BALINESE PALM-LEAF MANUSCRIPTS - hinzler.doc

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H. HinzlerBalinese palm-leaf manuscriptsIn: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Manuscripts of Indonesia!" #""$%, no: $,Leiden, !$&-!'$

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H.I.R. HINZLER

BALINESE PALM-LEAF MANUSCRIPTS1

1. Introduction

This article2deals ith a !artic"lar #i$d %& riti$' (aterial that as a$dstill is )ei$' "sed i$ Bali a$d the ester$ !art %& L%()%# hich is i$ha)ited

)* Bali$ese. It is (ade %& lea+es, "s"all* the &a$-sha!ed lea+es %& thelontar!al( tree (Borassus flabellifer oxflabelliformis, %rPalmyra), a$d is

still )ei$' "sed &%r re$deri$' tets, !artic"larl* tets hich are i(!%rta$t t%the %$er )eca"se %& c%$tai$i$' i$&%r(ati%$ c%$cer$i$' his &a(il*, reli'i%"s

!ractices, !ri+ile'es, !r%&essi%$ &%r ea(!le, !riest %r e%rcist/ %r thedeeds %& his I$dia$ a$cest%rs. F%r this reas%$, lontar are #e!t a$d +e$erated

)* (a$* Bali$ese. A$%ther !al( tree, thegehang (Corypha gebanga),s%(eti(es called 0ild l%$tar0 i$arsa 13452/, is als% (e$ti%$ed i$

c%$$ecti%$ ith riti$' (aterial &%r i$sta$ce i$ the i$tr%d"ct%r* !ra*er %&a wayang!"!!et !er&%r(a$ce )* N%rth Bali$ese dalang). H%e+er, the

gehang as, at least i$ the 167s, +er* rare i$ Bali, hereas lontar!al(s're a)"$da$tl* i$ the dr* areas C% 161518/. I$ L%()%# the sit"ati%$

as the re+erse5 there, lontar!al(s had t% )e c"lti+ated C% 161518/.

I$ the (%re re(%te easte( !arts %& the Lesser S"$da Isla$ds, h%e+er, lontar!al(s ere a)"$da$t C% 161518/. A$%ther !la$t &i)re, the )ract %&

thepudak the &l%er %& thepandanus shr")/, (a* als% ser+e as riti$'

0 I ish t% tha$# Ida I 9:a Catra &r%( ;ara$'ase( a$d the late I "sti N'"rah;et"t Sa$'#a &r%( ;ra()ita$ &%r their +al"a)le i$&%r(ati%$ a$d s"!!%rt.2 The s!elli$' %& Bali$ese %rds i$ this article &%ll%s the c%$+e$ti%$s esta)lished)* the I$d%$esia$ 9e!art(e$t %& Ed"cati%$ a$d C"lt"re i$ 13


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(aterial, )"t %$l* &%r sh%rt $%tes. Lea+es %& thegebang a$d lontar!al(sere als% "sed as riti$' (aterial %$ %ther isla$ds a+a, Mad"ra a$d S"laesi,

&%r i$sta$ce/, )"t their !r%d"cti%$ a$d s%cial i(!%rta$ce i$ these areasill $%t )e disc"ssed i$ this !a!er.

M%st %& the i$&%r(ati%$ c%llected &%r this article dates &r%( the e$d %&the $i$etee$th %r the )e'i$$i$' %& the te$tieth ce$t"r*. The (ai$ s%"rces

are the Bali$ese !al(-lea& (a$"scri!ts $% i$ the c%llecti%$ %& Leide$ U$i+ersit*Li)rar*G the ;ai-Bali$ese-9"tch dicti%$ar* ;BN?B/ c%(!iled

)* H.N. +a$ der T""# )etee$ 1837 a$d 18


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2. Background information on Bali

The isla$d %& Bali is sit"ated i$ the I$dia$ cea$ )etee$ a+a a$d L%()%#.

There are !rese$tl* 2,382,768 i$ha)ita$ts ce$s"s %& 184/, the (a%rit*%& h%( are Bali$ese. & these, 6 !er ce$t are Hi$d". Chi$ese, Mad"rese,

East a+a$ese, B"'i$ese, Sasa#, I$dia$s a$d 0este(ers0 E"r%!ea$s,A"stralia$s, A(erica$s/ &%r( a (i$%rit*.

Si$ce the e$d %& the $i$th ce$t"r* there ha+e )ee$ Hi$d" a$d B"ddhistreal(s %$ Bali. It is !%ssi)le that Hi$d"is( a$d B"ddhis( ere i$tr%d"ced

directl* )* I$dia$s. Ar%"$d the e$d %& the te$th ce$t"r* there as a 'reatdeal %& c%$tact a$d i$ter(arria'e )etee$ Bali$ese a$d East a+a$ese c%"rts.

$ at least t% %ccasi%$s, Bali as +a$@"ished )* the East a+a$ese5 i$128< )* ;i$' ;erta$a'ara %& the Si$'hasari 9*$ast* a$d i$ 16l'>l "$til 1377 a$d ha+e li+ed i$ ;l"$'#"$' i$

easter$ Ce$tral Bali si$ce 1317. A!!a$a'es ere held )* wsia, e$titledarya, h%, "! t% a)%"t 1377, rec%'$ied the+wa gung as the s%le r"ler

%& Bali. I$ the c%"rse %& ti(e, these arya)eca(e (%re a$d (%re i$de!e$de$t%& the+wa gung. The* r"led %+er their %$ territ%ries as 0#i$'s0 a$d

e+e$ )e'a$ t% call the(sel+essatria. B* the $i$etee$th ce$t"r*, there ere$i$e s"ch real(s %$ Bali B"l>l>$' a$d Ba$ar i$ the $%rth, ;ara$'ase(,

Ba$'li a$d ia$*ar i$ the ce$tre, Bad"$', Ta)a$a$ a$d Me$'i i$ thes%"th a$d e()ra$a i$ the est/ h% t% %$l* a li(ited ete$t rec%'$iedthe+wa gung i$ ;l"$'#"$' as their ce$tral a"th%rit*. A&ter ;ara$'ase(

+a$@"ished a$d %cc"!ied the ester$ !art %& L%()%# i$ 1347, it )eca(e a

Hi$d" real( as ell. All these !ett* #i$'d%(s ha+e de+el%!ed their %$+ariet* %& Hi$d"is( a$d Hi$d" c"lt"re. I$ the sec%$d hal& %& the $i$etee$th

ce$t"r* 188/ the 9"tch e$tered Bali. At &irst, it as %$l* B"l>l>$', i$ the$%rth, that as a&&ected )"t, starti$' i$ 17, the 9"tch +a$@"ished a$d %cc"!ied

S%"th Bali as ell. The* the$ di+ided the isla$d i$t% ei'ht !artsBa$ar a$d B"l>l>$' ere "$ited a$d Me$'i $% l%$'er eisted )eca"se it

had )ee$ +a$@"ished )* Bad"$' a$d Ta)a$a$ i$ 187 a$d its territ%r* di+ided)etee$ the(/. As a res"lt %& this, ester$ ideas e$tered Bali. Si$ce


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118, t%"rists ha+e )ee$ +isiti$' Bali a$d, %+er ti(e, it has )ec%(e ell#$%$ as the 0Isla$d %& the %ds0, the 0Last0 %r 0Ulti(ate Paradise0.

3. Literature and literary life

The la$'"a'e a$d reli'i%$, the arts architect"re, sc"l!t"re, !ai$ti$', drai$',theatre, da$ce/ a$d the literat"re %& Bali ere i$&l"e$ced i$ a$ earl* !eri%d

)* c%$tacts ith Hi$d"-B"ddhistic-Ta$tristic a+a. Bali0s c"lt"re asals% i$&l"e$ced )* c%$tacts ith I$dia, thr%"'h a+a, dati$' &r%( at least

the e$d %& the te$th t% the sitee$th ce$t"r*. Fr%( the sitee$th t% the e$d%& the $i$etee$th ce$t"r*, c%$tacts ith M"sli(s &r%( a+a i$ !artic"lar

Bla()a$'a$ i$ the east/, L%()%# the Sasa#/ a$d S"laesi the B"'i$eseals% &re@"e$tl* sailed t% L%()%#/ ha+e le&t their (ar# as ell. C%$tacts

ith the 9"tch - i$ !artic"lar ith ci+il ser+a$ts h% ere s!ecialists i$

la$'"a'es, a$cie$t hist%r* a$d reli'i%$ - created a 9"tch-ed"cated Bali$eseelite at the )e'i$$i$' %& the te$tieth ce$t"r*. These Bali$ese ere $%t

%$l* +ersed i$ the traditi%$al a*s %& thi$#i$' )"t als% i$ ester$, a$al*tical

scie$ce. As a res"lt Bali $% has a rich literat"re i$ (a$* la$'"a'es a$dith l%a$%rds &r%( $"(er%"s s%"rces Sa$s#rit, ld a+a$ese, ld Bali$ese,

M%der$ Bali$ese, Sasa#, Mala* a$d I$d%$esia$ a$d s%(e 9"tch/.

Bali$ese literat"re e$c%(!asses a$cie$t a+a$ese literar* tets )ased %$the I$dia$ e!ics-amayana a$dahabharata as ell as !%e(s a$d !r%setets %$ related s")ects. It als% i$cl"des reli'i%$ a$d l%cal hist%r* c%(!%sed

i$ a+a )etee$ the te$th a$d sitee$th ce$t"ries. These tets eretra$s&erred t% Bali a$d are still )ei$' "sed a$d c%!ied. I$ a+a, h%e+er,

he$ the !e%!le reected Hi$d"is( a$d B"ddhis( i$ &a+%"r %& Isla(, the(a%rit* %& their a$cie$t tets disa!!eared %r recei+ed a $e, M"sli( +ar$ish.

Fr%( the sitee$th ce$t"r* "$til rece$tl*, the Bali$ese c%(!%sed a literat"rehich is their %$, alth%"'h it is lar'el* )ased %$ the 0classics0

&r%( a$cie$t a+a. The la$'"a'e %& the classical %r#s is ld a+a$ese,hich has (a$* Sa$s#rit l%a$%rdsG Bali$ese is "sed t%r &%l# tales a$d

tra$slati%$s %& classical %r#s. E+er si$ce I$d%$esia0s I$de!e$de$ce i$A"'"st 1


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1. wda/ tets %$ reli'i%$, rit"al, h%l* &%r("las la$'"a'es5 (ai$l* lda+a$ese ith (a$* Sa$s#rit %rds a$d !hrasesG Bali$ese is "sed %$l*

i$ later, te$tieth-ce$t"r* tets/2. agama/ la c%des, r"les %& )eha+i%"r &%r childre$ a$d r%*alt* (nitisastra,

sasana, putra sasana), +illa'e re'"lati%$s la$'"a'es5 ld a+a$esea$d Bali$ese/

6. wariga/ ha$d)%%#s %$ h%r%sc%!es, s%%thsa*i$', cale$dars, tech$ical literat"re,scie$ce, i$str"cti%$ (tutur, upadsa), 'ra((ars, (a'ical tets

(kanda), (edici$e, c%c# &i'hti$', h% t% #ee! h%rses, d%+es, etc. la$'"a'e5(ai$l* ld a+a$ese/

l e(!l%*edsch%larl* cler#s a$d a"th%rs (manghuri, panulisan0 see Ber' 123523-


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;*ai 9a"h Bal: A'"$', Ida Tala'a/, )"t als% a+a$ese )rah(a$s h% (%st!r%)a)l* had &led &r%( a+a a$d settled i$ Bali 9a$' H*a$' Nirartha/.

Little is #$%$ a)%"t the literat"re c%(!%sed )etee$ the ;l"$'#"$' !eri%d,hich )e'a$ i$ 1317, a$d the )e'i$$i$' %& the $i$etee$th ce$t"r*. It

is !r%)a)le that, a&ter the &all %& >l'>l ar%"$d 1377 - hich res"lted i$ the&%"$di$' %& ei'ht !ett* #i$'d%(s - (a$* chr%$icles i$cl"di$' the Paman&angah)

a$d 'e$eal%'ies (babad) ere c%(!%sed hich stressed ties iththe &%r(er Hi$d"-B"ddhist real( %& Maa!ahit i$ East a+a Hi$ler 185

12l !eri%d.A!art &r%( !%e(s ith I$dia$ (etrical sche(es (kakawin),!%e(s (kidung)ith i$tricate, i$di'e$%"s (etres ere c%(!%sed &r%( the >l'>l

!eri%d t% the e$d %& the $i$etee$th ce$t"r*. These ere ta)les a$d st%riesthat dealt ith l%+e a$d c%"rt li&e i$ tel&th- t% ti&tee$th-ce$t"r* East a+a.

B* the e$d %& the ei'htee$th ce$t"r* a $e literar* 'e$re had de+el%!ed5

the !%e( i$ the Bali$ese la$'"a'e a$d i$ $e a+a$ese=Bali$ese (etricalsche(es, thegeguritan %rpeparikan. This 'e$re deals ith Bali$ese &%l#tales, l%+e st%ries, ada!tati%$s %& I$dia$ e!ics a$d ld a+a$ese !%e(s (kakawin),

a$d &a(il* hist%r*.I "sti P"t" 9la$ti# %ld s!elli$'/, a (e()er %& the N%rth Bali$ese $%)ilit*,

'ai$ed ("ch i$&l"e$ce as ad+iser t% the 9"tch, h% ere )e'i$$i$'t% esta)lish their !%er i$ L%()%# a$d Bali. Bec%(i$' apunggawa %&&icial/,

this (a$ tra+elled ith the 9"tch ar(* d"ri$' the c%$@"est %& S%"thBali Bad"$' a$d Ta)a$a$ i$ 17, ;l"$'#"$' i$ 178/. 9"ri$' his

tra+els, he c%llected (a$"scri!ts &r%( !alaces hich had )ee$ +a$@"ished)* the 9"tch Matara(, Ca#ra$e'ara, Bad"$', Ta)a$a$, ;l"$'#"$'/, th"s

c%(!ili$' a$ e$%r(%"s li)rar* i$ P"ri %)raa, his %$ !alace i$ Si$'araa.U$til his death i$ 1


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A!ril/ a$d )e&%re the &"ll (%%$ (purnama) !ers%$al c%(("$icati%$ Catra11, 12/. Lea+es that are c"t i$ %ther seas%$s are either $%t *et &"ll*

de+el%!ed %r t%% %ldG s%(eti(es the s"r&ace la*er %& the lea+es has )ec%(es!ec#led, (a#i$' the( i(!er&ect. S"ch lea+es ca$$%t )e "sed as riti$'

(aterial &%r h%l* tets.I ;et"t S"ida head %& the Ka*asa$ ed%$' ;irt*a the !rese$t $a(e

&%r the !re-ar L%$tar F%"$dati%$ ;irt*a Lie&ri$c#-Da$ der T""#/ disti$'"ishesthree t*!es %& lontar als% called rontal, ental a$d nta1)/ ntal taluh

e''-t*!e/ ith &i$e &ila(e$ts a$d l%$', )r%ad lea+esG ntal goak cr%t*!e/,ith less &i$e &ila(e$ts a$d l%$', )r%ad lea+esG a$d ntal kedis )irdt*!e/

ith &i$e &ila(e$ts )"t s(all lea+es, a$d there&%re $%t s% s"ita)leS"ida 135


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th%se &r%( the %thergria a$d %ther areas ere &%r !ri+ate "se %$l*rader a$d H%%*#aas 1


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(a$"scri!t c%llecti%$s i$ Bali a$d t% (a#e c%!ies %& i(!%rta$t (a$"scri!ts

&%r the li)rar* %& the F%"$dati%$. The !r%!%sals Ber' a$d %ris 12511/listed the salaries %& &%"r scri)es &l. 7 !er *ear/ a$d the c%st %& lea+es

a$d %ther t%%ls &l. 187 !er *ear/. Betee$ 9ece()er 128 a$d "l* 1


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t% secti%$s %& lea& re(ai$s. The$ the ri)s are re(%+ed, s% that %$e e$ds "!ith l%$' a$d rather thi$ !ieces %& lea&.

F%r tets %& lesser i(!%rta$ce, s"ch as $%tes, cale$dars, IUs, letters a$d+illa'e re'"lali%$s, lea+es ith ri)s are 'e$erall* "sed. $e 0!a'e0 c%$sists

%& t% secti%$s %& lea& c%$$ected al%$' the l%$' t%! ed'e )* the ri). S"chlea+es are "s"all* "st s%a#ed i$ ater i$ %rder t% strai'hte$ Ihe(, a&ter

hich the* are )leached a$d dried i$ the s"$. Beca"se (a$"scri!ts (ade %&s"ch lea+es are %&te$ #e!t i$ the #itche$ a$d e+e$ h"$' %+er the &ire!lace

here the* are e!%sed t% s(%#e, the 0!a'es0 )ec%(e +er* hard, as i& the*ere (ade %& %%d see a$d s(ell Lr 22.8,Pambayon, dated 182, %r

Lr 22., 3utur Pawa&ana, a$d Lr 26.777, 4ariga, &r%( the sa(e !eri%d&r%( Te$'a$a$ Pa'ri$'si$'a$/. M%re%+er, i$sects d% $%t li#e the

s(%#ed lea+es, s% the* are +er* d"ra)le.

rader descri)es h%, i$ the ;ara$'ase( area, the lea+es ith%"t ri)s aredried rader a$d H%%*#aas 1


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the (%r$i$' the lea+es, hich ha+e $% )ec%(e !lia$t, are ta#e$ %"t %& the!a$, ashed ith c%ld ater, r"))ed dr*, a$d !laced %$ the 'r%"$d i$ %rder

t% )e dried a$d )leached i$ the s"$. At this !%i$t, as l%$' as the* ha+e $%t)ee$ ritte$ %$, the lea+es are calledpepesan ;ara$'ase(/G a$ i$scri)ed

lea& is called lempir ;BN?B/.i$arsa 13452-6/ descri)es h% t% s(%%th %"t ri$#led lea+es. I$

the a&ter$%%$, s"ch lea+es are (%iste$ed )* s!ri$#li$' ater %+er the(. Theda(! lea+es ca$ the$ )e easil* s(%%thed %"t a$d, the $et da*, c%llected,

)"$dled a$d !laced i$ a !ress (pamlagbagan ;ara$'ase(, B"lele$', otpamepesanB"lele$'/. A %%de$ slat (panyelah ;ara$'ase(/ is i$serted )etee$

each )"$ch %& lea+es i$ %rder t% distri)"te the !ress"re e+e$l*. Thet%! la*er %& lea+es is als% c%+ered )* s"ch a slat (panggal ;ara$'ase(/.

Fi$all*, t% )a()%% ed'es (lait ;ara$'ase(Gpama&ekan ;BN?B/ are

ha((ered )etee$ the t%! slat %& the !ress a$d the slat c%+eri$' the t%!)"$ch %& lea+es. rader re!%rts that the lea+es are ta#e$ %"t %& the !ress

)rie&l* e+er* te$ da*s i$ %rder t% clea$ a$d r") the(, a&ter hich the* are

a'ai$ !laced i$ the !ress. This !r%cess is c%$ti$"ed &%r %$e %r t%galungan!eri%ds.6

i$arsa rites that the lea+es ha+e t% )e !ressed &%r %$l* &i&tee$ da*s.

Catra !ers%$al c%(("$icati%$ 17, 11/ sa*s that the @"alit* %& thelea+es as riti$' (aterial de!e$ds %$ the le$'th %& ti(e the* ha+e )ee$ i$the !ress. The l%$'er the* are !ressed, the hi'her the !r%!%rti%$ %& !la$t

"ices that ill ha+e disa!!eared. Catra !re&ers a !eri%d %& t% *ears %& 67da*s !er *ear. ?he$ the lea+es are s"&&icie$tl* !lia$t a$d s(%%th (asah

;ara$'ase(/, the* are c"t t% the ri'ht sie. There is a s!ecial #i$d %& c"tter(panyangkan) &%r this tas#, )"t a s(all #$i&e ca$ )e "sed as ell.

The $et tas# is t% (a#e h%les (song ;ara$'ase(/ i$ the lea+es. Bali$eselontar (a$"scri!ts (ade ith ri))ed lea+es ha+e a si$'le h%le 6 t% $es &r%( theKakawin -amayana) %r car+i$'s see Lr

22.318, Ta$tri sc>$es/.

&. "torage of manuscripts

The s!eci&ic ter( &%r the st%ra'e %& (a$"scri!ts issepel ;BN?B/. A (a$"scri!tthat has )ee$ st%red &%r a l%$' ti(e a$d $%t )ee$ read %r !")licl*dis!la*ed d"ri$' a cere(%$* - &%r ea(!le, the $a(e da* %& Sarasati %r a

cla$ te(!le &esti+al - is called buuk di pasepelan %r$ )eca"se it has $%t)ee$ ta#e$ %"t &%r a l%$' ti(e/. It is d"st* a$d da(a'ed, hich i$dicates

that the %$er has $%t ta#e$ !r%!er care %& it. A c%llecti%$ %& lontar (a$"scri!tsis %&te$ st%red i$ a lar'e, recta$'"lar )as#et =sok) %r )%, a$d se+eral

%& these c%$tai$ers are s%(eti(es st%red i$ a #i$d %& l%&t (tutumbu, langgatan;BN?B/ (ade i$ a$ %!e$ !a+ili%$ (bal>) %r a slee!i$' h%"se "mah

meten). Cl%th )a's h%ldi$' (a$"scri!ts are "s"all* !r%+ided ith a%%de$ h%%# a$d are attached t%, %r h"$' "! %$, the !laited )a()%% ceili$'

(bed8g) %& the !a+ili%$. I$ !alaces here the r%*alt* had cl%se c%$$ecti%$sith E"r%!ea$s, (a$"scri!t %$ers had c%!ies (ade %& %%de$ E"r%!ea$

chests (lemari) i$ hich t% st%re their lontar c%llecti%$. The (a$"scri!ts %&I "sti P"t" 9la$ti# &r%( P"ri %)raa i$ Si$'araa ere !reser+ed i$ this(a$$er.

1'. Treatment of manuscripts

Ma$"scri!ts )eca(e h%l* )eca"se %& their c%$te$ts a$d )eca"se, as ill )e

disc"ssed later, the Bali$ese scri!t is sacred, as ell. The* ha+e a +ital &%rce(idup ;BN?B/ a$d ca$$%t )e s%ld %r thr%$ aa* he$ da(a'ed. The*

ca$, h%e+er, )e 'i+e$ %$ l%a$ =maletas ;BN?B/. The* als% ha+e a'"ardia$ deit*, Sarasati, a$d %$ her $a(e da* Sat"rda* Ma$is %& the

ee# ?at"'"$"$'/ all the (a$"scri!ts &r%( a c%llecti%$ are ta#e$ %"t a$dehi)ited i$ a !a+ili%$. The* are the$ clea$sed a$d s!ri$#led ith h%l* ater

)* a !riest !er&%r(i$' the P"a Sarasati. Starti$' %$ the Frida* e+e$i$',

%$e is $%t all%ed t% read "$til the &%ll%i$' da*, he$ the ater is


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s!ri$#led %+er the (a$"scri!ts. A$*%$e h% ishes t% read (a$"scri!ts

re'"larl* $eeds t% "$der'% a c%$secrati%$ (mawinten, madiksa ;BN?B/,hich ("st )e !er&%r(ed )* a )rah(a$ !riest.

There is, at !rese$t, a re$eed te$de$c* a(%$' the elderl* Bali$ese t%c%!* tets ritte$ %$ !a!er %$t% !al( lea&. The tets c%!ied deal ith reli'i%$,

the s%"l a$d its release, (edici$e, a$cest%rs a$d classical literat"re i$ld a+a$ese. Th"s, it (a* ha!!e$ that a tet hich as ritte$ %$ !al(

lea& i$ Bali$ese scri!t/ at the e$d %& the $i$etee$th ce$t"r*, a$d as

tra$sliterated i$ Lati$ scri!t a$d t*!ed %$ !a!er i$ the 137s, is c%!ieda'ai$ %$ !al( lea& i$ the 17s. These elderl* 'e$tle(e$ c%!* tets i$ %rder

t% ea( a !r%!er seat i$ hea+e$, hich ca$ %$l* )e realied )* leadi$' a

!r%!er li&e, )* the !r%!er reli'i%"s c%$d"ct. Th"s, the* ha+e a te$de$c* t%t"r$ t% a (%re traditi%$al, c%$+e$ti%$al li&e-st*le i$ hich ("ch ti(e is de+%ted

t% reli'i%"s !ractices5 !ra*er, (editati%$, +isits t% te(!les a$d reli'i%"s

&esti+als a$d the st"d* %& literar* a$d reli'i%"s tets. The* &eel thatthe st"d* %& s"ch tets %$ !a!er is i$c%$siste$t ith their !"r!%se. St"d*i$'a tet %$ !al( lea& - the traditi%$al riti$' (aterial - ill )ri$' the(

cl%ser t% traditi%$ a$d, th"s, t% hea+e$ !ers%$al c%(("$icati%$ CatraGSa$'#aG dalang I Pase# ?a*a$ Ri*eh &r%( ;ra()ita$/.

$ the %ther ha$d, as earl* as the e$d %& the $i$etee$th ce$t"r* there asa $eed t% !r%d"ce a $"()er %& c%!ies %& a tet @"ic#l* a$d chea!l* i$ Bali$ese

scri!t. The La$dsdr"##eri i$ Bata+ia had lead t*!e %& Bali$ese scri!t(ade &%r Da$ der T""#0s dicti%$ar* i$ 18< a$d this t*!e as als% "sed t%

!ri$t Bali$ese tet)%%#s !")lished )* this %+er$(e$t Pri$ti$' &&ice)etee$ 172 a$d 11. Ste$cilled )%%#s a$d )%%#lets ith ha$dritte$

tets i$ Bali$ese scri!t ha+e )ee$ !")lished i$ Bali si$ce the 127s.At !rese$t, the P"sat 9%#"(e$tasi ;e)"da*aa$ Bali i$ Sa$'lah has a

lontar!reser+ati%$ !r%ect, i$ c%%!erati%$ ith IBM, t% sca$ the eisti$'lontar (a$"scri!ts. Their '%al is t% c%$+ert the ha$dritte$, sca$$ed letters%& the tets t% t*!e&aces that ca$ )e !ri$ted a$d t% !r%+ide these tets ith

a$ I$d%$esia$ tra$slati%$ i$ Lati$ scri!t. The !r%ect has "st started a$d

the res"lts are $%t *et acce!ta)le. B%th Bali$ese a$d ester$ sch%lars ha+etheir d%")ts a)%"t the &easi)ilit* %& this !r%ect.

11. The oldest manuscripts

T% date, the %ldest #$%$ tet %$ !al( lea& &r%( Bali that is i$ E"r%!e isth%"'ht t% )e i$ &%rd, E$'la$d. It is a lea& ith three li$es %& scri!t, i$

the La"d C%llecti%$ i$ the B%dleia$ Li)rar* (a$"scri!t La"d r. R%llsa.1/, a$d it dates &r%( )e&%re 164, he$ it as d%$ated t% the Li)rar* )*

?illia( La"d 1436-1


20/41

There is a (a$"scri!t i$ Leide$ ith a !r%se +ersi%$ %& the Calon rangLr 423/ hich has a c%l%!h%$ dated 1


21/41

&%r)idde$ tets, &%r i$sta$ce the cha!ters %& theahabharata, the* c%"ld

'% t% the h%"ses %& the (e()ers %& the hi'her castes a$d liste$ he$ s"chtets ere cha$ted. Acc%rdi$' t% the edict, the a)%+e restricti%$s ere &%r

the5aba?s %$ '%%d. It as &eared that, i& the* !%ssessed &%r)idde$ tetsa$d read the(, the* %"ld )ec%(e ha"'ht*, %r (i'ht e+e$ e$da$'er the(sel+es

)* a$ i$c%(!lete "$dersta$di$' %& these tets. It a!!ears that thestate(e$t i$ the edict is $%t !"re &Jcti%$. I chec#ed the $a(es %& %$ers %&

(a$"scri!ts c%llected &%r the Bali$ese Ma$"scri!t Pr%ect )etee$ 13

a$d 12 N%s. 2


22/41

i$$er sel& a$d t% (a#e *%"r !are$ts ha!!*. I& *%" d% $%t st"d* a$d d% $%t

#$% the h%l* literat"re, *%"r !are$ts are )la(ed. The* d% $%t recei+e a!lace i$ hea+e$ a& ter their death, )"t are !"$ished i$ heil.0 TheKidung na&araka

Lr 67.1/ is a$ ea(!le %& s"ch a tet.na&araka (ea$s al!ha)eta$d the ter( c%$tai$s the &irst &i+e letters %& the Bali$ese al!ha)et5 ha,na, &a, ra, ka. A )rah(a$ &ather tells his s%$5 0St"d* the al!ha)et c%$ti$"all*,

%$l* the$ ca$ *%" )ec%(e a real h"(a$ )ei$'. C%$ce$trate %$ theletters %& the al!ha)et. 9%$0t )e a&raid, &%r Sarasati, the '%ddess %& isd%(,

ill seat hersel& %$ *%"r t%$'"e a$d e$ter *%"r (i$d. 9%$0t )e a&raid,

st"d* e+er* da*, st"d* the h%l* literat"re. The )est tets are &r%( a$cie$ta+a a$d are ritte$ )* &a(%"s a"th%rs. C%!* these tets, lear$ h% t%

rite a$d s!ell. B"t, he$ d%i$' this, *%" ha+e t% !r%$%"$ce the %rds a$d

the letters al%"d %$e )* %$e. I& *%" (a#e a riti$' err%r, *%" ha+e t% eli(i$ate(pati, t% #ill, )* riti$' the ikara (i) a)%+e a$d thesuku "/ "$der$eath/the r%$' letter a$d rite it a$e. K%" are $%t all%ed t% (a#e (ista#es.

M%re%+er, he$ the c%(("$icati%$ )etee$ *%"r (i$d a$d *%"rha$ds is i$ %rder, *%" ca$$%t (a#e riti$' err%rs.0

The (ai$ i(!le(e$t "sed &%r riti$' is a rather lar'e, c%arse ir%$ #$i&e,thepangutik %rpangrupak ;BN?B, B"lele$', ;ara$'ase(/. It c%$sists

%& a &lat !iece %& ir%$, a)%"t 14 c( l%$' a$d 2 c( ide, ith %$e e$d sla$ti$'a$d shar!e$ed. The %ther e$d is !r%+ided ith a c"rl* %r$a(e$t N%rth

Bali/, )"t i$ ;ara$'ase( a &i'"re i$ wayang st*le is %&te$ cast at the t%! -;i$' ;res$a %r Tal>$, the &at ser+a$t %& the 0'%%d side0 i$ a theatre a$d

!"!!et !la*. A %%de$ 'ri! (a* )e attached t% a #$i&e ith a !lai$ e$d,a$d it (a* ha+e a &i'"re re!rese$ti$' Tal>$ - %r a$%ther s"ita)le !ers%$,

s"ch as Sarasati, the '%ddess %& isd%( - car+ed %$ it. A shcath %& !laited)a()%% is %&te$ "sed t% !r%tect the shar! e$d %& the #$i&e. See Fi'. 6.The #$i&e is held )etee$ the th"()s a$d i$de &i$'ers %& )%th ha$ds -

%r )etee$ the ri'ht a$d le&t th"()s a$d the ri'ht i$de &i$'er %& the scri)e

- a$d !ressed a'ai$st the s"r&ace %& the !al( lea&. This s"r&ace c%$sists %&al(%st i$+isi)le h%ri%$tal ri)s. I& the #$i&e is 0ca"'ht0 i$ s"ch a ri), there

is a cha$ce that it (a* sli! a$d the$ the h%ri%$tal str%#e %& the letter%"ld )ec%(e t%% lar'e. I$ %rder t% !re+e$t this, the scri)e has t% (a#e the

str%#es %& the letters as +ertical %r as r%"$d as !%ssi)le.Acc%rdi$' t% S"ida 135


23/41

Bali$ese has a$ ete$si+e ter(i$%l%'* &%r riti$' a$d scri!t see theA!!e$di/. There are (a$* lech$ical ter(s &%r riti$' i$ 'e$eral, s!ecial

ter(s &%r )ad ha$driti$' that ca"ses ille'i)le tets, as ell as ter(s &%rc%rrecti%$s. This is &"rther e+ide$ce %& h% i(!%rta$t !r%!er riti$' is &%r

the Bali$ese.The scri!t i$ %ld ei'htee$th ce$t"r* a$d earl* $i$etee$th ce$t"r*/ (a$"scri!ts

is %&te$ s(all 2 (( hi'h/ a$d "!ri'ht. I$ (%re rece$t (a$"scri!ts

si$ce the 127s/, the scri!t is als% "!ri'ht, )"t lar'er 6 (( hi'h/ a$dFi'. 6. I$scrihi$' the !al( lea& a&ter ?... Nie"e$#a(! 1175178/G t%

ir%$ #$i+es !a$'"ti#, !a$'r"!a#/, %$e ith a sheath %& !laited )a()%%.

)r%ader. The scri!t %& the a&%re(e$ti%$ed (a$"scri!ts ith sitee$th- a$d

se+e$tee$th-ce$t"r* c%l%!h%$s is lar'e 6 ((/. Pal'"$a 165


24/41

the lea+es )ec%(e d"st*, the* ca$ )e clea$sed ith a !iece %& et c%tt%$

(ngludin ;BN?B/.

14. "pelling

U$til the e$d %& the $i$etee$th ce$t"r*, there ere $% tet)%%#s ith !recise

r"les &%r s!elli$' =ugeruger). The a"th%r %& the &irst Bali$ese !ri$ted

)%%# %$ s!elli$' as I Ra$ta 183


25/41

nakin. The c%l%!h%$ %& a c%!ied (a$"scri!t states that it is a c%!* a$d, i$additi%$, 'i+es the $a(e %& the %$er %& the 0(%ther0 (a$"scri!t. The scri)e

has t% ta#e care that the (a$"scri!t he has c%!ied is c%(!lete (pepek, mepek;BN?B/. H%e+er, this d%es $%t $ecessaril* i(!l* that the 0(%ther0 (a$"scri!t

as a$ a"t%'ra!h %r as ritte$ )* a scri)e at the i$sti'ati%$ %& thea"th%r.

At the )e'i$$i$' %& a !%e( - i$ !artic"lar a !%e( i$ Bali$ese (geguritan)

- %r a st%r* (satua) i$ Bali$ese, %r i$ the c%l%!h%$ %& the (a$"scri!t,the a"th%r (a* (e$ti%$ the s%"rce that i$s!ired his %r# &%r i$sta$ce a

!artic"lar kakawin %r !r%se cha!ter %& theahabharata i$ ld a+a$ese/.

This )it %& i$&%r(ati%$ is called nyebit. The a"th%r (a* als% (e$ti%$ thathe r%te his %r# %& art 0c%(!letel* i$ acc%rda$ce ith a h%l* tet0 (napak

di sastran ;BN?B/.

1+. "cri,es

There as $% caste %r se restricti%$ %$ lear$i$' t% rite. Re&ere$ces t%

(ales a$d &e(ales )ei$' a)le t% read a$d rite are t% )e &%"$d i$ literar*tets as ell as i$ the c%l%!h%$s %& (a$"scri!ts. Literar* s%"rces sh% this

as earl* as the sitee$th ce$t"r*, )"t data i$ tets &r%( the $i$etee$th ce$t"r*are the (%st a)"$da$t. I shall &irst deal ith the literar* s%"rces. I$ the

9eguritan uh -aras Lr 683/, dati$' &r%( the sec%$d hal& %& the $i$etee$thce$t"r*, the (ale $er% - aprahali)el%$'i$' t% the l%est caste -

ca$ d% all s%rts %& thi$'s +er* ell5 car+i$', drai$', si$'i$' a$d readi$'literar* tets. I$ the st%r* %& Pa#a$' Raras Lr 6371/, c%!ied i$ the sec%$d

hal& %& the $i$etee$th ce$t"r*, t% rascals e$c%"$ter a !ri$cess a$dhe$ she disc%+ers that the* are illiterate, she i((ediatel* )e'i$s t% teach

the( h% t% read a$d si$' kidung. This i(!lies that the !ri$cess, a lad* %&hi'h caste, as a)le t% read a$d !r%)a)l* c%"ld rite as ell. Lr 677


26/41

A scri)e, "s"all* a (a$, as a !ers%$ %& disti$cti%$. This is a!!are$t

&r%( the c%l%!h%$s %& ei'htee$th- a$d $i$etee$th-ce$t"r* (a$"scri!ts. Ther"lers %& the #i$'d%(s e(!l%*ed scri)es (manghuri, panyarikan, panulisan)

$%t %$l* %& hi'h-caste &a(ilies, )"t als% %& l%-caste &a(ilies. The c%l%!h%$%& a tra$slati%$ %& the ld a+a$eseKakawin r5unawiwaha i$t%

Bali$ese !r%se Lr 6


27/41

$a(e %& the %$er %& the (a$"scri!t.

It is i$teresti$' t% $%te that, i$ 'e$eral, (%re is #$%$ a)%"t the $a(es%& the scri)es %& Bali$ese tets a$d the %$ers %& the (a$"scri!ts tha$

a)%"t the a"th%rs. A$ a"th%r, i$ !artic"lar a$ a"th%r %& kidung a$dgeguritan,as $%t c%$sidered i(!%rta$t e$%"'h t% )e (e$ti%$ed. ?hat c%"$ted

as the !resti'e %& ha+i$' a li)rar*, %rderi$' a c%!* a$d (a#i$' a c%!* &%rs%(e%$e, $%t the tale$t t% c%(!%se a tet. Ne+ertheless, the $a(es %& s%(e

a"th%rs are #$%$ t% "s &%r %$e %& the &%ll%i$' reas%$s5 all"si%$s t% their

$a(es, !laces %& reside$ce a$d desce$t are (ade i$ the &irst %r &i$al sta$a %&a !%e( %r i$ the c%l%!h%$ %& the tetG the* are (e$ti%$ed i$ a 'e$eal%'*

(babad)0 %r the desce$da$ts %& a$ a"th%r still #$% the titles %& the %r#s

c%(!%sed )* hi( %r her.

1$. Palm-leaf manuscripts and the future

The I$d%$esia$ ed"cati%$al s*ste( is directed t%ards (%der$iati%$ a$d"$i&%r(it*. Traditi%$al c"lt"re, literat"re a$d l%cal la$'"a'es are rec%'$ieda$d, t% a certai$ ete$t, the st"d* %& these s")ects is sti("lated. Ne+ertheless,

it is a &act that the *%"$'er 'e$erati%$s %& I$d%$esia$s d% $%t sh%("ch i$terest i$ their traditi%$al literat"re. Sch%%lchildre$ i$ Bali ca$ hardl*

read a$d rite Bali$ese scri!t )eca"se atte$ti%$ is &%c"sed %$ the I$d%$esia$la$'"a'e. The $"()er %& "$i+ersit* st"de$ts h% st"d* Bali$ese

literat"re, )%th i$ Bali$ese a$d ld a+a$ese, is li(ited. B* the ti(e t%da*0ss!ecialists i$ traditi%$al literat"re - a$ %lder 'e$erati%$ %& Bali$ese

ith%"t &%r(al ed"cati%$ - ha+e died, there ill )e $% $eed t% !r%cess !al(lea+es as riti$' (aterial, ece!t &%r s%(e cr"del* ill"strated (a$"scri!ts

(ade &%r the t%"rist (ar#et. There&%re, the h%le !r%cess, &r%( the c"tti$'%& the lea+es t% the readi$' a$d riti$' %& the (a$"scri!ts, sh%"ld )e

th%r%"'hl* d%c"(e$ted, !re&era)l* %$ &il(, )e&%re it is t%% late.ABBREDIATINS;BN?B ;ai-Bali$eesch-Nederla$dsch ?%%rde$)%e# )* H.N. +a$ der

T""# 183-112/;ITLD ;%$i$#li# I$stit""t +%%r de Taal-, La$d- e$ D%l#e$#"$de

Lr C%de rie$talis, Leide$ U$i+ersit* Li)rar*r C%de rie$talis

REFERENCES

anus&riptsBodleian ibrary, "xford/ MS La"d r. R%lls a.1, letter.


28/41

eiden ni$ersity ibrary/rr

rrr

rrr

rr

rrr

r

rrrr

rr

rrr

22772272

2287677


29/41

Bh%(a$ta#a Marti.e'"rita$ Li()"r.?ari'a.

e'"rita$ a*>$'!atra.e'"rita$ L"h Raras.

e'"rita$ L"h Cidra=;aisara.

Sat"a Pa#a$' Raras.A$''ast*a!ara.

;a#ai$ S"tas%(a.

Brah(a$da!"ra$a.Ai'-Ai' Teta>$.e'"rita$ U"' ia$*ar.

rr

rr

rr

rr

rr

rr

rr

rr

r

rrr

r

rr

63


30/41

?ari'a.?ari'a.Prasi #a#ai$ Ar"$aiaha.

Prasi Adi!ara.;a#ai$ A$*a$' Nirartha

Marti.Usada, At(ara#sa,

Ti$'#ahi$' ri$'.P"ra'a(a, ;erta U!a!ati

Pa$'l:a#a$, Pa$d>stia$.Pa()a*%$.

T"t"r Paaca$a.?ari'a.

Ai ;ra#ah ;ra#ah.Tatta Bhairaa, #aari$'

Rah.Prasi Ra(a*a$a.

Books and arti&lesBa##er, F.L., 16, 3he struggle of the @indu Balinese intelle&tuals. A(sterda(5

DU U$i+ersit* Press.Ber', C C , 123,Kidung Paman&angah. Sa$t!%%rt5 Mees.

-, a$d R. %ris, 12, 0Ra!!%rt +a$ 17 N%+e()er 128.0eiledeelingen Kirtyaiefrin&k7an der 3uuk 15


31/41

Mas Niti Sastr% a$d I %esti P%et%e 90la$ti#, 117,Balinees&he s&hri5ftaal.

Bata+ia5 La$dsdr"##eri.Nie"e$#a(!, ?..., 117,Bali and ombok. D%l. II. Eda(5 Zer+er Uit'a+e.Pal'"$a, Ida Ba'"s Made 9har(a, 16, ;a#ai$ 9)ar(a S"$*a. S"$ti$'a$$as#a) da$ telaah sa(#h*a *%'a. U$!")lished M.A. thesis, U$i+ersit* %&

Leide$, 9e!art(e$t %& La$'"a'es a$d C"lt"res %& S%"theast Asia a$dcea$iaO.Ple*te, C.M., 112,+armo elangon. royal song without words from the isle

of ombok. Bata+ia5 ;%l&&.P%er)atara#a, 12, 09e Cal%$ Ara$'.0Bi5dragen tot de 3aal, and en 7olkenkunde

182517-187.Ra$ta, I, 183


32/41

asah

babonGba&aGba&akba&akabatu kembungG

bebedb8ngorbenyud

binusanan manikbre&ek

bre&itbrenyit

bresetbrusut

bubukbu&ek

bungbungbuuk di pasepelan

&akep&akepan G

&angkuak&empurit

&los&os&oak

&ompak&or8kdiksaG

duang sanakdurbhiksaembatembatan

en&akentalG

8t8nggan5il

gebangGgebur

genyigeles

go8tGgor8t

g re menggubeg

gubiggu8tG

gulakgaliks(%%th %& a !al( lea&/!r%t%t*!e %& a (a$"scri!t

t% readi$cide$tal %& s%(e%$e h% reads %$l* %ccasi%$all*/!"(ice "sed t% !%lish the sides %& the lea+es/

t%% cl%se t% each %ther %& s*lla)les/sla$ti$' %& scri!t/

scrali$' %& scri!t/'%ld %r sil+er #$%) ith r")ies, tied t% a stri$' h%ldi$'

the lea+es %& a (a$"scri!t t%'etherdirt* )eca"se %& stai$s/

s!ider* %& scri!t/t%% s(all %& scri!t/

(ess*, ille'i)le %& scri!t/(ess*, ille'i)le %& scri!t/

ter(ites that eat the lea+es %& a (a$"scri!t


33/41

ille'i)le s*lla)les )eca"se %& stai$s)a()%% t")e i$ hich t% #ee! a (a$"scri!t .%r$ %& a (a$"scri!t that has $%t )ee$ ta#e$ %"t a$d

read &%r a l%$' ti(e/)%ard, that &"$cti%$s as the c%+er %& a !al(-lea& (a$"scri!t,

seepapana (a$"scri!t %$ !al( lea& ith )%ards

starti$' i$ the (iddle )eca"se the )e'i$$i$' %& a (a$"scri!tis (issi$'/

i$str"(e$t &%r (a#i$' h%les i$ a !al( lea&dirt* )eca"se %& stai$s/

%!e$ s!ace )etee$ t% %rds %r letters )eca"se thes"r&ace la*er %& the lea& is da(a'ed %r s!ec#led a$d th"s

$%t s"ita)le &%r e$'ra+i$'/t% ta#e aa* the s"r&ace la*er %& a lea& that c%$tai$s a

%rd r%$'l* ritte$ %r s!elled a$d t% rite the c%rrecti%$%$ the la*er )e$eath

t% cr%ss %"t %& a letter %r a %rd/c%$secrati%$ %& s%(e%$e h% )e'i$s t% s!ecialie i$readi$' a$d riti$'/

t% !"t t% di&&ere$t (a$"scri!ts t%'ether &%r(i$' a si$'le

c%de)ad a$d "$clear %& scri!t/

(a$"scri!t (ade %& lea+es &r%( hich the ri)s ha+e $%t)ee$ re(%+ed

)r%#e$ i$ the !ress %& a lea&/lontar!al( treeG see als% ntal, tal, lontar, rontal

clearl* +isi)le %& a s*lla)le/a $%te %r a 'l%ss i$ the (ar'i$ %& a tet

!al( tree (Corypha gebanga)t% "()le "! the lea+es %& a (a$"scri!t

dirt* )eca"se %& stai$s/&i$e a$d s(all %& scri!t/

t% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)let% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)le

sl%!!* scri!tstai$ed )eca"se the lea+es ha+e )ee$ ha$dled t%% &re@"e$tl*/G

see als%guhigstai$ed )eca"se the lea+es ha+e )ee$ ha$dled t%% &re@"e$tl*/Gsee als%gubegt% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)lesi$'i$' %& the s#il&"l (%+e(e$ts %& the ha$ds %& a$i$d"stri%"s scri)e/


34/41

gumantung

idupina

5angkep5e re 5et

5inapit tunggal5rw

ka5okankaping untat

k8p8ngGk8t8ngG

kiudklander

korupkropakG

kropakanku&ek

kumurlait

langgatanlantaran

layanglayu bunga

leburleg

lemariGlempirG

letlontarG

lontar grantanganlontar marti

lontar tigang ran&itlos

lutlutma&angkuakma&aya

madiksaGmagangg8ngmagrantang basa

ma5emuht% c%rrect )* riti$' the %rd %r s*lla)le that $eeds t%

)e added "$der the riti$' li$e+ital &%rce %& (a$"scri!ts

!r%t%t*!e %& a tet

c%(!lete %& a (a$"scri!t/lea+es se$ t%'ether ith threadt% (a#e %$e (a$"scri!t &r%( t%G c%(!are duang sanak

s!ider* %& a &%rei'$ scri!t/ith %rds that are s#i!!ed %& a tet ith (a$* %(issi%$s

)eca"se %& scri)al err%rs/the cl%si$' %& a tet %r a (a$"scri!t

Chi$ese c%i$ ith a h%le i$ the ce$tre, %&te$ &%"$d tiedt% the stri$' h%ldi$' the lea+es %& a (a$"scri!t t%'etherG

see als% k8t8ngChi$ese c%i$ ith a h%le i$ the ce$treG see als% k8p8ngcr%%#ed %& lea+es/ter(ite that eats (a$"scri!ts

(ied "! %& s*lla)les that )ear cl%se rese()la$ce, s"ch

as ha, la, ka, ta,)eca"se the* are $%t ritte$ clearl*/%%de$ )% t% #ee! a (a$"scri!t i$G a (a$"scri!t #e!ti$ a %%de$ )%


35/41

a (a$"scri!t #e!t i$ a %%de$ )%t% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)le!artl* ille'ihle )eca"se %& dirt/

)a()%% ed'e i$ a !ressl%&t &%r the st%ra'e %& )as#ets a$d )%es ith (a$"scri!ts

clearl* ritte$ %& a letter/!al( lea& %r$ i$ the earl%)e

!ic#ed a$d &adi$' &l%er said %& a (a$"scri!t c%$sisti$'%& se+eral tets %$ lea+es %& di&&ere$t sies, i$ !artic"lar

i& a $e, $%t (%"ld* secti%$ %& lea+es is (%"$ted)etee$ %ld a$d (%"ld* %$es/

the letters are i!ed %"t )eca"se s%(e%$e has e!t%+er the(/

cr%%#ed %& lea+es/%%de$ chest that (a* he "sed &%r the st%ra'e %& (a$"scri!ts

a$ i$scri)ed lea&%ld a$d "sed ith earlier riti$' %& a lea&/

!al( tree (Borassus flabellifer %rflabelliformis %rPalmyra)0 a (a$"scri!t ritte$ %$ !al( lea&G see als%

rontal, ental, ntal, tala tet ith 'l%sses %r ("sical $%tati%$s

a tet ith 'l%ssesthree )"$ches %& lea+es ith ri)s, $%t str"$' i$t% %$e

(a$"scri!t, )"t tied t% each %ther )* a se!arate c%rd)r%#e$ i$ the !ress %& a lea&/

the letters ha+e l%st their )lac#e$i$' )eca"se %& a'e/t% start i$ the (iddleG the )e'i$$i$' %& the (a$"scri!t

is (issi$')ea"ti&"l %& scri!t/

c%$secrated %& s%(e%$e h% is a s!ecialist i$ readi$'a$d riti$'/

dirt* )eca"se %& stai$s/!r%+ided ith &ri$'es %& a tet i$ ld a+a$ese ith a$

i$terli$ear tra$slati%$ i$ Bali$ese/t% dr* the !al( lea+es i$ the s"$


36/41

makamal

mak8mp8lanmakrenyedan

makupakmalablab

maletasmamadu

mamodr mirahmanakin

manghuriGmangkepan

mangsimapiteh

martimasipat

masisirigmawilah

mawinten Gme&ik sastra

me&ikangmatelek

mawilahmm

mepekmilpilang ental

mitehmormor

mrekmekmrusmus

mubadnapak di sastran

ngamparngebitan

ngeburngembudngen&olin

ngetngetannglkain pepaosngleledin

ngor8sngor8tG

ngremengngu&ekG

ngu8tG

ngwilahningkihinnor8kG

ntalGille'i)le )eca"se %& dirt/

t% !"t t% kidung tets t%'etherc%$&"si$' )eca"se the scri)e has (ade (a$* err%rs/

t% ta#e aa* the s"r&ace la*er %& a lea& that c%$tai$s a%rd r%$'l* ritte$ %r s!elled a$d t% rite the c%rrecti%$

%$ the la*er )e$eatht% )%il the lea+es i$ a !a$t% l%a$ a (a$"scri!tsi(ilar )"t hard t% disti$'"ish %& s*lla)les that ha+e

(a$* si(ilarities a$d ca$$%t )e disti$'"ished )eca"se

%& sl%!!* riti$', &%r i$sta$ce ha, la, ta, a$d nga, ba,ga)'%ld %r sil+er #$%) ith r")ies tied t% a stri$' that


37/41

h%lds the lea+es %& a (a$"scri!t t%'ethert% c%!* a (a$"scri!tscri)e, secretar*

t% !"t t% tets i$ %$e (a$"scri!t)lac# i$#

t% t"r$ %+er a lea& %& a (a$"scri!t!r%+ided ith a$ i$terli$ear tra$slati%$ i$ Bali$ese, %&

a tet i$ ld a+a$eset% treat a (a$"scri!t ith a her)al re(ed*G see als% mawilah

t% '% )ac#ards %& Ara)ic scri!t/t% treat a (a$"scri!t ith a her)al re(ed*G see als%

masipatc%$secrated %& a s!ecialist i$ readi$' a$d riti$'/

t% c%$s"lt the h%l* literat"re re'"larl*t% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)le

car+ed %"t dee!l* %& a s*lla)le/t% r") )lac# !aste %& kemiri i$t% the 'r%%+es %& the

letters %& a (a$"scri!t!r%t%t*!e %& a (a$"scri!tc%!ied c%(!letel* %& a (a$"scri!t/

t% !lace the lea+es %& a (a$"scri!t %$ t%! %& each %ther

t% t"r$ %+er a lea& %& a (a$"scri!tdirt* a$d ille'i)le )eca"se %& stai$s/

eate$ )* hite a$ts, ith h%lessl%!!* %& scri!t/

t% treat a (a$"scri!t ith a her)al re(ed*c%(!letel* i$ acc%rda$ce ith a h%l* tet

t% car+e %"t sli'htl* %& a s*lla)le/t% t"r$ a lea& %& a (a$"scri!t

t% "()le "! the lea+es %& a (a$"scri!tt% "$tie the c%rd %& a (a$"scri!t

t% add a s*lla)le that has )ee$ s#i!!edeate$ )* i$sects, (%th-eate$

t% !r%d"ce (isera)le scri!tt% read a tet re!eatedl*

t% (a#e h%ri%$tal riti$' li$es %$ a lea&t% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)le

t% !r%d"ce sl%!!* scri!tt% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)let% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)le

t% i!e the s"r&ace %& a lea&t% r") )lac# !aste %& )"r$t kemiri $"ts i$t% the 'r%%+es%& the letters %& a (a$"scri!t

t% cr%ss %"t a s*lla)le!al( tree, lea& %& a !al( treeG see als% lontar, rnntal, tal.


38/41

nlal goak

ntal kedisntal taluh

nulisG

nungkak lengisnuptupangngwa&8nGnyastra

nyipatnyipatinnyompak

nyuluhnyutsut

o rukpabre&it

pa&aGpa5eng

palapah

pama&ekanpamepesanpamiretan

pamiritanpamlagbagan

panakpanemb

pangaduhanpangandun

panggalpangirikanpangrupakpangutik

pantapanulisanG

panyangkanpanyarikan G

panyelahpanyipatan

papanpasepelan

pepekpepesan

petikpi&ek

pip ilGpiteges

prasiGpudakG

pustakaGra buntut tra tawangara5ah G


39/41

rera5ahanGentalcr%-t*!e !al( lea&

)ird-t*!e !al( lea&e''-t*!e !al( 0ea&

t% ritet% )e i$c%(!lete %& a (a$"scri!t/

t% stri$' lea+es t%'ether i$ the ri'ht %rdert% read

literatet% (a#e h%ri%$tal riti$' li$es %$ a lea&

t% r") )lac# !aste %& )"r$t kemiri $"ts i$t% the 'r%%+es%& the letters %& a (a$"scri!t

t% ta#e aa* the s"r&ace la*er %& a lea& that c%$tai$s a%rd r%$'l* ritte$ %r s!elled a$d t% rite the c%rrecti%$

%$ the la*er )e$eatht% stri$' lea+es t%'ether

t% !la$e the riti$' s"r&ace %& a lea& ith the hair* )ar#%& a c%c%$"t$%t clear %& scri!t/

s!ider* %& scri!t/

t% read&r%(paha5eng) t% c%rrect %& a (a$"scri!t &"ll %& (ista#es/

!la$ts, !ieces %& )ar#, her)s "dded t% the ater i$ hich!al( lea+es are )%iled

)a()%% ed'e i$ a !ress!ress &%r !al( lea+es

i$str"(e$t &%r (a#i$' h%les i$ a !al( lea&i$str"(e$t &%r (a#i$' h%les i$ a !al( lea&

!ress lar'e/ &%r !al( lea+esc%!* %& a (a$"scri!tG see als%sisia

the )e'i$$i$' %& a (a$"scri!t!ress s(all/ &%r !al( lea+es

!ress s(all/ &%r !al( lea+est%! slat i$ a !ress

i$str"(e$t &%r (a#i$' h%les i$ a !al( lea$i&e t% e$'ra+e !al( lea+es

#$i&e t% e$'ra+e !al( lea+esse!arate 'r%"!, &%r i$sta$ce three tets !"t t%'ether, )"teach se!arated )* %$e e(!t* lea&

scri)ec"tter &%r !al( lea+essecretar*, +illa'e scri)e

%%de$ slat i$ a !ressi$str"(e$t t% (a#e riti$' li$es %$ a lea&

)%ard %& a (a$"scri!tG see als% &ak&p!lace here (a$"scri!ts are st%red

c%(!lete, c%!ied c%(!letel* %& a (a$"scri!t/a !re!ared lea&, )"t $%t *et i$scri)ed

t% c"t the lea+es %& a !al( tree

al(%st i$+isi)le %& a s*lla)le/s(all, ri))ed lea&tra$slati%$, e!la$ati%$ %& a tet

(a$"scri!t ith drai$'s&l%er %& thepandanus shr")

)%%#0Mr. Tail is i'$%ra$t0, t% )e illiterate

&i'"re, drai$'&i'"res, drai$'s, (a'ical drai$'s

Balinese palmleaf manus&ripts 473

riptaGronG

rontalGsamah

sanaksast raG

seksek


40/41

semut sadulursemputsepel

serutsisia

soksong

subengsuntik

tabuhtalG

talitampak dara

tingkih matunutampakG

tastraGtatar

tayemtebel

telektempa

tluluhantra bisa nastra

tugaktuktuk

tulang giingtulisG

luludantuluden

ugerugerunteng

uremwidi

wirupaning aksarariter, a"th%r

lea&lontar!al( lea&G see als% ental, ntal, tal, lontar

thic# (a$"scri!t %& (a$* !a'est% add di&&ere$t tets t% %$e (a$"scri!th%l* literat"reG see als% tastrat%% cl%se t% each %ther %& s*lla)les/0a$ts i$ a r%0 said %& the little d%ts i$ a tet ith'l%sses that c%$$ect the e!la$ati%$s i$ Bali$ese t% the

ld a+a$ese ter(sG a$d %& the little d%ts that c%$$ect!arts %& the tet i$ a$ ill"strated lontar)

"$rec%'$ia)le %& a letter/t% st%re (a$"scri!ts

t% !la$e the sides %& the lea+es t% (a#e the( s(%%thc%!* %& a (a$"scri!tG see als%panak

recta$'"lar )as#et, "sed &%r the st%ra'e %& (a$"scri!ts

h%le i$ a !al( lea&lea& %r$ i$ the earl%)e#$i&e that has )ec%(e )l"$t

the ha$driti$' st*le characteristic %& a scri)elontar!al( treeG see als% ental, ntal, lontar, rontal

stri$' t% h%ld the lea+es %& a (a$"scri!t t%'ethert% add a s*lla)le that has )ee$ s#i!!ed )* !laci$' a

cr%ss a)%+e the riti$' li$e, re&erri$' t% the s*lla)le %r%rd that has )ee$ added i$ the (ar'i$, "$der %r a)%+e

the riti$' li$e. This s*lla)le %r %rd is als% (ar#ed )*a cr%sst% r") )lac# !aste %& h"r$t kemiri i$t% the 'r%%+es %&the letters %& a (a$"scri!t

the ha$driti$' st*le characteristic %& a scri)e

h%l* literat"reG see als%sastraclear %& scri!t/the lea+es are (%"ld* heca"se the* ere c"t &r%( the


41/41

tree he$ the* ere t%% *%"$'/t%% cl%se t% each %ther %& s*lla)les/the de!th %& a s*lla)le

!r%t%t*!e %& a (a$"scri!ts!ec#led %& lea+es/

illiteratei$c%(!lete %& a tet i$ hich %rds are %(itted )eca"se

the scri)e i$ad+erte$tl* (ade a (ista#e/the cl%si$' %& a tet i$ a (a$"scri!t

the tra$slated Bali$ese/ tet !arts at the t%! a$d )%tt%(li$es %& a tet ith 'l%sses (lontar marti0 lontar

grantangan)letter, s*lla)le, drai$', !ai$ti$', s%(ethi$' that is

ritte$ith &%lds a$d de$ts %& a lea&/G see als% tuluden

ith &%lds a$d de$ts %& a lea&/G see als% tuludans!elli$' r"les

the tet i$ ld a+a$ese i$ the sec%$d/ li$e %& a tetith 'l%sses (lontar marti0 lontar grantangan)$%t clear %& scri!t/

)ea"ti&"l %& scri!t/

&%r'i+e$ess as#ed )* a scri)e &%r his )ad ha$driti$',"s"all* !"t i$ the c%l%!h%$ %& a (a$"scri!t

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BALINESE PALM-LEAF MANUSCRIPTS - hinzler.doc

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