Balancing work and non-working Balancing work and non-working lifelife

Alona ShemeshAlona Shemesh

Labour Division, Central Bureau of Statistics, Labour Division, Central Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem, IsraelJerusalem, Israel

June 2008June 2008

2

The goalThe goal

The major goal of the paper was to

develop new indicators and

recommendations in the dimension of

balancing work and non-working life.

3

Background

The dramatic increase in the

participation of mothers in the labour

force.Year In Civilian Labour Force

1987 39%

1997 46%

2007 51%

4

Background

The main explanation for this increase:

The rise in women’s levels of education

The decline in the average number of children per household

The establishment of support frameworks for working women (such as afternoon care centers)

5

A - Employment rates of women aged 20-49

B - Special leave

C - Working arrangements and childcare

Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

6

A - Employment rates of women aged 20-49

Main indicator: Ratio or gap of Employment Rate for Women with or without Children Aged 20-49

Complementary indicators: Main indicator by household type (single mothers), by age of youngest child

7

Proposed Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

    Ratio of the Employment Rate for Women with Children Ratio of the Employment Rate for Women with Children Under Compulsory School Age to the Employment Rate of All Under Compulsory School Age to the Employment Rate of All women Aged 20-49women Aged 20-49

Indicator 2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age 57.1 55.3 53.2 52.2 51.7 51.6

Employment rate of all women aged 20-49 62.5 61.7 60.0 59.3 58.9 59.4

Ratio 0.91

0.90

0.89

0.88

0.88

0.87

(a)   Employed women aged 20-49 years with children under 5 years of age

(b)   Excl. females in kibbutzim, females living outside localities (Bedouins in the South and others) and in institutions

(c)    Source: LFS

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New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

    Absolute differences in employment rates for women aged Absolute differences in employment rates for women aged 20-49 without any children, versus those with children under 20-49 without any children, versus those with children under compulsory school agecompulsory school age

Indicator 2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age 57.1 55.3 53.2 52.2 51.7 51.6

Employment rate of all women aged 20-49 62.5 61.7 60.0 59.3 58.9 59.4

Absolute difference5.4 6.4 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.8

(a)   Employed women aged 20-49 years with children under 5 years of age

(b)   Excl. females in kibbutzim, females living outside localities (Bedouins in the South and others) and in institutions

(c)    Source: LFS

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New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

        Ratio of the employment rate for Ratio of the employment rate for single womensingle women aged 20-49 aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age to the with children under compulsory school age to the employment rate of married women aged 20-49 with children employment rate of married women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age under compulsory school age

(a)   Employed women aged 20-49 years with children under 5 years of age

(b)   Excl. females in kibbutzim, females living outside localities (Bedouins in the South and others) and in institutions

(c)    Source: LFS

Indicator 2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Employment rate for single womensingle women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age 57.4 61.2 49.1 40.2 45.3 40.7

Employment rate for married women aged 20-49 with children under compulsory school age 56.9 54.8 53.2 52.8 51.9 52.1

Ratio 1.01

1.12

0.92

0.76

0.87

0.78

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      Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest

childchild

(a) Source: LFS

New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

Indicator 2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001 

Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest child

Table 1

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

Total 62.5 61.7 60.0 59.3 58.9 59.40-4 57.1 55.3 53.2 52.2 51.7 51.65-9 65.8 64.1 63.2 62 63.4 62.7

10-14 69.7 71.4 68.3 67.4 69.4 68.615-17 73.9 73.9 72.5 72.6 74.9 72.2

Without children 63.4 62.9 61.6 61.1 59.2 61.1

Table 1: Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest child, 2001-2006

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Employment rate for women aged 20-49 with children, by age of youngest child, 2001,2006

The more children a woman has and the younger the children are, the lower the probability that she will work

0

20

40

60

80

Total 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-17 Withoutchildren

2006 2001

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B - Special leave

Main indicator:  Paid maternity leave (in weeks)

Complementary indicators: Maternity benefits (%

of

average wage)

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Proposed Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

      Existence and type of paid family leaveExistence and type of paid family leave

(a) Paid maternity leave (in weeks) according to law

Indicator 2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

Existence and type of paid family leave 14 12 12 12 12 12

      Paid maternity leave (in weeks)Paid maternity leave (in weeks)

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New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

The availability of paid maternity leave and childcare facilities can substantially affect the possibilities of women’s participation in the labour force.

      Maternity benefits (% of average wage)Maternity benefits (% of average wage)

Indicator 2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

Maternity benefits (% of average wage) 100 100 100 100 100 100

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C - Working arrangements and childcare

Main indicator:   Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of the youngest child

Complementary indicators: Satisfaction with the flexibility of conditions for child care at the workplace

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New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

      Satisfaction with the flexibility of conditions for child Satisfaction with the flexibility of conditions for child

care at the workplace care at the workplace

The women expressed higher levels of satisfaction (82%) with the flexibility of conditions for child care in the workplace than

did the men.

78

75

82

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

Total Male Female

Employed persons aged 20 and over and parents with children aged 0-13 in the household, who are "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the flexibility of

conditions in the workplace, by sex, 2004)%( ,

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New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

Difficulty taking care of your children because of Difficulty taking care of your children because of

responsibilities at work responsibilities at work

70

73

66

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

Total Male Female

Only 66% of the women had never or only seldom had difficulty taking care of their children because of responsibilities at work.

Employed persons aged 20 and over and parents with children aged 0-13 in the household, who " never " or "only seldom " had difficulty taking care of

their children because of responsibilities at work, by sex, 2004 )%( ,

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New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age

of the youngest child of the youngest child

Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of youngest child, 2006 )%(

Man & woman full-time

At least one part-time and

other working

One not working

and other working

Man & woman

not working

Couples without child 48.0 22.4 23.9 5.8Couples with youngest child aged up to 5 31.1 19.7 38.6 10.7Couples with youngest child aged more than 5(5-17) 38.2 23.1 30.3 8.3All couples 35.5 21.2 34.0 9.3

(a)   Couples with the youngest child under 5 years of age, and couples with the youngest child aged 5 to 17.

(b)   The total ("All couples") includes homosexual couples and couples in which a member is an employed person whose usual extent of work not known.

(c) Source: LFS

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New Indicators for the Dimension of Balancing work and Non-Working Life

Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age

of the youngest child of the youngest child

Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of youngest child, 2006 )%(

48.0

22.423.9

5.8

31.1

19.7

38.6

10.7

38.2

23.1

30.3

8.3

35.5

21.2

34.0

9.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Man & womanfull-time

At least onepart-time andother working

One not workingand otherworking

Man & womannot working

Couples without child

Couples with youngest child aged upto 5

Couples with youngest child agedmore than 5(5-17)

All couples

11.9%

34.1%

54.0%

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Summary

Several indicators of the dimension of balancing work and non-working life were examined on the basis of data from existing sources. The main source of data for these indicators was the Labour Force Survey. This paper demonstrates that family situation is of crucial relevance in examining work-life balance. Moreover, we have highlighted the need of establishing adequate facilities to assist working mothers with child care.

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Indicators for discussion:

A - Employment rates of women aged 20-49A - Employment rates of women aged 20-49Main indicator: Ratio or gap of Employment Rate for Women with or without Children Aged 20-49Complementary indicators: Main indicator by household type (single mothers), by age of youngest child

B - Special leaveB - Special leaveMain indicator:   Paid maternity leave (in weeks)

Complementary indicators: Maternity benefits (% of average wage)

C - Working arrangements and childcareC - Working arrangements and childcareMain indicator:     Work patterns in couple households of age 25-49, by age of the youngest child Complementary indicators: Satisfaction with the flexibility of conditions for child care at the workplace