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Balancing Childcare, Elderly care and Work:
Double Responsibility of Care
JunkoYamashitaSchoolofSociology,Poli-csandInterna-onalStudies
UniversityofBristol
ThisresearchisfundedbytheJapanSocietyforthePromo-onofScience,undertheresearchproject-tled“ACompara-veStudyofDoubleResponsibili-esofCareinEastAsia”,Grand-in-AidforScien-ficResearch(Scien-ficResearch[B]:No.24310192)andbytheCenterforEconomicandSocialStudiesinAsia(CESSA)atYokohamaNa-onalUniversity.
Double Responsibility of Care
Situa-onsinwhichwomen(ormen)havetosimultaneouslyprovideelderlycareandchildcare
Mul-plecaringrela-onshipsinin-mate/familyrela-onships
Emerging Double Responsibility of Care: Background in Japan Latemarriage(29.2yearsold)+laterageatfirstbirth(30.3yearsold)Lowbirthrate(TFR1.43)Agingsociety(25.1%)Numberof“double-carehouseholds”
• Smallersiblingandrela-venetwork• Theexpansionofelderlyandchildcareinthelasttwodecadesàrelyingtosomedegreeonexis-nglong-termcareandchildcareservices.
Research on Double Responsibility of Care • Insufficientresearchondoubleresponsibilityofcare
• Socialcare• Worklifebalance/Newsocialrisks• Sociologyoffamily/familypolicy• Sandwichgenera-onandintergenera-onalrela-ons
demographicalunderstanding;Processofbecomingdoublecarer;Life-workbalance;Well-beingandhealth• lieleavailabledataexistsregardingdoubleresponsibilityofcare.
Double Responsibility of Care Project
Projectstartedwiththeaim• Toexaminetheexperienceofwomenfacingthedoubleresponsibilityofcare
• Toiden-fyfutureriskstowomen,family,communi-es,andsocialpolicyinJapanandotherEAsocie-es
• Tocontributetothedevelopmentofsociologicalandsocialpolicyunderstandingofcareandintergenera-onalrela-onships.
Double ResponsibiliBes of Care Project
APartofawiderproject‘DoubleResponsibilityofCareinEastAsia’
• Prof.NaokoSoma(YokohamaNa-onalUniversity,Japan)=PI• Dr.RaymondK.H.CHAN,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong• Dr.DayoungSONG,IncheonNa-onalUniversity,SouthKorea• Dr.KateYeong-TsyrWANG,Na-onalTaiwanNormalUniversity,Taiwan
1stBabyboomersBornin1947-1949
2ndBabyboomersBornin1971-1974
Elderlycare
Childcare
Childrenof2ndBabyboomers
- Expansionofpubliccareprovision- Changesinfamilyrela-onshipsandhouseholdstructure- Transforma-onoflabourmarket
Care policy and pracBce in Japan ElderlycareTheintroduc-onofLTCIAct(2000),arela-velygenerouscoverage;17.46%ofover65areeligibletoreceivepublicallyfunded(LTCI)services,providingcomprehensiveins-tu-onalandhomebasedservices.Astrongerstate’sfinancialcommitmentsthanotherEAsocie-es.ChildcareThederegula-onofchildcareprovidersandthemechanismofquasimarkethavebeenpromotedsince1990sresultedintheexpansionoffor-profitorganisa-ons.Theproblemof‘caredeficit(wholedaynurseryandshort-termnursery)’hasbeenaseriousissueespeciallyinurbanarea,whileinlocalareaskindergartensdoNOTmeetchildren’squota.
People aged 65 and over living in institutions and receiving formal care at home as a share of people aged 65 and over, 2000 and 2006 (OECD 2009)
PopulaBon aged 65 years and over receiving long-term care 2011
22.1
20.3 19.1
17.6 17.4 16.7 16.3
14.5 13.1 13.0 12.8 12.7
12.3 11.7 11.2 11.2
7.2 6.7 6.4 6.4 6.4 5.9
4.1 3.7 3.4 3.2
0.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Institutions Home % of population aged 65 years and over
Percent distribuBon of relaBonship between main caregivers and persons (65+) requiring care (Japan, 1998)
Living Together 86.1%
Basic Life Style survey 1998
Women
85.2%
Percent distribuBon of relaBonship between main caregivers and persons (65+) requiring care (Japan 2007)
FamilialisaBon and de-familialisaBon
• De-familialisa-on(Lister1994)• Varie-esofFamilialism(Leitner2003)
Threepaeernsalongfamilialism/de-familialisa-oncon-nuum(SaracenoandKeck2010)
• Familialismbydefault/unsupportedfamilialism• Supportedfamilialism• De-familialisa-on
FamilialisaBon and de-familialisaBon
• Familialismbydefault• Supportedfamilialism• De-familialisa-on
ElderlyCare ChildCare
Methodology: Mixed method approach Quan-ta-veapproach(1894cases)+(3375cases=notincludedintheanlaysis)
• 1stStage:quesAonnairesurveyat3childcaresupportcentresinYokohama,inlateSeptember2012.(n=559)
• 2ndStage:mobilesurveyofchildcareemailmagazinesubscribersinYokohama,Shizuoka,Kyoto,KagawaandFukuoka,betweenDecember2012andJanuary2013.(n=933)
• 3rdStage:quesAonnairesurveyatdaycarecentres,aser-schoolday-carecentres,andchildcaresupportcentresinYokohama,KanagawaandKyoto,fromNovember2013toFebruary2014.(n=402)
Qualita-veapproach(on-going)• 49semi-structuredinterviews• 13focusgroups
Methodology (ComparaBve)QuanAtaAvesurvey:purposivesampling,motherswhoarewithachildagedunder6(forTaiwanandHongKong,alsoparents/parents-in-lawtobetakencareof)in2012-2014.Samplesize(total3372):• Japan–1,894(+3000bytheendof2016)• Korea–556• Taiwan-331• HongKong–591
QualitaAvein-depthinterviewheldin2013/14fromrespondentsdrawnfromthesurveywhoarewith/haveexperienceddouble-careandagreedtobeinterviewed.20to30samplesineachcountries(total109cases).
3.6
2.2
2.3
10.1
10.2
9.7
8.5
10.4
10.0
8.7
7.9
1.6
2.2
3.5
4.3
9.3
2.8
8.5
9.8
8.8
6.5
6.3
11.3
9.4
8.7
29.3
16.7
27.6
22.5
16.4
16.2
21.7
17.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
DistrictA
DistrictS
DistrictT
Yokohama
Shizuoka
Kyoto
Kagawa
Fukuoka
Kanagawa,Yokohama
Kyoto
Firststage
Second
stage
Third
stage
Total
Currentlyexperiencing Haveexperiencedinthepast Willexperienceinthenearfuture
(infants'andtheirmothers'supportcentres)
(childrearingemailmagazine)
(nursery,short-termnursery,aserschoolservices)
Quan-ta-veSurveyResults(5)EmploymentStatusofrespondents
Regularfull--meemployee
Regularfull--meemployee
Part--meemployee
Part--meemployee
Housewife
Housewife
Unemployed
Unemployed
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Currentlyexperiencing
Experiencedinthepast
Willexperienceinthenearfuture
Notfacing
Regularfull--meemployee Part--meemployee
Temp,contract,orcommisionedworker Self-employedorfamilybusiness
Housewife Unemployed
Piecework(athome) Other
Quan-ta-veSurvey(7)Mul-facetedburdensassociatedwithdoublecare
01020304050607080
Psycho
logicalburde
n
Physicalburde
n
Can'ta
dequ
atelycarefo
rparents(parents-in-la
w)
Can'ta
dequ
atelycarefo
rchildren
Diffe
rencesinth
inking
amon
gsib
lingsorrela-
ves
Financialburde
n
Shortageofo
p-on
sfor
externalchildcare
Long-distancecare
Partne
rs'lackof
unde
rstand
ing.
Shortageoflon
g-term
care
services
Donotfe
elaburde
n
Currentlyexperiencing(N=145) Haveexperiencedinthepast(N=115)
Higher burden in Korea and Japan
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Korea
HongKong
Taiwan
Japan
Total
DegreeofDRCburden
Feelburdened ModeratelyburdenedAlieleburdened Notburdened
Currentlyengaged(N=145)
Previouslyengaged(N=115)
Husband 57.24 48.70Friends 22.76 26.96
Caremanager 19.31 16.52
Rela-ves 17.24 18.26
Homehelperoflongtermcareinsurance 13.10 13.04
Nooneavailabletohelp 12.41 16.52Nurseryschoolstaff 10.34 7.83
Staffofcommunitycomprehensivesupportcenters 6.90 5.22Preschool/kindergartenteachers 6.21 6.06
Parents/parents-in-law 5.52 5.22Staffofchildcaresupportcenters 2.76 2.61
Whosupportsdoublecareproviders?
Example of cases : YD
Cohabitate/Full-me-housewife/OnlyChild3children:7and4and1yearsold/36yearsoldDoubleCaresitua-on
Motherisdiabetes,almostblindandwheelchairuser.Husbandisnotaroundhomemuchduetohisoccupa-onasfire-fighters.Aweekscheduleisfilledwithdoublecareac-vi-es.
Highburdenandstress.Reallyexhausted.Financialburdenishighaswell.YD’spreviousjobiskindergartenteacher,sosheisdedicatedtochildcare,butshecannotdowhatshewantstodoforchildrenduetomother’scare.YDstrugglestogooutwithmotherandtwosmallchildren.
Example of cases : YBLivinginthesameneighbourhood(10minuswalk)/Full-me-housewife/Oneoldersister:2children6and2yearsold/38yearsold
DoubleCaresitua-onSuppor-ngfather’severydaylifewhohadastroke,andparalysisinhishalfbody,andmilddemen-a.Shevisitshimeverydayandhelpshimtogotodaycarecentretwiceaweek.Motheristhemaincarer,butiss-llworking.Hermotherisveryupsetabouthishealthsitua-on.YBlistenstohercomplaint.YBhadgoodrela-onshipswithfatherandrespectshim.
Highburdenandstress.Wishingifshedidnothavethesecondson,herlifewouldbebeeerandcouldhaveprovidedmorecaretoherfarther.Triedtouseshortterm/temporalnurseryservices,butwasdifficult.YBfeelssorryforthefirstsonasherinvolvementwithfather’scaregavehimsomeburdenandstress.Shecannottalkwithherfriendsaboutcaringfather,andisfeelingisolated.Shewantedto‘Disappear’whenherfirstsonwasreluctanttogotoschoolandrequiredherintensivesupport,buthadtokeeptakingcareoffatheraswell.
Example of case KA • Livingapart(2hoursdrive)/3part-mejobs/onebrother/• 9,6and3yearsold/37yearsold
DoubleCaresitua-onFatherhadastroke,andphysicaldisabilityandlostspeech.Hewasrecommendedtobeinanursinghome,butKArespectsfather’spreferencetoliveathome.Whenhecamebackhomefromhospital,KAvisitedhimtwiceaweek,butnowrefrainsherselffromvisi-nghimasKAmanagedtoorganisedailycareservicesandalsocannotbearitsfinancialcost(petrol)KAwantstovisithimmore,butcannotafford.Shejuggles3part-mejobstosupportherownfamily.Sheisworriedaboutwhathappenswhenherfatherneedsmorecare.
Example of case YE • Livingwithparents/part-mejobascarer/onlychild/singleparent/• 8,6and4yearsold/38yearsoldDoubleCaresitua-onTheyoungestchildhascerebralpalsyandrequiresfull-mecare.Othertwochildrenhavedevelopmentaldisorder.
• Motherinherlate60sdevelopeddemen-a(Pick’sdisease).YE’sfartherwastakingcareofherathome.Howevershestartedtorejecthishelp,YEmovedtoherparent’shousetotakecareofmother.YE’sfatherhelpsYEwithchildcare.
• YEexplainedthedisabili-esandthelevelofrequiredcareofherchildrenwhensheputhermother’snameonthewai-nglistforanursinghome.However,YEwassaidthatitwillbedifficultforhermothertohaveaplaceatanursinghomeasherdaughterandhusbandlivewithher.
Key factors for understanding double responsibility of care situaBon
• Ageandhealthoftheparents/parents-in-law• Rela-onshipwiththeparents/parent-in-law• Rela-onshipwithhusband• Householdfinancialcondi-on• U-liza-onofdifferenttypesofservices• Livingcondi-on(co-habita-ng/livinginthesameneighborhood/livingapart)
• Employment
CharacterisBcs of double responsibility of care
• Needtosimultaneouslyresponddifferenttypesofneedsfromchildrenandfrailelderly
• Forcedtomakeprioritybetweenchildcareandelderlycare§ Socialnormsonelderlycareandchildcare§ Resources:husband,rela-ves,friends,localcommunity,finance§ Policyconfigura-on:availabilityandaccessibilityofcareservices,familialism/de-familialism
• Forcedtomakeprioritybetweenchildcareandelderlycare1)Socialnormsonelderlycareandchildcare2)Resources:husband,rela-ves,friends,localcommunity,finance3)Policyconfigura-on:availabilityandaccessibilityofcareservices,familialism/de-familialism
• Whichpriorityissupportedbyabovethreedimensions?• Nego-a-onsandtensionsaroundintergenera-onal&caringrela-onships
Concluding comment
• Doubleresponsibilityofcarecreates/mul-plesissuesfromprovidingbothcare
Weneed;
• toconsiderchildcareandelderlycareasaunitinsocialresearchandprocess
• todevelopourunderstandingofcareembeddedinintergenera-onalrela-onsandcrosshouseholds.
• toexaminemul-plewomen’srolesinrela-ontowelfareasmother,wife,employeeanddaughter/daughterinlaw,andtensionsandnego-a-onsaroundwomen’sresponsibili-esandchoices.
DoubleCareResearchGroup
YokohamaCityPolicyPlanning
Dept,YokohamaWomen’sAssocia-onforNetworkingandCommunica-on,YokohamaNa-onaluniversity
2015~2016 AcBviBes developed from Double Responsibility of Care Project in Japan
[DoublecaresupportYokohama]• Peersupportcafé• Handbookondoubleresponsibilityofcare(2015)
[DoublecaresupportYokohama]• Doublecaresupportertrainingprogramme• Textbookandworkshopseries
(2015)
[SupportsforPeopleConfronAngDoubleResponsibilityofCare:ThroughanexchangeprogrammeamongJapaneseandKoreanprofessionalsandcarerswhosupportandprovidedoubleresponsibilityofcare](ToyotaFounda-onInterna-onalGrantScheme,Nov2015-Oct2016)
[the5thDoublecaresurvey]Sonylifeinsurancecompany
Randomsampling(N=1000)August2015
[the6thDoublecaresurvey]Kanagawaworker’scollec-veassocia-on
(N=1000)Feb2016
SupportforMediumandSmallcompany/orgnaisaAontoprovidesupportservicesfordoublecarers.YokohamaShinkinBank,JapanUnisis,Yokohamacitycouncil(2015)
[the4thDoublecaresurvey]Webbasedsurvey
(N=375)Jun-September2015
Peersupportgroups,studysessionswithprofessionalsandnetworkingatcommunitycarecentresandchildcaresupportcentres
[Na-onalDoubleCareSurvey]CabinetOffice(N=1000)
December2015
Making process of ‘Double Care handbook’ July2015,brainstormingsession
August2015,anedi-ngworkshop
Double care supporter training workshops
<par-cipant>
Professionalsatchildren’scentre,aserschoolclubs,Minseiiin,caremanager,communityorganiser,careworker,
So why have Double Responsibility of Care drawn public a\enBon? • Across-cuzngthemethatrequiresre-examiningoftheexis-ngsystemsandstructureofwelfare
E.X.) GenderEquality(1990-)NEET/Supportforyoungpeople(2000-)Doublecare(2015-)• Integra-onandrestructuringofdifferentpolicyarenas• Rethinkingofresponsibili-essharedbythegovernment/LA,themarket,familyandcommunity