or 40 GHz, ( beware of rain at least 30 or 40 GHz, ( beware of rain attenuation at the higher frequencies)attenuation at the higher frequencies)

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MSS frequency allocationsMSS frequency allocations

137 - 138 MHz137 - 138 MHz down link partly secondary allocationsdown link partly secondary allocations148 - 150.05148 - 150.05 up linkup link235 - 322235 - 322 footnote provision- not causing interferencefootnote provision- not causing interference312 - 315312 - 315 up linkup link335.4 - 399.9 335.4 - 399.9 footnote provision - not causing interferencefootnote provision - not causing interference387 - 390387 - 390 down linkdown link399.9 - 400.05399.9 - 400.05 up linkup link400.15 - 401400.15 - 401 down linkdown link406 - 406.1406 - 406.1 up linkup link455 - 456455 - 456 ) Region 2 only) Region 2 only459 - 460459 - 460 ) up link) up link

1525 - 1559 MHz down link ) mainly maritime and aeronautical 1525 - 1559 MHz down link ) mainly maritime and aeronautical

) mobile with some land) mobile with some land1610 - 1660.51610 - 1660.5 up link ) mobile as secondary in some up link ) mobile as secondary in some

partsparts

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MSS frequency allocationsMSS frequency allocations

1980 - 20101980 - 2010 up link up link

2170 - 22002170 - 2200 down link down link

2483.5 – 2520 down link2483.5 – 2520 down link

2670 - 26902670 - 2690 up link up link

7250 - 7375 down-link ) footnote provision 7250 - 7375 down-link ) footnote provision

7900 - 8025 up-link ) - no interference7900 - 8025 up-link ) - no interference

19.7 - 21.2 GHz19.7 - 21.2 GHz down-link down-link

29.5 - 3129.5 - 31 up link up link

And some higher bandsAnd some higher bands

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Broadcast Satellite ServiceBroadcast Satellite Service

RR1.38 RR1.38 broadcasting service: broadcasting service: AA radiocommunication service radiocommunication service in which the in which the transmissions are intended for direct reception by transmissions are intended for direct reception by the general public. This service may include the general public. This service may include sound transmissions,sound transmissions, television television transmissions or transmissions or other types of transmission other types of transmission

RR1.39RR1.39 broadcasting-satellite service: broadcasting-satellite service: AA radiocommunication service radiocommunication service in which signals in which signals transmitted or retransmitted bytransmitted or retransmitted by space stations space stations are intended for direct reception by the general are intended for direct reception by the general public.public.

In the broadcasting-satellite service, the term “direct In the broadcasting-satellite service, the term “direct reception” shall encompass bothreception” shall encompass both individual reception individual reception and and community receptioncommunity reception..

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BSS frequency allocationsBSS frequency allocations

TV down links:TV down links:

620 - 790 MHz. - footnote620 - 790 MHz. - footnote 2520 - 2670 MHz. 2520 - 2670 MHz. - shared band, limited to “national - shared band, limited to “national

and and

regional” BSS networks for community regional” BSS networks for community receptionreception

main bands main bands

Region 1; 11.7 - 12.5 GHzRegion 1; 11.7 - 12.5 GHz



and higher frequenciesand higher frequencies

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BSS frequency allocationsBSS frequency allocations

Sound broadcast down linksSound broadcast down links

1452 to 1492 MHz - limited to dab1452 to 1492 MHz - limited to dab

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BSS feeder linksBSS feeder links

10.7 - 11.7 GHz. (Reg 1 only) (shared with FSS 10.7 - 11.7 GHz. (Reg 1 only) (shared with FSS downlinks)downlinks)

14.5 - 14.8 GHz. (excluding Europe)14.5 - 14.8 GHz. (excluding Europe)

17.3 - 18.1 GHz. (part shared with FSS downlinks)17.3 - 18.1 GHz. (part shared with FSS downlinks)

and higher frequenciesand higher frequencies

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Other space servicesOther space services

11 other space radio services11 other space radio services ISSISS inter-satellite service hardly used so farinter-satellite service hardly used so far AmSS amateur satellite service – widely usedAmSS amateur satellite service – widely used Other 9 services:Other 9 services:

typically operated by governments, etctypically operated by governments, etc

- - satellites not usually geostationarysatellites not usually geostationary earth stations are few & can be located to earth stations are few & can be located to

avoid avoid interference from terrestrial stationsinterference from terrestrial stations

- - frequency allocations are many but narrow, frequency allocations are many but narrow,

often national & often secondaryoften national & often secondary

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Inter-satellite serviceInter-satellite service

54.25 - 58.2 GHz 54.25 - 58.2 GHz 126 - 134 GHz126 - 134 GHz

59 - 64 GHz 59 - 64 GHz 170 - 182 GHz170 - 182 GHz

116 - 126 GHz 116 - 126 GHz 185 - 190 GHz185 - 190 GHz

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Amateur satellite serviceAmateur satellite service

Most amateur allocations also available for the Most amateur allocations also available for the amateur satellite serviceamateur satellite service

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Radiodetermination satellite Radiodetermination satellite serviceservice

RR 1.9 radiodetermination: “the determination of RR 1.9 radiodetermination: “the determination of the position, velocity and/or other characteristics the position, velocity and/or other characteristics of an object, or the obtaining of information of an object, or the obtaining of information relating to these parameters, by means of the relating to these parameters, by means of the propagation properties of radio waves”.propagation properties of radio waves”.

radionavigation (RN) service - involve safety radionavigation (RN) service - involve safety of life factorsof life factors

radiolocation (RL) serviceradiolocation (RL) service - - no direct safety no direct safety of life factorsof life factors

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Radiodetermination satellite Radiodetermination satellite serviceservice

149.9 - 150.05 MHz & 399.9 - 400.05 MHz. - were 149.9 - 150.05 MHz & 399.9 - 400.05 MHz. - were used used

for Transit for Transit

1215 - 1350 MHz (down-links). - GPS1215 - 1350 MHz (down-links). - GPS

1559 - 1610 MHz (down-links). - GPS & GLONASS1559 - 1610 MHz (down-links). - GPS & GLONASS

14.3 - 14.4 GHz (down-links). - secondary 14.3 - 14.4 GHz (down-links). - secondary allocationallocation

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Space research satellite serviceSpace research satellite serviceearth exploration satellite serviceearth exploration satellite service

space research service (SRS) - “in which space research service (SRS) - “in which spacecraft or other objects in space are used for spacecraft or other objects in space are used for scientific or technological research purposes”. scientific or technological research purposes”.

earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) – “... in earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) – “... in which:which:

information relating to the characteristics of the earth and information relating to the characteristics of the earth and its natural phenomena is obtained from active ... or passive its natural phenomena is obtained from active ... or passive sensors on earth satellites,sensors on earth satellites,

similar information is collected from airborne or earth-similar information is collected from airborne or earth-based platforms,based platforms,

such information may be distributed to earth stations such information may be distributed to earth stations within the system concerned, platform within the system concerned, platform interrogation may interrogation may be included.”be included.”

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meteorological satellite servicemeteorological satellite service

meteorological-satellite service (MetSS) - “an EESS meteorological-satellite service (MetSS) - “an EESS for meteorological purposes.”for meteorological purposes.”

These 3 services all need frequency allocations for These 3 services all need frequency allocations for three kinds of use:three kinds of use:

- - active sensorsactive sensors

- - passive sensorspassive sensors

- for transmission of observed data, control - for transmission of observed data, control signals signals

etc., etc.,

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Space research satellite serviceSpace research satellite serviceearth exploration satellite serviceearth exploration satellite servicemeteorological satellite servicemeteorological satellite service

Active sensors, bands centred on:Active sensors, bands centred on:

1250 MHz 1250 MHz 8600 MHz 8600 MHz 17.25 GHz 17.25 GHz 78.5 GHz78.5 GHz

3200 MHz 3200 MHz 9650 MHz 9650 MHz 24.15 GHz24.15 GHz

5300 MHz 5300 MHz 13.7 GHz 13.7 GHz 35.55 GHz35.55 GHz Passive sensors, bands centred on:Passive sensors, bands centred on: 1385 MHz 1385 MHz 7160 MHz 7160 MHz 21.3 GHz21.3 GHz 1412 MHz 1412 MHz 10.64 GHz 10.64 GHz 22.23 GHz22.23 GHz 2647 MHz 2647 MHz 10.69 GHz 10.69 GHz 23.8 GHz23.8 GHz 2670 MHz 2670 MHz 15.27 GHz 15.27 GHz 31.4 GHz31.4 GHz 4970 MHz 4970 MHz 15.37 GHz 15.37 GHz 31.65 GHz31.65 GHz 6475 MHz 6475 MHz 18.7 GHz 18.7 GHz 36.5 GHz.36.5 GHz.

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meteorological satellite servicemeteorological satellite service

400.15 - 401 MHz, down-links, primary.400.15 - 401 MHz, down-links, primary.

401 - 403 MHz, up-links, secondary.401 - 403 MHz, up-links, secondary.

460 - 470 MHz, down-links, secondary, shared460 - 470 MHz, down-links, secondary, shared

1670 - 1710 MHz, down-links, primary.1670 - 1710 MHz, down-links, primary.

7450 - 7550 MHz, down-links, primary, shared7450 - 7550 MHz, down-links, primary, shared

8175 - 8215 MHz, up-links, primary, shared 8175 - 8215 MHz, up-links, primary, shared

18.1 - 18.3 GHz, down-links, primary, limited to 18.1 - 18.3 GHz, down-links, primary, limited to

GSO & shared GSO & shared

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Space operation serviceSpace operation service

6 very narrow allocations,6 very narrow allocations,- primarily for use in the launch phaseprimarily for use in the launch phase

Standard Frequency and Time Signal Standard Frequency and Time Signal

satellite servicesatellite service

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Radio AstronomyRadio Astronomy

RR 1.13 “astronomy based on the reception of RR 1.13 “astronomy based on the reception of radio waves of cosmic origin”.radio waves of cosmic origin”.

Included as a radio service as it requires protection Included as a radio service as it requires protection from interferencefrom interference

Many allocations throughout the spectrumMany allocations throughout the spectrum

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Case Study - HDFSSCase Study - HDFSS

continuing growth in demand for high data rate continuing growth in demand for high data rate servicesservices

radio services have advantages of flexibility and radio services have advantages of flexibility and rapid deployment. rapid deployment.

terrestrial schemes for HD FWA at SHF or EHF terrestrial schemes for HD FWA at SHF or EHF require extensive infrastructure require extensive infrastructure

limits rate of system deployment limits rate of system deployment

may never be available in more rural areas.may never be available in more rural areas.

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scope for introduction of high density scope for introduction of high density satellite services. satellite services.

e.g. Teledesice.g. Teledesic

continue to be opportunities for both GSO continue to be opportunities for both GSO and non-GSO services.and non-GSO services.

Resolution 143 (WRC-03)Resolution 143 (WRC-03)

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Frequency bands for HDFSSFrequency bands for HDFSS

space to earth space to earth earth to spaceearth to space17.3-17.7 GHz Reg 1 27.5-27.82 GHz 17.3-17.7 GHz Reg 1 27.5-27.82 GHz Reg 1Reg 118.3-19.3 GHz Reg 218.3-19.3 GHz Reg 2 28.35-28.45 GHz Reg 228.35-28.45 GHz Reg 219.7-20.2 GHz 19.7-20.2 GHz 28.45-28.94 GHz 28.45-28.94 GHz

28.94-29.1 GHz 28.94-29.1 GHz Reg 2 & Reg 2 & 33

29.25-29.46 GHz 29.25-29.46 GHz Reg 2Reg 239.5-40 GHz Reg 1 29.46-30 GHz 39.5-40 GHz Reg 1 29.46-30 GHz 40-40.5 GHz40-40.5 GHz40.5-42 GHz Reg 240.5-42 GHz Reg 247.5-47.9 GHz Reg 147.5-47.9 GHz Reg 148.2-48.54 GHz Reg 148.2-48.54 GHz Reg 149.44-50.2 GHz Reg 149.44-50.2 GHz Reg 1 48.2-50.2 GHz 48.2-50.2 GHz Reg 2Reg 2

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Radio Regulations state:Radio Regulations state:

identification for HDFSS does not preclude identification for HDFSS does not preclude the use of these bands by other FSS the use of these bands by other FSS applications or by other services to which applications or by other services to which these bands are allocated on a co-primary these bands are allocated on a co-primary basisbasis

does not establish priority in these does not establish priority in these Regulations among users of the bandsRegulations among users of the bands

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RESOLUTION 143 (WRC-03)RESOLUTION 143 (WRC-03)Guidelines for the implementation of high-density Guidelines for the implementation of high-density applications in the fixed-satellite service in applications in the fixed-satellite service in frequency bands identified for these applicationsfrequency bands identified for these applications

The World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 2003),The World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 2003),consideringconsideringa)a) that demand has been increasing steadily for global broadband that demand has been increasing steadily for global broadband

communication services throughout the world, such as those provided by high-communication services throughout the world, such as those provided by high-density applications in the fixed-satellite service (HDFSS);density applications in the fixed-satellite service (HDFSS);

b)b) that HDFSS systems are characterized by flexible, rapid and ubiquitous that HDFSS systems are characterized by flexible, rapid and ubiquitous deployment of large numbers of cost-optimized earth stations employing small deployment of large numbers of cost-optimized earth stations employing small antennas and having common technical characteristics;antennas and having common technical characteristics;

c)c) that HDFSS is an advanced broadband communication application that HDFSS is an advanced broadband communication application concept that will provide access to a wide range of broadband concept that will provide access to a wide range of broadband telecommunication applications supported by fixed telecommunication networks telecommunication applications supported by fixed telecommunication networks (including the Internet), and thus will complement other telecommunication (including the Internet), and thus will complement other telecommunication systems;systems;

d)d) that, as with other FSS systems, HDFSS offers great potential to that, as with other FSS systems, HDFSS offers great potential to establish telecommunication infrastructure rapidly;establish telecommunication infrastructure rapidly;

e)e) that HDFSS applications can be provided by satellites of any orbital that HDFSS applications can be provided by satellites of any orbital type;type;

f)f) that interference mitigation techniques have been and continue to be studied in that interference mitigation techniques have been and continue to be studied in ITU‑R to facilitate sharing between HDFSS earth stations and terrestrial services;ITU‑R to facilitate sharing between HDFSS earth stations and terrestrial services;

g)g) that to date, studies have not concluded on the practicability of that to date, studies have not concluded on the practicability of implementation of interference mitigation techniques for all HDFSS earth implementation of interference mitigation techniques for all HDFSS earth stations,stations,

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notingnotinga)a) that No. 5.516B identifies bands for HDFSS;that No. 5.516B identifies bands for HDFSS;b)b) that, in some of these bands, the FSS allocations are co‑primary with fixed that, in some of these bands, the FSS allocations are co‑primary with fixed

and mobile service allocations as well as other services;and mobile service allocations as well as other services;c)c) that this identification does not preclude the use of these bands by other that this identification does not preclude the use of these bands by other

services or by other FSS applications, and does not establish priority in these services or by other FSS applications, and does not establish priority in these Regulations among users of the bands;Regulations among users of the bands;

d)d) that, in the band 18.6-18.8 GHz, the FSS allocation is co-primary with the that, in the band 18.6-18.8 GHz, the FSS allocation is co-primary with the Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) (passive) with the restrictions of Nos. 5.522A Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) (passive) with the restrictions of Nos. 5.522A and 5.522B;and 5.522B;

e)e) that radio astronomy observations are carried out in the 48.94-49.04 GHz that radio astronomy observations are carried out in the 48.94-49.04 GHz band, and that such observations require protection at notified radio astronomy band, and that such observations require protection at notified radio astronomy stations;stations;

f)f) that co-frequency sharing between transmitting HDFSS earth stations and terrestrial that co-frequency sharing between transmitting HDFSS earth stations and terrestrial services is difficult in the same geographical area;services is difficult in the same geographical area;

g)g) that co‑frequency sharing between receiving HDFSS earth stations and that co‑frequency sharing between receiving HDFSS earth stations and terrestrial stations in the same geographical area may be facilitated through the terrestrial stations in the same geographical area may be facilitated through the implementation of interference mitigation techniques, if practicable;implementation of interference mitigation techniques, if practicable;

h)h) that many FSS systems with other types of earth stations and characteristics that many FSS systems with other types of earth stations and characteristics have already been brought into use or are planned to be brought into use in some of have already been brought into use or are planned to be brought into use in some of the frequency bands identified for HDFSS in No. 5.516B;the frequency bands identified for HDFSS in No. 5.516B;

i)i) that HDFSSthat HDFSS stations in these bands are expected to be deployed in large numbers stations in these bands are expected to be deployed in large numbers over urban, suburban and rural areas of large geographical extent;over urban, suburban and rural areas of large geographical extent;

j)j) that the 50.2-50.4 GHz band, adjacent to the band 48.2-50.2 GHz (Earth-to-space) that the 50.2-50.4 GHz band, adjacent to the band 48.2-50.2 GHz (Earth-to-space) identified for HDFSS in Region 2, is allocated to the EESS (passive),identified for HDFSS in Region 2, is allocated to the EESS (passive),

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recognizingrecognizing

a)a) that in cases where FSS earth stations use bands that are shared on a that in cases where FSS earth stations use bands that are shared on a co-primary basis with terrestrial services, the Radio Regulations stipulate that co-primary basis with terrestrial services, the Radio Regulations stipulate that earth stations of the FSS shall be individually notified to the Bureau when their earth stations of the FSS shall be individually notified to the Bureau when their coordination contours extend into the territory of another administration;coordination contours extend into the territory of another administration;

b)b) that, as a consequence of their general characteristics, it is expected that, as a consequence of their general characteristics, it is expected that the coordination of HDFSS earth stations with fixed service stations on an that the coordination of HDFSS earth stations with fixed service stations on an individual site-by-site basis between administrations will be a difficult and long individual site-by-site basis between administrations will be a difficult and long process;process;

c)c) that, to minimize the burden for administrations, simplified that, to minimize the burden for administrations, simplified coordination procedures and provisions can be agreed by administrations for coordination procedures and provisions can be agreed by administrations for large numbers of similar HDFSS earth stations associated with a given satellite large numbers of similar HDFSS earth stations associated with a given satellite system;system;

d)d) that harmonized worldwide bands for HDFSS would facilitate the that harmonized worldwide bands for HDFSS would facilitate the implementation of HDFSS, thereby helping to maximize global access and implementation of HDFSS, thereby helping to maximize global access and economies of scale,economies of scale,

recognizing furtherrecognizing further

that HDFSS applications implemented on FSS networks and systems are subject that HDFSS applications implemented on FSS networks and systems are subject to all provisions of the Radio Regulations applicable to the FSS, such as to all provisions of the Radio Regulations applicable to the FSS, such as coordination and notification pursuant to Articles 9 and 11, including any coordination and notification pursuant to Articles 9 and 11, including any requirements to coordinate with terrestrial services across international requirements to coordinate with terrestrial services across international borders, and the provisions of Articles 21 and 22,borders, and the provisions of Articles 21 and 22,

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resolvesresolves

that administrations which implement HDFSS should consider the following that administrations which implement HDFSS should consider the following guidelines:guidelines:

a)a) making some or all of the frequency bands identified in No. 5.516B making some or all of the frequency bands identified in No. 5.516B available for HDFSS applications;available for HDFSS applications;

b)b) in making frequency bands available under in making frequency bands available under resolves a)resolves a), take into , take into account:account:

–– that HDFSS deployment will be simplified in bands that are not shared with that HDFSS deployment will be simplified in bands that are not shared with terrestrial services;terrestrial services;

– – in in bands shared with terrestrial services, the impact that the further in in bands shared with terrestrial services, the impact that the further deployment of terrestrial stations would have on the existing and future deployment of terrestrial stations would have on the existing and future development of HDFSS, and the further deployment of HDFSS earth stations development of HDFSS, and the further deployment of HDFSS earth stations would have on the existing and future development of terrestrial services;would have on the existing and future development of terrestrial services;

c)c) take into account the relevant technical characteristics applicable take into account the relevant technical characteristics applicable to HDFSS, as identified by ITU‑R Recommendations (e.g. Recommendations to HDFSS, as identified by ITU‑R Recommendations (e.g. Recommendations ITU‑R S.524‑7 and ITU‑R S.1594);ITU‑R S.524‑7 and ITU‑R S.1594);

d)d) take into account other existing and planned FSS systems, having take into account other existing and planned FSS systems, having different characteristics, in frequency bands where HDFSS is implemented in different characteristics, in frequency bands where HDFSS is implemented in accordance with accordance with resolves a)resolves a) above and the conditions specified in above and the conditions specified in No. 5.516B,No. 5.516B,

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invites administrationsinvites administrations

11 to give due consideration to the benefits of harmonized utilization of the spectrum for to give due consideration to the benefits of harmonized utilization of the spectrum for HDFSS on a global basis, taking into account the use and planned use of these HDFSS on a global basis, taking into account the use and planned use of these bands by all other services to which these bands are allocated, as well as other types bands by all other services to which these bands are allocated, as well as other types of FSS applications;of FSS applications;

22 to consider implementing simplified procedures and provisions that facilitate the to consider implementing simplified procedures and provisions that facilitate the deployment of HDFSS systems in some or all of the bands identified in No. 5.516B;deployment of HDFSS systems in some or all of the bands identified in No. 5.516B;

33 when considering the deployment of HDFSS systems in the upper portion of the band when considering the deployment of HDFSS systems in the upper portion of the band 48.2-50.2 GHz, to take into account as appropriate the potential impact such 48.2-50.2 GHz, to take into account as appropriate the potential impact such deployment may have on the satellite passive services in the adjacent band 50.2-deployment may have on the satellite passive services in the adjacent band 50.2-50.4 GHz, and to participate in ITU‑R studies on the compatibility between these 50.4 GHz, and to participate in ITU‑R studies on the compatibility between these services, taking into account No. 5.340;services, taking into account No. 5.340;

44 to, given to, given invitesinvites 3 above, and where practicable, consider starting the deployment of 3 above, and where practicable, consider starting the deployment of HDFSS earth stations in the lower part of the band 48.2-50.2 GHzHDFSS earth stations in the lower part of the band 48.2-50.2 GHz

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Frequency reuse?Frequency reuse?

Can HDFSS really be described as high Can HDFSS really be described as high density?density?

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BAL 1 The Radio Spectrum: utilisation and management Les Barclay.

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