BALOU MAINTENANCE SERVICES LIMITED
HSE MANUAL
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Balou Maintenance Services Limited (Golden Rules)
All accidents and incidents must be reported to the person immediate supervisor and/or any
HSE personnel so that all necessary action can be taken and forms filled out. Also, it must be
reported to management immediately and a report submitted with 24hrs of accident or
incident taken.
It is compulsory that Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) be worn based the minimum
prerequisites (Gloves, glasses, Helmet and boots).Additional PPE shall be worn based on the
risk assessment performed.
Smoking is forbidden on all Company sites and offices apart from in clearly marked
authorized smoking areas.
No employee or sub contractor shall report or attempt to report for work whilst being under
the influence of forbidden drugs or alcohol, or be in the acquisition of drugs or alcohol at the
workplace, or use drugs or alcohol whilst on duty
Excavations
Check for buried services and get “permit to dig” before staring the job
Barriers must be placed around the excavation work area to avoid vehicles or people from
falling in
If people need to enter excavations ensure the sides are properly supported and supported and
a secure access ladder is installed
Housekeeping
Cover or secure opening and holes in floors
Keep access areas well lit and free of debris
Do not leave materials where they could block an escape route
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Working on heights
Keep edge protection in place and openings carefully covered
Do not use access equipment if it is damaged of malfunctioning
Check all fall restraint and fall arrest equipment prior to use
Safety Harness must be worn at all times when working on heights where the center of your
back is 6ft above the ground
Working with electricity
Switch off equipment before unplugging and cleaning
Ensure that fuses and circuit breakers are correctly rated for the circuit they protect
Check to make sure that plugs and cables are secure and free of faults prior to use
Work place Transport – Pedestrian
Use designated pedestrian routes and crossing points
Before crossing, make sure to stop, look and listen
Workplace Transport –Driver
Only operate vehicles you are taught and capable to drive
Only use the designated traffic routes and follow sped limits
Check vehicle blind spots and use a banks-man
Manual Handling
Plan your lift and check the weight of the load before you begin to work
Before you lift, think about if there is a safer way of moving the load
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Check to make sure your route is clear of obstacles before you begin and carry the load close
to your body
Fire Safety
Make sure you are aware of what to do in case of a fire and find out where the nearest fire
point is located
Check work area prior to and after performing hot works
Always handle flammable liquids and gases cautiously and only use the appropriate container
to store flammable liquids
Health
Use protective equipment such as gloves, coveralls, glasses, helmets and ear defenders
Protect your back, muscles and joints by maximizing the use of handling aids and by using a
good handling technique
Decrease the risk of hand arm vibration (HAVS) by keeping power tools well kept and use
hem properly
Welfare
Check to make sure that your welfare facilities are easily available
Make sure to wash your hands before eating or preparing food and drinks.
Clean up after eating or preparing foods and drink and put the waste in the bins supplied
Only use wash rooms and toilets for their intended use
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Only use the PPE you have been instructed or taught to use
Recognize the risk involved and the limitations your of PPE
Check and examine all PPE before use, and never use it if faulty
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Follow the manufactures instructions on how to clean your PPE
Make sure your PPE is fitted properly; it could save your life
Induction
GENERAL
This procedure provides a description of project specific health, safety and environmental
(HSE) orientation and training for employees and visitors. Everyone who enters the Project
or Company for the first time following an absence of three (3) months or more, must receive
an orientation suitable to their position and purpose. Purpose and Scope
Pre warning of arrivals shall be endorsed so that presentations can be made to the groups
each day
Each individual has a duty to be present at and to constructively participate in the training, at
the time and location, as informed by their direct supervisor or other authorized person.
Trainers
A capable person(s) shall be appointed to carry out the Standard Site HSE Orientation /
General Orientation and Visitors Site HSE Orientation. A substitute(s) will also be chosen to
fill the role in the absence of the appointed person(s).
2.3 Timing of Orientation Training
All personnel must complete the HSE Orientation or the Visitors Site HSE Orientation. In
addition to a Visitors Site HSE Orientation, some individuals may need a more precise
orientation, pertinent to the dangers they are likely to be exposed.
Verification of Training
Each Project orientation attendee (including visitors) must sign an acknowledgment that they
have attended the orientation, have had the applicable topics discussed with them, and that
they comprehended the material discussed.
Each Orientation attendee must sign an attendance sheet.
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A copy of the acknowledgements must be submitted to the HSE representative within 24
hours and kept for auditing purposes.
Records
The Trainer carrying out the orientation training must keep (or forward to the Fluor HSE
departments
ORIENTATION
Employee Orientation
Orientation is the programmed advancement of a new or transferred employee to the
standards and prerequisites in his or her job description. This orientation process has been
created to help Construction Managers and Supervisors in verifying that employee
orientation is conducted in an orderly and comprehensive manner.
The reason for orientation training is to make each person acquainted with the following:
The Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Management System
Individual functions and responsibilities in managing health, safety and environmental
issues;
General workplace requirements
Specific dangers that may be inherent in a process, equipment or substance that may be
present at or in a work method used at a project work site.
Project Orientation
The orientation will comprise the following points:
Concise explanation of activities;
Site rules should be pin pointed during orientation and a copy should be given to those
present.
Introduce the new employee to his/her relevant Supervisor, coworkers, and HSE
representatives;
Discuss the location of First Aid facilities, amenities, lockers, eating areas, parking areas, and
notice boards;
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Notify employees of their duty to immediately report to their direct supervisor/foreman all
accidents and/or incidents that have or could have resulted in personal injury or property
damage;
Identify emergency and fire fighting services and equipment locations; illustrate how to raise
an alarm;
Identify emergency exits and assembly locations and discuss evacuation procedures;
Talk about general workplace dangers and demonstrate how they are dealt with, including
equipment safety devices, lockouts and location of safety and protective equipment, safety
signs, and notice board;
Housekeeping;
Provide personal protective equipment and clothing and illustrate its use and care; and
Illustrate/discuss safe work practices and hazard control procedures that are pertinent to the
job, including the use of safety equipment, location of emergency stop switches, nearest fire
extinguishers, safe handling of materials, explanation of Material Safety Data Sheets, manual
handling practices, etc.
To make sure the employee comprehends the orientation material, a comprehension test is
necessary.
Management Responsibilities
The duties of the management team are essential to let the policies and practices of Balou
Maintenance Services Ltd to be trickled down and incorporated by the general work force
Provide a secure working environment and make sure that the necessary systems, procedures
and training is in place to promote a safe working environment
Communicate the pre requisites for all employees in carrying out duty of care to themselves,
each other, third parties and property
Put systems in place to rectify and address concerns to ensure continuous enhancement and
feedback.
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To employ qualified and experienced HSE staffing in order to efficiently manage the HSE
performance of projects in the absence of the information. The recommended ratios of HSE
Advisors to work force are as follows.
Category of Risk
Suggested Ratio (HSE Advisor)
Low
1 to 60- 80
Medium
1 to 40 -60
High
1 to 30 -40
Employees Responsibilities
The specific duties of staff are given Appropriate Company Procedures
The duties of key personal within Departments and Projects are described in the appropriate
Department Procedures and Project QA/QC Plans
While at work, every employee is required to:
To take sensible care for the safety and health of himself and of other persons who may be
affected by his actions or omissions at work; and complete any duty/ task assigned to him/
her by the employer and to co operate to ensure that the task is performed.
Not to deliberately or irresponsibly interfere with or misuse any thing provided in the
interests of Health, Safety or welfare in pursuance of any of the applicable statutory or
company polices.
To inform his employer of any infringement under this Act or any regulations made there
under, the existence of which he knows; and
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To use appropriately, the personal protection equipment supplied for his/ her use.
To take all practical steps to make sure that their actions are not dangerous or where
unavoidable take steps to diminish the danger of injury to persons. Each employee should
study Balou Maintenance Services Limited HSE policy which explains the agreements made
for Health and Safety.
Employees should wear/ use Personal Protective Equipment provided for them as instructed.
Help to keep the site tidy and safe, whilst observing for warning notices and obey all
warnings given
Director
The Director of the Company has the overall responsibility for the management of Business
Units which comprises overall duties for the management of Health, Safety, Security and
Environmental System (HSSE). Additionally, the Director has the general duty to ensure the
realization of the Quality, Safety and Environment Policies and Objectives throughout.
Some pre requisites are:
Make sure that the policies outlined within the HSSE System are implemented and
adhered to.
Participate in revising and consenting the outputs from revision of the HSSE System
Create and agree upon the criteria for performance Contact in the construction with other
managers
Oversee meetings applicable Health, Safety, Quality and Environment issues
Revise Outputs from statistically generated information on Health, Safety, Quality and
Environment Measurements
HSE Manager
The HSE Manager is the representative directly responsible to the Director.
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To provide and independent reporting line to the Director regarding all aspects of
HSSE System
To provide staff with suitable quality, safety and environment qualifications as
necessary
To communicate with external certification bodies as required in order to organize
and maintain contacts pertaining to third party certification bodies
To help and inform the Director in Management Review by providing required
documentation and proposals for change
To make sure that HSE System is prepared, established, put into practice and
maintained
To put together, update and issue the HSE Manual and procedures
To help with Assessment of Sub contractors and Supplies
To make sure awareness of customer requirements throughout the organization is
encouraged
Project Managers
Project Managers are in charge of the management of those functions that are pertinent
within their operation .This includes the responsibility for the management of the HSE
System applicable to their operations .The duties are but not limited to
Have general and final responsibility for Health, Safety and Environment for this
contract.
Make sure that all employees under his/her control are aware, clearly comprehend, and
accept their duties under the Company’s Health, Safety and Environment Policy and that
they are prepared to play their part.
Make sure that sufficient resources are supplied to meet Health, Safety and
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Environment prerequisites.
Make sure that the Company’s Health, Safety and Environment Policy are correctly
and successfully carried out.
Make sure conditions are made to provide for the health of workers under their
control, by maintaining adequate First Aid facilities on the work site.
Inform on proper disciplinary action when HSE rules are breeched.
Perform workplace inspections at agreed intervals, to make sure the persons conform
to the Company’s HSE policy, and any legal requirements in force.
Put together and keep accident reports and statistics for efficient accident prevention
Entrust responsibilities as may be required to guarantee the effectiveness of the Policy
Supervisors /Foremen
Supervisors/Foremen are responsible to their Project Managers for making sure that there is
conformity to the requirements of the Company’s Health, Safety and Environment Policy,
within the areas under their control.
Particularly these responsibilities are:
To make themselves fully aware of the Company’s Health, Safety and
Environment Policy and make sure of its execution at their level.
To make sure persons under their control are sufficiently trained and fully
cognizant of any hazards in their department.
To report, document and investigate all accidents and near misses in their
department and suggest corrective action for execution.
To make sure employees utilize and / or wear all protective clothing and
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equipment necessary for particular jobs and to arrange replacements as required.
To instruct all employees under their control of the suggested safe job procedures
relevant to particular operations.
To implement all Health, Safety and Environment rules and regulations as they
pertain to their area of responsibility or as directed by Management.
To keep good housekeeping conditions within the work area.
To perform regular inspections of the work so as to make sure the Company’s
Health, Safety and Environment Policy is adhered to.
To point out training needs with regard to Health, Safety and Environment.
To inform the HSE officer of any insecure conditions which may have an effect on the health
and safety of workers or which may damage the environment
Everyone
Employees have a responsibility to take care of their own health and safety and the health
and safety of anyone who may be affected by their actions or omissions.
As a result employees will:
Act safely with regard to themselves and others in the work place.
Carry out work based on established safe work procedures.
Co-operate with management and supervision in satisfying the requirements of the
Company’s Health, Safety and Environment Policy, particularly as it relates to this
project.
Operate only equipment and machinery that they are qualified and allowed to use,
and make sure safe operating procedures are complied with.
Take care of safety equipment supplied for their use and make sure it is not altered
or abused.
Report all accidents at once, near misses and misconduct to their direct Supervisor
or other responsible persons.
Wear personal protective equipment as necessary and documents any defects likely
to minimize protection.
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Keenly participate in all safety meetings.
Employees exposed in vehicular traffic shall wear reflective of highly visible
warning vest
Employees have a responsibility to take care of their own health and safety and the health
and safety of anyone who may be affected by their actions or omissions.
As a result employees will:
Act safely with regard to themselves and others in the work place.
Carry out work based on established safe work procedures.
Co-operate with management and supervision in satisfying the requirements of the
Company’s Health, Safety and Environment Policy, particularly as it relates to this project.
Operate only equipment and machinery that they are qualified and allowed to use,
and make sure safe operating procedures are complied with.
Take care of safety equipment supplied for their use and make sure it is not altered
or abused.
Report all accidents at once, near misses and misconduct to their direct Supervisor
or other responsible persons.
Wear personal protective equipment as necessary and documents any defects likely
to minimize protection.
Keenly participate in all safety meetings.
Employees exposed in vehicular traffic shall wear reflective of highly visible
warning vest
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Communication
Balou’s Maintenance Services Ltd will take a practical approach in dealing with
previous incidents and corresponding the lessons learned from these incidents to enhance the
safety performance of its projects.
The lessons learned will be clarified in toolbox talk, Risk assessment, Safety alerts
Team Briefing, incident reporting and any other successful means of communication to the
work force.
Trends and pattern development will also be in a managerial context to decide on
the need for training or early warning signals
Pre –Employment
All applicants who are offered employment must be informed that they will
need to do a drug and alcohol test
Where employees are employed continuously from one project to another the
requirement of pre employment testing will be decided by the Project Manager
and the HSE Advisor
Persons who are to be employed by Balou Maintenance Services Limited must be
informed -
of the prerequisites of the Drug and Alcohol policy
Sign a statement indicating that they are aware of the Drug and
Alcohol Policy and approve the collection of a specimen for the
purpose of performing the drug and alcohol tests
Upon successfully passing the drug test you are acceptable for
employment at Balou Maintenance Services Limited
The drug and alcohol test result must be recorded and signed by the
official person who provides professional medical or other services
relative to controlled substances.
Relative to this negative drug test results reports without supporting medical
documentation will meet these requirements and is also applied to persons who
have failed a random are post incident drug and alcohol screening
Post incident testing must be done within a 24 hour period
Sub Contractors
Sub contractors and vendors conducting business on the company
property are to be subject to the same safety and job rules as Balou
Maintenance Services Limited employees. This shall include drug
screening and random searches in compliance with the procedure
and this HSSE manual
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Record Keeping and Confidentiality
All testing records and personal information shall be kept and
locked in the employees personal file .These files shall be strictly
confidential unless ordered to be released by court or applicable
jurisdiction. Only authorized personnel will be permitted to view
these records
Visitors
Anyone entering the construction site or a work area must wear
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).Exceptions to this rule will be
decided by the Project Manger and the HSE Personnel. In cases
where the visitor is wearing corrective lens, specific eye wear
designed for use over the corrective lens will be provided
In specific cases requirements for orientation and /or induction shall
be adhered to
Security Searches
The procedure within Balou Maintenance Services Limited
management systems is created to attain the goals of Balou
Maintenance Services Limited relative to encouraging and ensuring
employee safety, providing an accident free working environment,
preventing drug and alcohol use, and encouraging employers to
assist employees with seeking professional guidance for the purpose
of education, counseling and rehabilitation.
If Suspect items are discovered during a search, the individual will
be removed from Balou Maintenance Services Limited compound
The following procedure is achieved through a monitoring procedure –
Random systematic physical searches, inspections or investigation may be conducted with
a professional consultant who may use dogs and other special techniques to spot the
presence of drugs, alcohol, controlled substances and weapons. Such searches, inspections
and investigations will be coordinated with the approval of the project manager and the HSE Advisor and
the client prior to enforcement.
Sub contractors, their agents or any other persons are subject to
voluntary body searches or personnel searches by an authorized
Company representative or agent. Persons who refuse to voluntary
submit searches will be outside Balou Maintenance Services
Limited property and permanently denied re-admittance.
Whenever a search involving an individual is carried out, the following procedure will be
followed
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A request is made by person in authority to search the individual
Personal searches will never be conducted without the permission
of the individual .At least a company representative or a person
from the employer will be present during a search
Before the start of an individual search, the individual will be alerted as
to what will take place during the search, why the search is performed and what
action will be taken if suspected items or materials are found
The individual will be asked to voluntarily give up any substances and materials
in their ownership that may be in infringement of the site rules .If this request is
denied, the individual will be asked to empty all pockets of materials
and items
Any suspected materials and substances will be placed in a sealed
envelope. The sealed envelope will be handed over to the Project
Manager or the persons’ employer .Under no situations is the
package or envelope containing suspected items or substances to be
given to a law enforcement agency with identification of the
involved individual
The Project Manager or Person in authority or Client will advise the
individual where the seized items may be redeemed .These items
will not be moved from the project or transported in any company
management vehicle or project representative under any
circumstances
If a female individual is discovered during the search, the individual will be removed
from Balou Maintenance Services Limited compound
Searches of personal items, vehicles, lockers and other physical
areas will be performed on a random basis. On these occasions
Balou Maintenance Services Limited will use an autonomous body.
This body may use dogs or other specialized detectors or search
methods. These inspections will be coordinated in advance and
sanctioned by the Project/Department Manager and either the HSE
Adviser.
The following procedures will be used on these occasions:
Physical searches will be performed by a professional consultant with a Company
Representative present. Suspect items discovered during these searches will be seized and
placed into seal type envelopes or packages upon their detection. The envelope or package
will be given an identification number and presented to the Project/Department Manager
or employer if known, or a local enforcement agency.
Suspect material found within the limits of an individual’s locker, personal item or other
area exclusively controlled or inhabited by the individual will be handled in the same
manner as defined in this Manual. Under no situations is the package or envelope
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containing suspect items or substances to be presented to a law enforcement agency with
identification of involved individual.
In situations or incidents where suspect items have been identified
the individual involved will be escorted from Company premises.
Individuals who deny knowledge of, or use of, discovered suspect
items may submit proof to Balou Maintenance Services Limited of
their non-involvement. Examples of proof would be a urinalysis or
blood test supervised by Balou Maintenance Services Ltd and/or a
qualified professional.
If the individual provides Balou Maintenance Services with substantial
proof of non-involvement; the employee may be readmitted to the company’s
compound. Toolbox Talks
Responsibility
Supervisors or foremen must conduct toolbox talks with the
employees under their supervision. These meetings must include
information regarding potentially hazardous operations, accident
prevention methods, lessons learned, accident statistics, and other
such accident prevention techniques.
These meetings should maintain a positive attitude and should provide an opportunity for
an open discussion by employees.
Tool Box Talks
A Tool Box Talk shall be carried out by the Supervisor or Foreman covering prepared
safety material that was distributed and discussed by the HSE Adviser.
The reason for the Tool Box Talk is to supply employees with
information and instructions relative to accident prevention,
procedures, safety performance and general precautions to be taken
during the course of construction activities.
The general guidelines are:
It is compulsory for all employees to attend the Tool Box Meeting.
It is compulsory for all employees in attendance to sign the meeting record form.
The safety material covered should be relevant to the work being executed and each
employee must be able to hear the material being discussed.
Employees should be given the chance to ask questions concerning safety. Questions outside
the safety discipline should not be allowed.
The actual meeting time, including time for questions and answers, should not surpass 30
minutes.
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A copy of these documents will be kept by the HSE Adviser.
GENERAL
A risk assessment of the workplace will be carried out to determine the need for adequate
personal protective equipment (PPE).Detailed PPE requirements will be site-specific.
Personnel will be issued with PPE to protect them from workplace hazards which cannot be
eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level by other controls.
COMMUNICATION AND TRAINING
PPE requirements will be communicated to all affected employees at the Project. Employees
who are required to wear PPE will be trained. This training must include:
When PPE is required;
What PPE is required?
How to wear, adjust, and maintain PPE;
How to determine if PPE is damaged or defective; and
The limitations of the PPE.
Employees must show comprehension of this training and the ability to use PPE correctly
before starting work that needs PPE. If a trained employee later illustrates a lack of
understanding or skill in PPE, they must be retrained.
HEAD PROTECTION
Employees shall wear hard hats that are in good condition and meet appropriate regulatory
standards (i.e., ANSI [American National Standard Institute] Z89.1-1981 and ANSI Z89.2-
1971). Alteration of hard hats is forbidden. Hard hats shall be worn in the correct manner
(brim to the front). The only exception is for welders whose hard hats may have to be
reversed to accommodate welding shields while carrying out welding operations. If hard hats
cannot be worn during welding operations, other means of overhead protection must be
supplied. When not welding, welders must wear hard hats with brim to the front.
HEARING PROTECTION
Hearing protection is essential where high levels of noise are present (i.e., above 85 decibels).
EYE AND/OR FACE PROTECTION
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Employees shall wear approved ANSI Z87.1-1989 safety glasses with side shields in all work
areas except offices. Additional eye and/or face protection, such as goggles, face shields, and
welding shields, shall be necessary when engaged in operations such as welding, burning,
grinding, chipping, handling chemicals, (i.e., corrosive liquids or molten materials), drilling
overhead, using powder-actuated tools, and pouring concrete.
Employees and visitors may wear photo-gray safety lenses, where allowed, anywhere on
the jobsite, but permanently tinted lenses may be worn only in outside work areas.
Wearing of contact lenses shall be addressed in the site-specific safety rules.
Prescription glasses must satisfy the approved pertinent regulatory standards. Cover-all
glasses or goggles shall be necessary for prescription glasses that do not satisfy the standard.
Employees engaged in welding shall use filter lenses or plates specified by the pertinent
regulatory standards. These lenses shall be guarded by safety plates on both sides.
Employees helping welders should not look directly at the welding process and shall use
approved eye protection.
Employees engaged in operations using lasers shall use laser safety goggles appropriate for
the density of the laser beam being used. Such goggles shall be marked showing the visible
light transmission, the laser wavelength for which such goggles were designed, and their
optical density.
Employees shall be informed of the exact location of eye wash stations.
The following table shall be used as a guide for the selection of the proper shade numbers of
filter lenses or plates used in welding.
Welding Operation
Shade Number
Shielded metal-arc welding 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32 inch diameter
Electrodes 10
Gas-shielded arc welding (non-ferrous) 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes
11
Gas-shielded arc welding (ferrous) 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32-inch
diameter electrodes 12
Shielded metal-arc welding 3/16, 7/32, ¼ inch diameter
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Electrodes
12
5/16, 3/8-inch diameter electrodes 14
Atomic hydrogen welding 10-14
Carbon arc welding 14
Soldering 14
Torch brazing 3 or 4
Light cutting, up to one inch 3 or 4
Medium cutting, 1 inch to 6 inches 4 or 5
Heavy cutting, over 6 inches 5 or 6
Gas welding (light), up to 1/8 inch 4 or 5
Gas welding (medium), 1/8 inch to ½ inch 5 or 6
Gas welding (heavy), over ½ inch 6 or 8
FOOT PROTECTION
Steel-toed boots are necessary
Additional foot protection, such as metatarsal foot guards, must be worn when operating
tamps, jackhammers, or when it is possible for a foot injury.
RESPIRATORS
Respirators shall be worn and used in accordance with
HAND PROTECTION
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Gloves shall be worn when handling material that could burn, cut, tear or cause injury to the
skin. Use caution when wearing gloves around certain machinery. Protect hands from nip or
pinch points.
Leather work gloves will be made available where needed by construction plan(s);
Anti-vibration gloves will be supplied for all suitable employees during operations such as
chipping and drilling;
Rubber, neoprene or vinyl gloves will be made available to protect against chemicals;
Check MSDS’s for specific instructions on which type you need for protection; and for best
protection:
Check in the gloves before wearing them to make sure that they are not damaged, cracked or
torn in any way;
Make sure that the gloves fit properly (they should cover hands completely and fit
comfortably); and
Gloves with straps used as tightening devices should never be used as they may get entangled
in machinery or equipment.
Dress Requirements
Employees are required to wear clothing appropriate for the work being carried out
All site personnel will be provided with and shall wear the applicable PPE
As a minimum five (5) items of PPE will be required for personnel to wear when entering
areas that require PPE. They are safety helmets, safety boots, gloves, safety glasses and Hi
Vis Vests Fire resistant coveralls, nominally made of NOMEX.
The coveralls are to be worn with sleeves rolled down and the front to be button up closed.
WORKING ON HEIGHTS
The reason for this procedure is to provide for the safety of persons that may need to work at
height, use ladders, scaffolding, and/or fall arrest systems. Wherever practicable, the need for
personnel to work at height should be eliminated.
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SCOPE
This procedure outlines controls for working at height and associated risk assessments
DEFINITIONS
Anchor Point
A secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards, or deceleration devices. An anchorage
must able to support a minimum dead weight of five thousand (5,000) pounds (2,268
kilograms) for each person attached to it.
Competent Person
Any person who has been trained and authorized to inspect fall arresting equipment such as
lifelines. A single individual can be both qualified and competent. All projects/sites shall
maintain a list of competent and qualified persons.
Floor Hole
An opening measuring less than twelve (12) inches (30.47 centimeters) but more than one (1)
inch (2.54 centimeters) in its least dimension, in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard,
through which materials but not persons may fall; such as a belt hole, pipe opening, or slot
opening.
Floor Opening
An opening measuring twelve (12) inches (30.47 centimeters) or more in its least dimension,
in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard through which persons may fall; such as a
hatchway, stair or ladder opening, pit, or large manhole. Floor openings occupied by
elevators, dumb waiters, conveyors, machinery, or containers are excluded.
Guardrail
A barrier secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms to
avoid falls of persons.
Floor Opening Covers
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The construction of floor opening covers may be of any material that meets the strength
requirements. Covers projecting not more than one (1) inch (2.54 centimeters) above the
floor level may be used providing all edges are chamfered to an angle with the horizontal of
not over 30 degrees. All hinges, handles, bolts, or other parts shall set flush with the floor or
cover surface.
Guardrail
A barrier secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms to
avoid falls of persons.
Lanyard
A rope (nylon or steel cable) appropriate for supporting one person.
Lifeline
A vertically suspended rope with one end attached to a stationary object (such as a structural
member), capable of supporting at least five thousand (5000) pounds (2,268 kilograms) of
dead weight, with the other end attached to a lanyard or safety harness.
Open Sides and End
The edges of a platform that are more than fourteen (14) inches (36 centimeters) away
horizontally from a sturdy, continuous, vertical surface (such as a building wall) or a sturdy,
continuous horizontal surface (such as a floor), or a point of access. Exception: For plastering
and lathing operations, the horizontal threshold distance is eighteen (18) inches (46
centimeters).
Qualified Person
One who, by possession of a renowned degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who
by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully illustrated his/her ability
to solve or resolve problems pertinent to the subject matter, the work, or the Project/Site.
Retractable Lifeline or Inertia Reel
A fall-arrest device that permits free travel, without slack rope, but locks instantly when a fall
begins. Retractable lifelines may be used, but horizontal movement must be limited.
Rope Grabs (Fall Arrester)
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Automatic lifeline devices that act by inertia (resistance to movement) to grab the lifeline if a
fall occurs. Rope grabs are used when vertical movement is necessary, such as work from
boatswain chairs or suspended scaffolds.
Safety Harness
A safety harness is an approved design of straps that may be secured about the employee’s
body in a manner to distribute the fall-arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist,
chest, and shoulders, with a means for attaching it to other components of a personal fall-
arrest system.
Static Line or Centenary Line
A cable or rope strung horizontally and/or vertically from one substantial object to another,
providing a means of traveling between those two objects while maintaining fall protection
between those objects.
Type I Ladder
Portable ladder which can support at least two hundred fifty (250) pounds (113kilograms)
weight.
Wall Opening
An opening at least thirty (30) inches (76.2 centimeters) high and eighteen (18) inches (45.72
centimeters) wide, in any wall or partition, through which persons may fall; such as a yard-
arm doorway or chute opening.
Working at Height
Access or egress to/from, ascending, descending or working in any position where a person
can fall from one level to another and injure himself or herself.
GENERAL
Training must be completed and recorded.
In all pre-engineered building structures (100%), safety harnesses and / or scaffolds will be
used by all employees exposed to a fall hazard of six (6) feet (2 meters) or more. Static lines
and lifelines will be installed as needed within the structure to facilitate tying-off.
A risk assessment must be carried out for work at height.
Rescue equipment and vertical rescue trained personnel must be available.
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CONTROL MECHANISM
Each working at height scenario shall have a risk assessment conducted. Every effort must be
made to provide fall protection for people who need to work at height. If, however, a fall
restraint device is identified as being important, personnel who are taught, assessed, and
considered capable to work at height must be used. Contractors are in charge of the training
and competency of their employees to carry out their designated tasks in accordance to the
relevant standards. Documented proof of this training must be made available to the HSE
department before working at height.
A person will use both a fall-arrest harness and attachment device with a shock-absorbing
lanyard or an inertia reel whenever they are at risk of falling and incurring injury. The
lanyard or reel must be attached to an appropriate anchorage at all times while the person is
in an exposed position. At times, this requirement may require the use of two lanyards so that
one can be left attached while the second is being moved to the next anchorage. Back
hooking and the tying of knots in a lanyard are not allowed. An inertia reel device may be
used in place of a shock-absorbing lanyard.
Safety harnesses and other fall protection devices shall be used in accordance with this
procedure. There may be situations when fall arrest harnesses are used in addition to other
control measures (e.g., harnesses must always be worn when operating boom type Elevated
Work Platforms).
However, when any person is working in an area where there is a likelihood that he/she may
fall and is not protected by existing fall protection, he/she must use a fall arrest harness.
PERMANENT MEANS OF CONTROL
Guardrails / Handrails
A guardrail, handrail system is an edge protection rail system with the top edge height of top
rails at forty-two (42) inches (1.1 meters) plus or minus three (3) inches (8 centimeters)
above the walking/working level. A top-rail shall be capable of withstanding without failure
a force of at least 200 pounds (2.191kN/m) applied within two inches of the top edge in any
outward or downward direction (not to go below 39 inches [99.1 centimeters]), at any point
along the top edge. A mid-rail or mesh panel and a fender (toe) board must be securely fixed
and designed to withstand, without failure, a force of at least 150 pounds (2.189 KN) applied
in any downward or outward direction at any point along the mid-rail or other member.
Permanent Fixed Platform / Walkway
A permanently engineered standard platform with handrails attached to a permanent structure
(e.g., work platform or access way may be used).
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Permanent Industrial Fall Arrest System
An engineer-designed permanent system attached to suitable anchor points that can withstand
a minimum breaking force of 3,380 pounds (15 kN) can be used. (e.g., steel cable static
lines, steel cable ladder climbing systems and rigid rail ladder-climbing systems).
Anchor Points
Anchor points may be an existing structure, a pipe, or a temporary or permanent engineered
device such as an installed eyebolt, slide rail, or cable arrangement (e.g., static line). These
anchor points must be inspected daily prior to use, by a qualified inspector. Engineered
anchor points must be inspected by a capable person.
Anchor points for lanyards/harnesses and vertical lifelines must meet the following criteria:
Be able to safely support one person falling six (6) feet (1.8 meters);
Be installed in a manner that prevents accidental disengagement from support structures;
Be inspected by a capable person on a periodic basis;
Be placed where attachment and detachment can be done without causing loss of balance;
Be placed above shoulder height to lessen fall distance; and
Be free of sharp edges to avoid cutting the lanyard.
The following are examples of anchor points for individuals using harnesses, lanyards or
vertical lifelines:
A. Adequate For Use
Structural beams six (6) inches (15.24 centimeters) or greater in depth for one (1) or more
people
Pipes four (4) inches (10.16 centimeters) or greater for one (1) person
Pipes six (6) inches (15.24 centimeters) or greater for two (2) people
Fixed permanent ladder rails and clips for one (1) person
Permanent platform handrail post below mid-rail for one (1) person
B. Not Adequate For Use
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Platform or scaffold handrails (except as noted above);
Scaffold ladders;
Conduit/instruments;
Any part of a valve; and
Ladder cages and rungs.
TEMPORARY OR MOBILE MEANS OF CONTROL
Mobile Platforms
A mobile-engineered platform that is not mechanically driven and not extendable, (e.g.,
wheel skid mounted platform and workshop platform) may be used.
Scaffolding
Scaffolding includes tube and couplers, modular frames, drop staging, swing stages, purpose
design stages all with full decking, guardrails, and fender boards.
Scaffolding in light, medium, and heavy-duty applications must comply and be constructed
in accordance with local procedures.
Mechanical Elevating Work Platforms
Mechanical elevating platforms include cherry pickers, boom arms, scissors lifts, order
pickers, and building maintenance units.
Ladders
Portable ladders include stepladders and extension ladders. Generally, ladders must:
Be secured to structures with rope or wire;
Be positioned on a solid stable base or be fitted with foot plates;
Are not to be used near electrical services or welding, if ladders are metal;
Be inspected before use;
Be positioned at a ratio of 4:1; and
Be inspected on a frequent basis and taken out of service if faulty.
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A ladder inspection guide is included as Form 000 653 F0116.
Man Cage/Work Box
A certified lifting cage suitable to lift personnel, that is constructed to satisfy local standards
and is designed by the manufacturer for use as a personnel hoist may be used.
Note!!! Permits for use are required for each occasion when using a man cage with crane
or other lifting equipment.
Work from a man cage /work box or suspended platform is discussed in detail in Procedure
000 653 8132, Cranes and Lifting Equipment.
Fall Arrest Systems
A. Work Positioning / Fall Arrest Full-Body Harness
Fluor and all Contractors / Subcontractors will provide full-body harnesses meeting local
legislation and / or client requirements. Safety belts are NOT permitted.
B. Fall Arresters
Equipment such as harnesses, lanyards, shock absorbers, fall-arresters, lifelines, anchorages,
and safety nets can minimize the risk of injury if a fall occurs.
C. Lanyards
Must meet the following criteria:
Maximum length of a lanyard is six (6) feet (1.8 meters) in length, and it must be equipped
with self-locking hooks on each end.
The lanyard must be equipped with shock absorber.
Snap hooks must be of a double-locking design to avoid accidental disengagement. When not
in use, the lanyard must be secured and attached to the harness to avoid tripping or snagging.
The lanyard must not be dragged.
The lanyard must not be hooked back into itself unless created for that purpose.
Knots must not be tied in a lanyard. This will decrease the strength of the lanyard.
Energy Absorbers (Personal / Industrial)
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Any mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stitch lanyard, specially-woven lanyard, tearing or
deforming lanyards, automatic self-retracting lifelines / lanyards, etc. that serves to dissipate
a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest, or otherwise limit the energy imposed on
an employee during fall arrest.
Retractable Lifelines
A retractable lifeline is a fall-arresting device used together with other components of a fall-
arrest system. A retractable lifeline should be used by only one (1) person at a time.
A properly inspected and maintained retractable lifeline, when correctly installed and used
within the fall- arrest system, automatically stops a person’s descent a short distance after the
onset of an accidental fall.
Retractable lifelines should be considered for use when working in areas such as roofs and
scaffolds, tanks, towers, vessels, and manholes. Also, retractable lifelines should be
considered when climbing such equipment as vertical fixed ladders and telescoping derricks.
Before using a retractable lifeline, the Supervisor and/or the user must deal with the
following:
Has the user been trained to use a retractable lifeline correctly?
Is the retractable lifeline being used together with a complete fall-arrest system?
Is the equipment under a regular maintenance program?
Other considerations include:
DO NOT USE ROPE.
Attach self-retracting devices using shackles or carabineer.
Equipment must be hung up or placed loosely in a clean, dry area when storing.
Horizontal and Vertical Lifeline
Horizontal lifelines must be installed and used based on manufacturer’s specifications. The
following guidelines should also be followed:
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Softeners must be used where lifelines contact sharp edges, such as beam flanges.
Temporary lifelines must be removed at the completion of a job.
Anchor points, connectors, and other system components must be capable of safely
supporting one (1) person falling six (6) feet (1.8 meters).
A vertical lifeline shall be used by only one (1) person at a time.
Rope Grab
The rope grab must be used with a rope that satisfies or exceeds the following criteria:
Rope grab size must match rope size;
Minimum diameter of five-eighths (5/8) inch (1.59 centimeters) rope;
Made of polypropylene, nylon, or polyester;
Minimum tensile strength of five thousand (5,000) pounds (2,268 kilograms); and
When rope grabs are used with wire rope, it must be a complete system. (Rope grab must be
designed for a specific type and size of wire rope.)
WORKING AT HEIGHTS AND WORKING BELOW
Balou Maintenance Services Limited has a pledge to attain the highest possible level of
prevention of falls from heights. Consistent with this pledge, Fluor will strive to exceed the
minimum standard of the current legislation, standards, and codes of practice.
When any employee is working over operational equipment, they shall be protected from
falling.
Balou Maintenance Services Limited will carry out regular audits of existing workplaces and
will continually identify hazards, assess these risks, and instigate suitable control measures,
followed by constant monitoring. We will revise the procedures to confirm that the process is
working successfully and that risks are managed and control measures are enforced.
The hierarchy of control of these identified hazards is:
Elimination;
Substitution;
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Isolation;
Engineering Controls;
Administration; and
Personal Protective Equipment.
Elimination
Where possible, remove the need to complete tasks at height.
Substitution
Complete the task in a less dangerous location or manner (e.g., building as much of a
structure on the ground in preference to at height or use an elevating work platform).
Isolation
Isolate the hazard or hazardous area (install handrails, edge protection, cages on
ladders, etc.).
Engineering Controls
Engineer or redesign the structure or equipment to lessen the hazard involved in the task
(e.g., move valves from height to a lower level for operation, install remote valve operation
devices, design and install walkways, and use fixed ladders instead of using temporary
staging). Consideration must be given to the erection of structures and the provision of
suitable anchor points for the steel erectors.
Note!!! An anchorage must be capable of supporting a minimum dead weight of five
thousand (5,000) pounds (2,268 kilograms) for each person attached to it. An anchor point
must be an integral part of the structure and is often a beam, girder, column, or floor beam.
Handrails are not appropriate anchor points.
Administration
Research and develop safe work procedures for tasks, provide training, and use warning
signs and barricades to control the hazard.
Personal Protective Equipment
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PPE should be used only as a last resort or to increase the protection of one of the above
controls. PPE is limited to a full body or parachute type harness, with a proper means of
attachment to a suitable anchor point by a shock absorbing lanyard or an inertia reel.
Note!!! The date of manufacture must be printed on a label attached to the harness.
Maintenance of fall Protection
Harness, lanyards and other equipment used to prevent or arrest a fall must be inspected
before use by the person using it. Each three (3) months (quarterly) in compliance with the
electrical and rigging equipment procedure
Each harness and lanyard must have a label that displays the manufacturing date. If the date
is more than five (5) years from the current date, the harness or lanyard must be destroyed
and a new one obtained.
Equipment unfit for use will be sent to the manufacturer.
Work Practices
The following are special prerequisites associated with working at elevated locations or while
using fall-arresting equipment:
Workers must avoid climbing on equipment such as pumps, exchangers, valve hand wheels,
transformers, electric motors, handrails, structures, or any other facilities not specifically
intended for climbing.
Climbing on conduit, cable trays, or other similar equipment is not allowed. Climbing of
vertical beams is not allowed.
Workers must not climb a ladder while another person is above or below on the same ladder.
WORKING BELOW
Personnel working below another work area must inform the people above of their presence.
Should tools and equipment be raised or lowered to the upper work area, this work will be
performed by crane or be raised and lowered by hand using a rope (minimum 16 mm/0.64
inches diameter) with the tools and equipment securely tied. These lifting areas shall be
barricaded to prevent unintentional access beneath the suspended load.
GRID MESH/HANDRAIL REMOVAL
Before the removal of any part of any access walkway or handrail, a floor grating/handrail
removal permit shall be completed and approved, and prior to the work starting:
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A hazard checklist and JRA shall be completed;
A substantial barricade with suitable signage shall be erected at all approaches to the area
where the grating will be removed
Any personnel working inside the barricaded area shall wear suitable fall protection; and
The area below the intended opening that may be affected by overhead hazards shall be
barricaded and sign-posted to avoid access.
After work has been completed and prior to the barricade being removed, all grating or floor
plates and handrails are to be checked to make sure that all clamps and clips have been
secured.
TRAINING
Balou Maintenance Services Limited and all contractors will allow only persons with the
appropriate and current accreditation/certification training specific to the task(s) required of
them to work in an area where there is a probability of being injured from a fall from one
level to another. This training may include current scaffolding, rigging, dogging, or Elevating
Work Platform certificates of competency. All persons required to use industrial fall arrest
equipment must be trained to personally inspect, fit, maintain, and use such equipment.
Training in the event of an emergency such as rescue from height, accident, or injury must be
completed by all personnel entrusted with this responsibility on site. These persons must
have a current recognized certificate of competency to perform these tasks.
Note!!! All personnel required to use industrial fall arrest equipment must undergo refresher
training as required by changes in the workplace and / or equipment, or as other events
indicate that refresher training may be required.
RISK ASSESSMENT CONSIDERATIONS
All working at height must be preceded by a risk assessment. The personnel and their
supervisor must perform a risk assessment of the work, duration, frequency, and potential
consequences prior to the starting of work. This assessment may include the following
factors.
If a person were to fall what severity of injury would result?
How often will personnel be exposed to the hazard?
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What is the potential/probability of a fall occurring?
Perform a thorough risk assessment of the hazards by considering the following contributing
factors.
Injury Outcomes
How far would a person fall?
What would the person fall onto / into?
What injuries may result from the fall?
Frequency of Exposure
How often is the person likely to be exposed to the hazard?
How many persons at any given time are exposed to the hazard?
Potential/Probability/Causes of A Fall Occurring
A person will fall if his/her center of gravity (postural stability) is affected in an uncontrolled
manner. The mechanism to maintain and control stability receives sensory input from three
sources:
Vision;
Inner ear; and
Skin/weight bearing joints.
There are numerous factors that can affect the above sensory control mechanisms. Listed
below are some of the factors that can affect these control mechanisms, and a fall may result.
Will personnel need to move from one surface to another unprotected area?
Will all the surfaces support the intended load?
Are there any holes or opening in the surface?
Are there any unprotected edges, openings?
Do any levels change?
Is the surface slippery or steep (over 30%)?
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Will ladders need to be used?
Are the surfaces unstable?
Is the existing lighting a problem?
Will adverse weather affect the site conditions?
Will falling objects affect the safety of people or equipment?
Are there any other identified hazards that may affect the job, (e.g., chemical, electrical,
mechanical, noise, pressure, radiant, biochemical, or microbiological hazards)?
Will any step of the task involve or introduce an instability/stability factor?
If the answer is YES to any of the above, then further details will be needed.
Consider Control Measures
At this point, a hazard of falling has been identified, and the risk assessment requires that a
suitable control measure be enforced.
There are numerous control measures available. To establish the most efficient, suitable, and
feasible control measure by preferred order consider the following points.
Can the need for the work be eliminated? (There are many tasks still conducted at height
because that is the way we have always done them.) Consider does the task still need to be
completed at height.
Can the work be substituted or completed another way?
Can the process be altered, redesigned?
Can the equipment be changed?
Can the equipment or job relocate to another safer area?
Time and Further Considerations
Is time a factor?
What is the frequency of exposure?
What is the duration of exposure?
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Does the job need to be done before elimination or an alternative is implemented?
Eliminate, Substitute, Isolate, or Redesign
Enforce a more effective means of control of the identified risk eliminating the task.
Complete the task another way.
Engineer or redesign the equipment to eliminate the need for the task.
Move the equipment to a safe level where height is not a risk.
Separate the risk by installing a handrail.
Begin a detailed analysis into alternative controls.
At this point it is clear that the task still needs to be completed and that it is not possible to
remove, substitute, redesign, or separate the risk.
It is now essential to begin a detailed study into the task.
The Job Risk Analysis will detail the steps involved in the task. It is essential to consider the
following questions to help with a suitable solution to the risk involved.
Time and financial considerations:
Is time a limiting factor? Does the job need to be completed before a permanent solution is
designed, constructed, and installed?
Is money to design, construct, and install the control measure a limiting factor that may take
time to be provided?
Engineer, design, construct, and install the control solution.
The permanent control measure is now clearly identified, the finances are available, and the
identified hazard is isolated awaiting the completion of the installation.
Temporary control measure:
Due to financial or time barriers to the ultimate control measure, it is essential to still
complete the task while the permanent solution is engineered, designed, constructed, and
installed. A temporary control measure must be used at this point while the permanent
control measure is commissioned.
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Alternative Control Measures
By referring to the current Job Risk Analysis, the risk assessment of the hazard combined
with detailed suggestions from the risk analysis process, it should be possible to select an
appropriate alternative control measure such as:
Using a mobile platform;
Erecting suitable scaffolding to the area;
Using a suitable elevating work platform;
Using another type of mechanical platform;
Using a Fall Arrest System and Fall Arrest Harness;
Using mobile ladders with suitable safety equipment and a safe working procedure to provide
adequate protection; and
Enlisting the services of a specialized industrial rope access team.
Complete a New Job Risk Analysis on the Task
The use of an alternative control measure may have introduced further safety considerations
that may still need attention.
Perform or revise the existing JRA to complete the task.
Produce an area-specific procedure.
The control measure now chosen may need a detailed area-specific procedure to establish
exact details on the new process.
This area-specific procedure should include details on any new HSE requirements, additional
equipment, and specific training requirements.
Proceed with the task and constantly revise for improvements to the system.
SCAFFOLDING
Access
Don’t climb up or down scaffolding, use ladders or stairs provided.
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Make sure the ladder is at the correct angle, one unit out to four units up
Make sure ladders are tied in at both styles, not the rungs, and extend a safe distance above
landing stage.
At the end of the day remove access ladders or board them up to avoid children playing on
them.
Loading
Make sure you know the loading capacity of the scaffold you are working with and do not
surpass this under any circumstances. Distribute load around the standards as they are the
load-bearing members, not in the centre of bays.
When stacking materials always leave a passageway at least two boards wide for other
people to pass.
Make sure that materials are stacked correctly and can’t fall, use brick guards or netting
where required.
Don’t leave tools or materials lying about on the platform.
Hazards
Don’t remove or interfere with ties, guardrails, bracing, toe boards and ladders.
Modifications must only be made by competent persons.
Don’t throw, drop or tip materials from heights — either lower or dispose of them through a
chute.
Inspection
Carry out a visual inspection at the start of each shift prior to use.
Report all faults or defects immediately to a supervisor.
Scaffolding should be inspected every 7 days by a competent person and details of inspection
recorded.
Remember scaffolding provides you with a safe working platform - don’t abuse it
Scaffolds and Platforms
This standard covers safe practices that shall be followed in the erection and use of scaffolds.
All scaffolds shall be erected in accordance to BS 1129, 1139, 2482, 5973, 5974 and 5975.
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These rules are not all inclusive and good judgments should be used to supplement but not
displace these rules and to provide additional safety and precautionary measures to cover
unusual conditions.
Unless stated otherwise, h-frame scaffolding is not permitted on the project sites except to be
used as hard barriers.
Scaffold Tag Procedures
During scaffold erection, a red tag - DO NOT USE - SCAFFOLD BEING ERECTED OR
TORN DOWN must be attached on the scaffold in a readily noticeable area. Only scaffold
erectors are permitted on the scaffold during the construction phase.
The green tag - SCAFFOLD SAFE FOR ALL CRAFT WORK - must be signed and dated by
the scaffold foreman and attached to the scaffold in a readily visible area prior to use of the
scaffold.
The red tag - DO NOT USE - SCAFFOLD BEING ERECTED OR TORN DOWN - must be
attached on the scaffold in a readily visible area prior to any dismantling of the scaffold.
Only scaffold erectors are allowed on the scaffold during the dismantling phase.
Scaffolds and platforms are to be erected, moved, modified and dismantled by capable and
experienced personnel.
Inspect all equipment before using. If the equipment is damaged or deteriorated so that it
cannot be safely used, it should be immediately removed from the job site.
Dismantle scaffolds as soon as the job is finished. The equipment shall be handled carefully
to minimize damage and should be returned to the appropriate storage area as soon as
practical.
Guardrails shall be 50mm x 100mm, or the equivalent, approximately 1.05m, with a mid-rail.
Supports shall be at intervals not to exceed 2.4m.
Toe-boards shall be a minimum of 100mm.
All planking shall be scaffold grade or equivalent.
When scaffold heights exceed three times the smallest base dimension, it must be secured to
the building or structure at the second lift and every other lift thereafter. Running scaffold is
to be anchored every 9m horizontally at the heights established in the preceding sentence.
“Outriggers” or guys may be used where it is impossible to secure scaffolds to a building or
structure.
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The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid and capable of supporting four
(4) times the maximum intended load without settling or displacement. Unstable objects such
as barrels, boxes loose bricks or concrete blocks shall not be used to support scaffolds. 12” x
12” mud sills and base plates are suggested.
The poles, legs or uprights of scaffolds shall be plumb and securely and rigidly braced to
avoid swaying and displacement.
Do not stack brick, tile, block or similar material higher than 24” on the scaffold deck.
An access ladder shall be provided and securely attached to the scaffold and shall extend a
minimum of 0.9m above the landing.
Overhead protection shall be provided for men on a scaffold exposed to overhead hazards.
Material being hoisted onto a scaffold shall have a tag line to keep load from striking the side
of the scaffold.
A minimum of 2.4m shall be provided from any point of scaffold or above scaffold to nearest
electrical line up to 2400 volts. This clearance shall be increased to 3.6m for 13.8 kvA lines.
If employees are working at the base of a scaffold and there is any likelihood for objects
falling off the scaffold a screen shall be installed (18 gauge % inch wire mesh or equivalent)
extending from top rail to the toe-board
Specialty scaffolds should be designed by a registered professional engineer proficient in this
field and approved by Engineers and Constructors Site Management prior to erection and
use.
Metal Type Scaffolds
Before erecting the scaffold, inspect all components to be sure they are in good condition and
of proper rating for the job. Although maximum safe uniform loads vary for each type of
metal panel type scaffold, a maximum safe uniform loading of 50 pounds per square foot can
be safely used for all types.
Provide firm footing under each leg. If scaffolding is not located on concrete slab, use base
plates under each leg. If the ground is unstable, install continuous sills extending under both
legs of each panel. The base plates should be nailed to the sills to avoid plates from slipping
off the sills.
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Use screw jacks to adjust to uneven grade conditions. Do not use blocking. Note that these
jacks are for leveling - they are not to be used for extending the height of the scaffold.
Plumb, square and level scaffold as erection proceeds. Do not force the frame to fit: level
scaffold until fit can be made easily Cross braces, pinned at the center, are necessary on both
sides of each bay. Horizontal diagonal braces are required at top of second frame and at
every second frame thereafter, until desired height is reached. Frames should be locked
together by inserting pins through holes drilled in the coupling pins.
Running scaffolds shall be anchored every 9m in length and 7.75m in height.
Free-standing scaffolds 9m and higher must be guyed at 9m intervals.
Mobile Scaffold Towers
The platform height must not exceed four times the smallest base dimension.
Install horizontal diagonal braces at bottom of first frame and top of every second frame
thereafter.
All wheels are to be locked while employees are on a rolling scaffold
No one is to ride on a scaffold that is being moved.
Rolling scaffolds are to be used only on level, smooth surfaces, or the wheels must be
contained in wood or channel iron runners.
All castors used with scaffolding shall be rubber tired and provided with a positive locking
device to hold the scaffold in position.
Refer to CITB GE 700 – Construction Industry Training Board (can be found on the
Intranet).
Scaffold Planking
All scaffold planking will be scaffold grade or equivalent.
Under no circumstances will less than two boards be used for a walkway or working
platform.
Scaffold planks are not to extend over their end supports more than 300mm or less than
150mm (except cleated boards).
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All planking on platforms shall not be overlapped unless there is no alternative then
planking on platforms can be overlapped at a minimum of 300mm or secured from
movement.
Suspended Scaffolds
Safety harnesses are necessary and are to be tied to a structure, other than the scaffold, or to a
life line having a minimum breaking strength of 2450kg.
Wire or fiber rope used for scaffold suspension shall be capable of supporting at least six (6)
times the intended load.
Scaffolding shall be removed based on construction requirements when work has been
finished.
Tube and Fitting Scaffolds
Refer to CITB GE 700 – Construction Industry Training Board
Bearers shall be at least 100mm but not more than 300mm longer than the post spacing or
runner spacing.
Cross bracing shall be installed across the width of the scaffold at least every third set of
posts horizontally and every fourth runner vertically. Such bracing shall extend diagonally
from-the inner and outer runners upward to the next outer and inner runners.
Longitudinal diagonal bracing on the inner and outer rows of poles shall be installed at
approximately a 45 degree angle from near the base of the first outer post upward to the
extreme top of the scaffold.
Where the longitudinal length of the scaffold permits, such bracing shall be duplicated
beginning at every fifth post.
In a like manner, longitudinal bracing shall also be installed from the last post extending back
and upward toward the first post.
Where conditions preclude the attachment of this bracing to the posts, it maybe attached to
the runners.
The entire scaffold shall be tied to and securely braced against the building at intervals not to
exceed 9m horizontal and 7.75m vertically.
Guardrails and toe-boards shall be installed in compliance to this manual.
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MANUAL HANDLING
Take up position, feet hip width apart, one foot slightly advanced pointing in direction it is
intended to move. Bend the knees; back muscles should be relaxed. Get a secure grip of the
load. Lift, keeping the back straight, arms close to body, leg muscles taking the strain.
Step off in direction advance foot is pointing, load held close to body. Avoid twisting the
trunk whilst lifting or carrying a load
Do not carry a load that blocks the vision.
When lifting to a height from the floor, do it in two stages.
LADDERS
The ladder must be set on a firm level base and pitched nominally at a ratio of 0.30m out at
the base for every 1.2m vertical height, or 1 horizontal to 4 vertical
Make sure the ladder reaches a sufficient height above landing platform (minimum 3 rungs)
unless an alternative hand hold is available. Ladders longer than 3m in length should be
secured or footed when this is not practical.
Two ladders should not be strung together to provide a longer reach or pitch.
When ascending or descending, face into the pitch of the ladder. If work has to be sideways,
the ladder should be moved to the location rather than having the employee stretch sideways.
Loads should not be carried on ladders.
Inspect ladders and rungs before use and regularly when stored. Wet or greasy rungs should
be cleaned and dried before use. Use clear varnish to protect a ladder as painting may cover a
fault.
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Work should only be performed from a ladder when the job is of short duration and can be
carried out safely.
Any ladder used for temporary access to the roof must be sound and placed on a firm level
base. Until a ladder is lashed into position, it must be footed by a person at its base.
When ladders run to over 9 meters, an intermediate platform equipped with guardrails and
toe boards must be erected.
HAND TOOLS
General
Chisels and punches should be ground to avoid mushrooming. Protect sharp edges of tools
that are to be stored or carried. All files shall have a working handle.
Hammer heads shall be tightly wedged on their shafts and wooden handles that are split are
to be fixed.
Screwdrivers are not to be used on work or pieces held in the hand.
Keep tools in boxes or racks when not in use. Tools that are worn or damaged beyond repair
shall be scrapped.
All tools and equipment should be checked before use.
Cartridge Tools
Cartridge tools should only be used if an employee has been taught and approved to do so.
General guidelines for cartridge tool use are:
Read makers’ instructions carefully before using gun
Before handling gun make sure it is not loaded, and load gun with barrel pointing in safe
position away from the operator
Never place hands over the end of the barrel, nor walk around with a loaded gun. Always
load at area of use.
Check material into which bolt is to be fired to guarantee the safety of persons on the other
side
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Allow at least 80mm from edges of concrete or brickwork.
Hold the gun at right angles to the job when firing.
Wear goggles and ear defenders.
In the event of a misfire, wait a minute before unloading. Never leave gun loaded when not
in use
Always clean up used cartridges and look out for any misfires. Dispose of these safely.
Abrasive Wheel Machinery
The employee using the tool will securely anchor fixed machines to avoid movement or
tipping, and will put guards in place for each abrasive wheel and brush.
The employee using the tool will regularly check abrasive wheels to make sure they are in
good condition and not imbalanced, fractured or in any way likely to shatter during operation
Before taking any abrasive wheel equipment for work on the project, electrical checks will be
carried out and documented to note the status of the equipment. Operators of rotating
equipment such as grinders will be trained periodically on abrasive wheel equipment safety
and be fully informed of the relevant PPE requirements.
Abrasive wheel Usage
Heavy pressure on the wheel will not be exerted, and the side of the wheel is not considered a
tool for Abrasion.
For bench mounted abrasive wheels, the following guidelines to operators apply:
The wheel must not be more than 1/8” from tool rest.
Keep the glass screen in the safety position.
Keep fingers below the tool rest level.
Use the correct grade of wheel for the work in hand.
Keep the face of the wheel evenly dressed.
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Run a replacement wheel for a full minute after fitting before attempting to use it. Stand
clear during the test
Stop the wheel when not in use
Cutting tools
Extreme pressure should not be exerted on a blade. The edges of cutting tools are to be kept
sharp, and hands kept behind the cutting edges when working.
Correct blades shall be used at all times. When not in use, blades should be removed or
retracted if this is not possible, sheathed or protected.
If cutting tools have to be carried they should have their blades removed, retracted or
protected, or held downwards.
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL HANDLING
A material handling assessment must be performed for substances covered by a hazard
warning sheet, label or those other substances known to cause health risks, such as welding
fumes, brick dust, etc.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) must be provided for all materials used on the Project.
A central library will be kept by the HSE Adviser on the site for immediate access and
reference.
Known examples of hazardous substances are:
Contaminated ground
All forms of dust
Epoxy based products
Concrete
Solvents
Oils and lubricants
Cement and mortar
Welding fumes
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The MSDS assessment will dictate the precautions to be taken when handling any particular
material.
Employees are informed not to eat, drink or smoke when handling substances and always to
wash thoroughly at the end of a shift or before eating.
ASBESTOS
General
Asbestos is a common, naturally occurring group of fibrous minerals. Asbestos fibers have
been used on a variety of building materials; however, BMSL does not use any asbestos
containing materials.
Once asbestos is found on site, work must stop and a specific contractor will be contacted for
elimination.
Refer to CITB GE 700 – Construction Industry Training Board for further reference.
FIRE
Fire prevention & protection
Fire prevention refers to the precautions which need to be taken to avoid a fire from starting
or to avoid a ‘useful’ fire from getting out of control.
Fire protection also refers to the equipment and methods available to put out an uncontrolled
fire, and to the equipment and methods available to safely permit people to leave a fire area.
Fire Protection
In case of fire, or probable fire, the first task should be to make sure that all personnel are out
of danger, including those who stay to extinguish the fire.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Type
Fire extinguishers are the main type of fire protection for projects.
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Fire extinguishers are officially rated by tests conducted by independent agencies. The
results of these tests are the official ratings, and are known as the UL Rating. Typical UL
ratings are 2-A, 4-B: C 16-B: C2 and 4A-30 B: C. The number refers to the relative size of
the extinguisher and the letters refer to the type of fire that is best controlled by that
particular extinguisher.
A = Combustible material paper, wood, etc.
B = Flammable liquids (gasoline, diesel, solvent etc.)
C = Electrical
Mounting and Location
Extinguishers are not to be left on the floor, on a scaffold or on the ground. They are to be
mounted on a wall, handrail, barricade, etc. temporary use for short term protection of work
area does not necessitate mounting of extinguisher.
Extinguishers that have a total weight of more than 18kg are to be mounted with the top of
the extinguisher no more than 1.0m above the floor. Extinguishers weighing 18kg or less
may be mounted with the top as high as 1.50m above the floor.
Extinguishers should be located where they are can be easily observed. In cases where this is
not practical, signs or red paint markings need to be added to identify the location of the
extinguisher
Garbage and stored material must be kept away from extinguishers to avoid blockage of the
access to the extinguisher.
Inspection and Testing
Every fire extinguisher must be visually inspected at least once each month. A written
document of the monthly inspection is not needed. The inspection is to include:
Location
Fully charged
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Seal wire not broken
Free of any obvious defects or damage
A thorough examination of each extinguisher is to be performed annually by an individual
trained to examine, repair, and recharge extinguisher. A written document is necessary. An
inspection tag is to be attached to each extinguisher showing the date of the annual
inspection, the date of recharge, and the initials of the individual making the examination. If
site personnel are not qualified to make this examination, an outside inspection agency will
have to be used.
Extinguishers more than five years old may need a hydrostatic test if they are to remain in
service.
WASTE
Skips
Skips should not be overfilled, and the area around a skip must be kept tidy
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) is designed to
control the health and safety of workers who may be exposed to hazardous waste. This could
happen as a result of:
Fire which presents an explosion hazard;
Oil, condensate or hazardous chemical spills which cannot be contained by the personnel on
hand;
Release of gas (including carbon dioxide, helium or nitrogen)
Balou Maintenance Services Limited will create and enforce a written emergency response
plan to handle anticipated emergencies based on the contract requirements.
Recycle bins
Balou Maintenance Services Limited in its effort to be more sustainable has authorized the
use of recycle bins to separate waste in offices and sites. The red bin is used for glass, blue
for plastic, yellow for foil/tin cans and green for paper. All employees are encouraged to
separate their waste both at work and home.
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POLLUTION CONTROL
Site Control
Water will be used to damp down haul roads but we will make sure this does not aggravate
pollution of water courses. Water will not be used without authorization if a hose pipe ban is
in force.
Drivers of transport used to move dusty materials, will make surer that loads are sheeted or
does not create dust blow.
Employees are encouraged to shut down or turn off plant and vehicles when not in use, and
to report any faults to plant exhaust systems immediately to management.
If approached by a member of the public or a member of the EMA with a complaint,
employees are encouraged to be diplomatic and take them to see Site Management.
Water Pollution
Settling tanks, ponds and catch pits should be constructed where appropriate, to lessen the
effect of discharge into public watercourses.
Any item of plant or machinery that starts to leak oil or fuel, or if drip trays become full or
ineffective must be reported.
Any empty drums, having contained fuels or chemicals, must be returned to the “empty
drum” storage area.
If there is an oil/fuel/chemical spillage, report this to Site Management at once.
PLANT AND TRANSPORT
Operators
Operators should be trained and qualified to operate the appropriate items of plant and
equipment Such training shall be evidenced by relevant permits, licenses or other provisions
as established by statutory regulations or Balou Maintenance Services Limited
The operator shall understand the boundaries of the machine, both loaded and unloaded and
the operating parameters shall never be surpassed.
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Passengers shall not be permitted to ride on mobile plant unless there is a specific seat and
seatbelt for passengers.
At the start of each day/shift, the operator/driver of each vehicle, item of plant and equipment
should check, as a minimum, the following items:
Tyre pressures and condition
Wheel nuts
Brakes and steering
Mirrors, lights, horn, reversing light and alarms
Fluid levels and condition
Visual inspection of the vehicle appearance
Integrity of pipes and hoses.
All visible faults must be reported immediately and the item of plant not be permitted to
operate if in a dangerous condition until the fault is fixed.
Operators should be informed of other personnel and plant in the working area. Audible horn
and light signals should be used whenever to warn of approach.
The use of cell phones or headphone accessories during operation of the commercial plant
and vehicle is forbidden. Note that operation of a vehicle may also signify moving, idling, or
other activities that demand full concentration from the operator. It is suggested that where
required, an operator uses a cell phone outside of the cab only whilst the vehicle or
equipment is not being used and switched off.
Banks-man
General
A banks person should be suitably qualified for the position evident from undergoing training
specific to his/her task. A banks person should be used where heavy equipment and plant
and/or moving vehicles are present and operational within the Project.
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Main responsibilities of a banks person are to:
Stand where the load and driver are clearly visible during the complete lift.
Make sure that no-one is in the path of the load.
Never allow the equipment encroach near to overhead lines.
Use clear and distinct signals.
Traveling
Views are to be kept clear and operators must look and move in the direction of travel. Loads
must be kept low and fully tilted back during travel. Travel speeds must be consistent with
signage, conditions and pedestrian movement.
All loads must be secured before traveling.
If traveling in reverse, make sure that the view is clear and if needed, use a banks man to
guide
Movement
Unless the vehicle is fitted for Public Roads Operation, do not use on public roads
Excavators
On completion of work, ground the bucket and immobilize the machine. Always make sure
buckets, booms and jibs are supported when raised for maintenance.
When plant and equipment is to be left unattended the parking brake shall be set. The starter
key shall be removed.
Mobile Cranes
Check all wire ropes for wear at frequent intervals.
Before operating, test/check the safe load indicator and all crane motions. Make sure crane is
on firm and
Level ground: Use mats if necessary
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Before hoisting make sure that the load is correctly slung, balanced and secured. Never
surpass the safe working load. Obey warning devices and notice.
When assessing the total load to be lifted, allow for the weight of the appropriate lifting gear.
Stacking of Materials
Only stack material in official areas. Never near doorways, access ways or on fire escape
routes.
Stack on a level surface and provide packing.
Stacks should not be made higher than 3 times the minimum base width.
Consider in what order materials will be unloaded from a stack and then load it accordingly.
Stack close to work area to lessen amount of handling.
Don’t lean materials against parts of semi-constructed structures or temporary facilities.
Adequate space should be left between pallets and loads for safe removal.
Prefabricated panels should not be stacked where they can be affected by wind.
Where pipes are small in diameter, stack in racks. If large in diameter, securely chock at the
base.
Pipe-work should not be stacked in pyramids except as per the manufacturer’s guidance.
Large concrete rings must be laid flat.
Forklifts
Loading should be done with the mast vertical or tilted slightly back, and the forks should be
as widely spaced as practicable to give maximum stability to the load.
The load should be moved over the stack, mast vertical, and lowered until forks are free of
load. Stop at face of stack and raise load to stacking height still tilted back. Forks are to be
withdrawn and lowered just clear of floor before traveling away.
Cranes
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Only authorized personnel shall enter the crane cab or operate the crane.
On pneumatic-tired crane, tires must be in good condition and properly inflated. Cables,
blocks and rigging must be in good condition. Tyres must not touch ground when lifting.
Before actual use for lifting work operator shall check operation of crane, clutches, brakes
and operating controls to be sure they are in good working order.
Current annual inspection records as required by the OSH Act (2004) or other legislation
shall be located in the Project Office for all cranes in use.
Guards shall be in place on pulleys, sprockets, drums, fly wheels and other such rotating
equipment where persons may be exposed to contact or otherwise create a hazard.
Rate of capacities, special warnings and instructions shall be posted on all equipment so they
are noticeable by the operator at their control station.
Guardrails, handholds, steps or other safe means shall be made available on cranes for easy
access to the operating cab. Platforms and walkways shall have anti-skid surfaces. Proper
barricades shall be placed around the swing radius of cranes or other lifting equipment.
An accessible fire extinguisher shall be placed on the equipment.
Cranes shall be grounded through the superstructure whenever they could possibly make
contact with an electrical energy source.
Crane booms shall be lowered when they are in transit.
Do not exceed 80 percent of the capacity shown on load chart. Do not depend on machine
tipping to determine the maximum lifting capacity.
The weight of the hook, load block and any material handling devices must be included when
calculating the total weight of a load.
Outriggers must be fully extended when the load to be handled at that particular radius
exceeds the rated load without outriggers as given by the manufacturer or on the load chart.
Always use pads or mats under outriggers when setting crane up on unstable ground or in
areas where the strength of the slab/roadway is not known. Outriggers on hydraulic cranes
must be fully extended before extending long cantilever booms.
Crane gantries must be in the up position when:
Hoisting loads with the boom in a horizontal position.
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Raising a boom that is longer than the machine is equipped to travel with.
Hoisting near-capacity loads.
When handling near-capacity loads, the stability of the machine shall be checked by hoisting
the load slightly, holding with the brakes, and then slowly lowering the load back down,
using the lowering device and brakes.
Swing speed must be controlled so that the load does not swing out beyond the radius at
which it can safely be handled.
Always position the boom tip directly above the load being hoisted. Never use a crane boom
for dragging loads sideways.
Boatswain chair lifts with a crane are forbidden. The use of boatswain chairs on crane load
lines will be limited to special circumstances such as internal inspection of a vessel, but only
after approval of the
HSE Department
Prevent hoisting and carrying loads over personnel and equipment.
The operator must not leave his position at the controls while a load is suspended. Never
climb on or off a crane while it is in motion.
Keep at least 3m clearance between the load, boom, hoist cables and any electric power lines.
If it is necessary to work closer, first contact the supervisor.
Truck and Crawler Cranes
Mobile truck cranes are not to travel with a load without the consent from the Rigging
Supervisor.
When lowering the boom on truck and crawler cranes, let out the hoisting cables to avoid
double blocking the whip-line ball and the main fall block.
Hydraulic Cranes
When extending the boom on hydraulic cranes, let out the load cable simultaneously to avoid
double blocking against the boom tip sheaves.
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When retracting the boom on hydraulic cranes, the load cable must be retracted
simultaneously or the load will lower.
Never extend a manual boom section of a hydraulic crane unless you have been properly
instructed in the correct procedure.
Pre-Lift Check of Conventional Cranes
A pre-lift check must be conducted at the beginning of each shift and/or by the oncoming
operator whenever the operator changes.
The objectives of the pre-lift check are:
Dry out brakes in damp weather.
Identify unknown mechanical problems.
Confirm all adjustments are correct.
Freefall brakes testing must be conducted with each pre-lift check unless otherwise waived
by the
Rigging Supervisor
Free-fall tests should be made in an open area whenever possible. Area should be clear of
operating equipment, personnel, pipelines and other obstructions.
The signal person on the ground is responsible for keeping the area clear while the free-fall
test is being performed.
All crane functions except those needed to perform the free-fall test must be locked when the
free-fall brake test is performed.
All lifting equipment must be certified annually by a certified competent authority.
Inspection after Major Repair or Modification
If a crane needs major structural repairs or modifications, it is to be inspected by the
“Manufacturer’s representative” before being placed back into service. A written document
of such special inspection is to be filed on the Project.
Materials Handling
Tag lines shall be used when lifting materials with any crane or other lifting device.
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Procedures concerning the use of softeners, slings, and wire ropes shall be in compliance
with regulatory statutes.
Wire Ropes, Chains, Slings and Shackles
The safe working loads of wire ropes should be determined by capacities as indicated.
Wire rope should not be secured by knots.
Wire rope should consist of one continuous piece without knots or splices.
Regular application of the proper lubricant to the exterior of the rope helps keep the original
lubricant in the rope.
Rigging should be visually inspected each day before use by an experienced person selected
by management.
Slings and chokers should be inspected thoroughly once per week by thee selected person.
Colour coding of slings is recommended in order to make sure that the inspections are
performed.
Sudden stresses due to impact or acceleration can increase the dead load two to three times.
LIFTING ACCESSORIES
Pre-load
When in doubt and before all specified lifts, a lifting checklist shall be carried and
documented
Check SWL (Safe Working Load) on equipment before use, and make sure that the operator
knows the weight of the load before lifting.
Make sure a current test certificate is available for the equipment in use. 6 months is usually
the accepted certification period.
Make sure there is no damage to the equipment. Reject any that are damaged, and return
lifting equipment to the store after use.
Slings
Do not use fiber or wire rope slings for hot loads and keep them away from welding or
burning.
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Protect slings from sharp edges. Make sure there are no broken ends in wires or chafing on
fiber slings.
Synthetic web slings should satisfy the following requirements:
Marked with date of manufacture, type of material and load capacity
The sling is considered faulty when the core yarn is visible to the naked eye
Not to be exposed or come in contact with corrosives, acids etc.
These slings must never be ‘married’ or joined
Slings to be removed upon signs of kinking, crushing or bird-caging
Sheaves
Undersized sheaves are directly responsible for many rope failures. Under no circumstances
should a rope be operated over a sheave smaller than the “critical” diameter of the rope. A
sharper bend results in displacement of the strands and over-stressing of the wires.
The grooves in the sheaves should be the right size for the rope. Undersized grooves cause a
pinching action that literally eats up the rope and sleeves. Oversized grooves result in the
rope becoming flattened and distorted.
Crosby Clips
Clips should be at least six rope diameters apart.
The “U” bolts should bear upon the “dead” end of the rope.
A heavy-duty thimble for the eye is suggested.
Any item found to be faulty should be removed from service and destroyed.
Equipment not in use will be removed from the immediate work area to the allocated storage
racks.
Chain
A permanent tag should be affixed to each chain stating size, grade, rated capacity and
manufacturer’s name.
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Attachments should have a rated capacity at least equal to the chain.
Makeshift hooks, links, or fasteners should not be used.
Chains should be inspected on a daily basis. If the links show any sign of wear, the chain
should be immediately discarded.
Safety latches should be installed on all hooks.
Shackles
Only shackles that are stamped/ tested will be used. Also, if the width between eyes is greater
than that listed, the shackle has been overstrained and MUST NOT be used.
All shackle pins must be straight and all pins of the screw - in type must be screwed in all the
way.
Makeshift devices (pins, nuts, bolts, etc.) are not to be used as substitutes.
Nylon Slings
Slewing motions should be operated gently to decrease load swing to a minimum. Before
travelling, make sure that the slewing lock is engaged.
Load sharing between cranes should only be done under planned and supervised conditions.
Never leave the crane with a load suspended.
When leaving the crane, make sure the power is off, the hook is unloaded, and out of the
way, the brakes are on, and the cab is locked so that no unauthorized person can interfere
with the crane.
If persons have to be lifted, they must travel in an approved chair, cage or skip, and the crane
must be equipped with power lowering and automatic breaking.
Hoists
Do not exceed the safe working load displayed on the hoist.
Gates must be kept closed at ground level and at all landings when the platform is in motion.
Keep landing stages free from obstruction by materials or plant.
No hoist should be left unattended with the motor running.
No unauthorized person is allowed to operate or interfere with the hoist.
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Make sure that the hoist is inspected at least once a week and details of the inspection entered
in the relevant register.
When not in use, the hoist platform should be kept at ground level. At the end of normal
working hours, the hoist should be effectively immobilized - seek advice or instruction if
required.
Earthmoving
Vehicles must not be driven when the body is in the raised tipping position. Blades, buckets
etc of machines must be lowered to the ground before the driver leaves the cab.
When separated from the power unit, towing arms must be lowered to the ground.
MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORMS
Hazards
Operative falling from height
Overturning of the machine due to poor operation or ground conditions
Collision with other vehicles (elbow of boom moving into the path of other traffic)
Tools and materials etc. falling from height
Contact with high level electrical cables and other obstructions.
Exhaust gases if using in a confined area.
High wind speeds and other unfavorable weather conditions.
Precautions
All operators of mobile elevating work platforms must be properly trained card holders.
Operators should only operate the types of mobile elevating platform for which they have
been taught.
Always check that the machine is stable before use.
Use outriggers or stabilizers, where required.
Except for scissor lifts, users must wear a safety harness clipped to machine.
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Make sure that the ground conditions are appropriate for the type of machine in use.
Do not load the machine beyond its safe working load.
If work involves removing equipment or materials from a structure, do not exceed the SWL
of machine.
When maneuvering in a confined area or where members of the public are at risk, always use
a banks man.
Be prepared to stop work and return to ground level if the wind speed or weather conditions
worsen to an unacceptable level.
Refueling
Always turn the engine off before refueling.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) powered machines must be refueled in open spaces where
any spillage can easily and quickly disperse.
It is good practice to carry out refueling of all machines in the open air.
Avoid skin contact if refueling diesel oil, and clean up any spillage to prevent a slipping
hazard.
Generally slings should comply with OSHA 1910.184, Subpart N – Material Handling &
Storage
Lower load onto suitable battens to avoid damage to slings
Chains
Make sure chain is not kinked or twisted.
Chains should not be shortened by knotting, nor should they be lengthened by joining pieces
together.
Chains should not be lubricated as oil can pick up abrasive materials such as sand and grit.
Similarly, chains should not be exposed to acids or corrosive substances.
RIGGING
General
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This safety standard covers the basic practices to be followed for the safe operation of lifting
equipment and the rigging operations that support the lifting operation.
Proper Use of Slings and Guide Lines
Inspect slings and guides daily. Use slings of proper diameter and strength. Never use two
slings in parallel to get double strength.
Never use a rope sling on material contaminated with caustic or acids.
When ropes are used in acid or caustic areas, they must be discarded based on site procedures
on proper disposal of hazardous chemicals.
Do not position hands so they can be caught between the load and adjacent objects when
guiding a load. Attach (hand guide) ropes to loads, never to slings.
When rope is not in use, store so that it will stay dry.
Never use rope on hot loads or around burning.
Protect slings from being cut on sharp edges.
TEMPORARY ROAD WORKS
Before Commencement
Before starting any road works which may cause obstruction or pose a hazard to public
safety, the police should be alerted.
Signs must be placed so they can be easily seen by road users and give adequate warning of
road works ahead.
Diversion signs must give adequate warning.
All vehicles must display suitable ‘Contractors’ or ‘Road works Vehicle” notice at rear of
vehicle.
During Road Works
As work progresses, signs should be moved forward.
Adequate illumination should be provided for signs and they should indicate extent or work.
Frequent checks should be performed to make sure that signs and warning lights are in
position and working.
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Temporary traffic signals must have red, amber and green lights and a time mechanism to
suit traffic flow.
Hazards on Road Works
Safety barriers must protect public and workers.
Wear high-visibility clothing and safety helmets always. You must be attentive at all times
and keep a sharp look out.
All vehicles are to be fitted with amber flashing lights on top and switched on when entering
or leaving works area.
Only enter and leave site at the authorized points - don’t enter or leave site by any other
route.
Don’t move cones or signs unless required for operational reasons. Always replace in
original position.
Buffer lanes must be kept clear at all times.
Observe speed limits.
Take caution when leaving site if merging with motorway traffic.
Lorry drivers - don’t reverse without the aid of a signaler.
EXCAVATIONS, TRENCHING AND SHORING
Rigid barriers shall be provided for excavations that are greater than 1.2m in depth at ground
level.
All excavations in public places, regardless of depth, should be provided with substantial
hard barriers.
Starter bar ends should be protected so as to avoid puncture injuries in excavations should
persons fall in.
Soil heaps should be kept back at least 1.0m from the excavation edge.
For access across excavations, appropriate bridges or platforms should be made available.
Vehicular traffic should be kept a safe minimum distance of at least 1m from the edge of
excavations, or further away depending on ground conditions.
Never remove or modify any supports or braces.
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Ensure excavations do not undermine the footings or scaffolds or the foundations of nearby
buildings or walls.
Definitions
Competent Person - One who is competent in identifying present and potential hazards in the
surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, dangerous, or unsafe to
employees, and who has the permission to take quick corrective measures to remove them.
Angle of Repose - The greatest angle above the horizontal plane at which a material will lie
with out sliding.
Excavation - Any man-made opening or depression in the earth’s surface, including its sides,
walls or faces, formed by earth removal and producing unsupported earth conditions by
reasons of the excavation. If installed forms or similar structures reduce the depth-to-width
relationship, an excavation may become a trench.
Hard Compact Soil - All earth materials not categorized as running or unstable.
Trench - A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground. In general, the depth is
greater than the width, but the width of a trench is not greater than 4.5m.
Unstable Soil - Earth material, other than running, that because of its nature or the influence
of related conditions cannot be relied upon to stay in place without extra support, such as
would be furnished by a system of shoring.
Requirements
Daily inspections of excavations shall be made by a capable person. If evidence of possible
cave-ins or slides is obvious, all work in the excavation shall stop until the required
precautions have been taken to safeguard employees.
Specific Requirements
Before opening an excavation, efforts shall be made to decide whether underground
installations i.e. sewer, telephone, water, fuel, electric lines, etc., will be encountered, and if
so, where such underground installations are located. These services shall be determined
whether they are live or dead, and if unknown, regarded as live.
The exact location and depth of these lines shall be marked by stakes indicating type of
service. After all underground services have been checked and marked; a written excavation
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permit should be issued by the Supervisor. If this permit is necessary, where pertinent, no
work is to be done until the permit has been issued.
Where an excavation is consistent with the definition of a confined space, the rules for the
latter shall apply.
Emergency rescue equipment, such as breathing apparatus, a safety harness and line, basket
stretcher, shall be readily available where hazardous atmospheric conditions exist or may
reasonably be expected to develop during work in an excavation. The equipment shall be
attended when in use.
Employees entering bell-bottom pier holes or other similar deep and confined footing
excavations shall wear a harness with a lifeline securely attached to it. The lifeline shall be
separate from any line used to handle materials, and shall be individually attended at all times
while the employee wearing the lifeline is in the excavation.
Employees shall not work in excavations in which there is accumulated water, or in
excavations in which water is accumulating unless adequate precautions have been taken to
protect employees against the hazards posed by water accumulation, i.e. special support,
shields systems to protect from cave-ins, water removal to control the accumulating water, or
use of a safety harness and lifeline.
If excavation work interrupts the natural drainage of surface water (such as streams),
diversion ditches, dikes, or other appropriate means shall be used to avoid surface water from
entering the excavation and to provide adequate drainage of the area next to the excavation.
Excavations subject to runoff from heavy rains will need an inspection by a capable person.
Where the stability of adjoining buildings, walls, or other structures is endangered by
excavation operations, support systems such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning shall be
made available to guarantee the stability of such structures for the protection of employees.
Employees shall be protected from excavated or other materials or equipment that could pose
a threat by falling or rolling into excavations. Protection shall be provided by placing and
keeping such materials or equipment at least 0.6m from the edge of excavations, or by the
use of retaining devices that are adequate to avoid materials or equipment from falling or
rolling into excavations, or by a combination of both is required.
Where employees or equipment are required or allowed to cross over excavations, walkways
or bridges with standard guardrails shall be provided.
Protection
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All excavations over 1.2m deep should be sloped, shored, sheeted, braced or otherwise
supported.
When soil conditions are unstable, excavations shallower than 1.2m also must be sloped
supported or shored.
One method of guaranteeing the safety and health of workers in a trench or excavation is to
slope the sides of the cut to the “angle of repose”. The angle of repose varies with different
kinds of soil, and must be determined on each individual Project. When an excavation has
water conditions, silty material, or loose boulders, or when it is being dug in areas where
erosion, deep frost or slide planes are obvious, the angle of repose must be flattened.
A second method of support is shoring-sheeting, tightly placed timber shores, bracing, trench
jacks, piles or other materials installed in a manner strong enough to resist the pressures
surrounding the excavation.
A third method of support may be the use of a trench box, a prefabricated movable trench
shield composed of steel plates welded to a heavy steel frame. Current standards allow the
use of a trench box as long as the protection it provides is equal to or greater than the
protection that would be provided by the proper shoring system.
Protection of Employees in Excavations
Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by a sufficient protective
system created in compliance with the Temporary Works requirements except when:
Excavations are made entirely in stable rock.
Excavations are less that 1.2m in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person
provides no indication of a potential cave-in.
Protective systems shall have the capacity to resist without failure all loads that are intended
or could reasonably be expected to be applied or transmitted to the system.
Slopes and Configuration of Slopes
The slopes and configurations of sloping and benching systems shall be selected and
constructed by the following options:
Option (1) - Allowable configurations and slopes:
Excavations shall be sloped at an angle not steeper than one and one-half horizontal to one
vertical (34 degrees measured from the horizontal).
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Option (2) - Determination of slopes and configurations
Maximum allowable slopes, and allowable configurations for sloping and benching systems,
shall be determined in compliance with the conditions and requirements.
Option (3) – Designs using other tabulated data
Designs of sloping or benching systems shall be selected from and be in accordance with
tabulated data.
The tabulated data shall be in written form and shall include all of the following:
Identification of the parameters that affect the selection of a sloping of benching system
drawn from such data
Identification of the limits of use of the data, to include the magnitude and configuration of
slopes determined to be safe.
Explanatory information as may be required to aid the user in making a correct selection of a
protective system from the data.
At least one copy of the tabulated data which identifies the registered professional engineer,
who approved that data, shall be maintained at the job-site during construction of the
protective system.
Option (4) – Design by a Registered Professional Engineer
Sloping and benching systems not utilizing options 1, 2 or 3 shall be approved by a
Registered
Engineer
Designs shall be in written form and shall include at least the following:
The magnitude of the slopes that were deemed to be safe for the particular Project
The configurations that were deemed to be safe for the particular Project
The identity of the registered professional engineer approving the design
At least one copy of the design shall be maintained at the job-site while the slope is being
constructed.
Design
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Designs of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems shall be selected
and constructed in accordance with options 1, 2 or 3.
Option (1) – Designs using Appendices A, C and D
Designs for timber shoring in trenches shall be determined in accordance with the Temporary
Works
Designs for aluminum hydraulic shoring shall be in accordance with manufacturer’s
tabulated data.
Option (2) - Designs using manufacturer’s tabulated data
Design of support systems, shield systems or other protective systems that are drawn from
manufacturer’s tabulated data shall be in compliance with the specifications,
recommendations and limitations issued or made by the manufacturer.
Deviation from the specifications, recommendations and limitations issued or made by the
manufacturer shall only be permitted after the manufacturer issues specific written approval.
Manufacturer’s specification recommendations and limitations and manufacturer’s consent to
deviate from the specifications recommendations and limitations shall be in written form at
the job-site during construction of the protective system.
Option (3) Designs using other tabulated data
Designs of support systems, shield systems, or other protective systems shall be chosen from
and be in accordance with tabulated data.
The tabulated data shall be in written form and include the following:
Identification of the parameters that affect the selection of a protective system drawn from
such data
Identification of the limits of use of the data
Explanatory information as may be required to aid the user in making a correct selection of a
protective system from the data.
Option (4) - Design by a Registered Engineer
Support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems not utilizing option 1, 2 or 3,
shall be approved by a Registered Engineer.
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Designs shall be in written form and shall include the following:
A plan indicating the sizes, types and configurations of the material to be use the protective
system.
The identity of the Registered Engineer approving the design
At least one copy of the design shall be kept at the job-site during construction of the
protective system.
Design Considerations
Designing a support system can be a complex operation because of the number of factors
involved.
Some of the considerations taken into account are:
Soil Structure
Depth of cut
Water Content of Soil
Changes due to weather and climate
Superimposed load
Vibrations
Other operations in the vicinity
Typical failure mode
The soil structure must be carefully identified. Excavations in wet soil, sandy soil or areas
that have been back filled are relatively unstable and must have strong support. Even hard
rock sometimes can be hazardous; faults in the strata can make it unstable when cut.
Changing weather conditions and climate also greatly affect how strong a shoring system
must be.
Excess surface or ground water can increase the pressure on a shoring system, as well as
excessively dry conditions can minimize the cohesiveness of the soil.
Large excavations, in particular, are subject to changing weather conditions because they are
generally open for longer periods of time than are trenches. Shoring for these excavations
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should provide long-range protection for a variety of weather conditions. In some cases,
additional precautions are required to protect excavation walls, such as covering them with
plastic sheeting or spraying the soil bank with a moisture limiting chemical.
Superimposed loads in the vicinity of a trench or excavation increase the pressure on
excavation walls. Heavy equipment and materials such as pipe or timbers should be kept as
far back from the excavation as possible. When heavy loads must be loaded near an
excavation, the walls must be braced, sheet-piled, or shored to safely support the extra
weight. In some cases, it may be necessary to lessen the pressure of these loads. Pile drivers
or cranes, for example, would be mounted on wooden mats or heavy planking to spread the
weight more evenly.
Buildings, curbs, trees, utility poles and other structures adjoining the excavation area also
can place more stress on a trench side than it can safely accommodate. Current practice
requires that shoring, bracing or underpinning be provided as necessary to protect workers
but also to avoid the dislocation of the soil beneath the structures in the vicinity.
In addition, spoil, which is the excavation material, can exert great pressure on the
excavation walls.
Spoil must be stored 0.6m or more from the edge of the excavation, and be barricaded or
retained in an efficient manner.
Vibrations or sudden shock from passing vehicles or railways, blasting, equipment such as
trucks, or pile drivers, and some tools can contribute to cave-ins by loosening the soil. Even
machines operated in nearby buildings, such as punch presses; can create enough vibration to
endanger a shoring system. If these conditions exist near an excavation, robust shoring and
excavation support will be required.
Materials and Equipment
Materials and equipment used for protective systems shall be free from damage or faults that
might impair their proper function.
Manufactured materials and equipment used for protective systems shall be used and kept in
a manner that is consistent with the recommendations of the manufacturer, and in a manner
that will avoid employee exposure to hazards.
When material or equipment that is used for protective systems is damaged, a capable person
shall examine the material or equipment and assess its suitability for continued use. If the
competent person cannot assure the material or equipment is able to support the intended
loads or is otherwise suitable for safe use, then such material or equipment shall be removed
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from service, and shall be assessed and approved by a registered professional engineer before
being returned to service.
Installation and Removal
Members of support systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling,
kick-outs or other predictable failures.
Support systems shall be installed and removed in a manner that protects employees from
cave-ins, structural collapses, or from being struck by members of the support system.
Individual members of support systems shall not be subjected to loads exceeding those which
the members were designed to withstand.
When installing a support system, workers should always apply shoring starting from the top
of the trench or excavation and working down. In installing the shoring, care must be taken to
place the cross beams or trench jacks in true horizontal position and to space them vertically
at appropriate falling or kick-outs.
Before temporary removal of individual members begins, additional precautions shall be
taken to ensure the safety of employees, such as installing other structural members to carry
the loads imposed on the support systems.
Removal shall begin at, and progress from, the bottom of the excavation. Members shall be
released slowly so as to note any indication of possible failure of the remaining members of
the structure or possible cave-in of the sides of the excavation.
Backfilling shall progress together with the removal of support systems from excavations.
Excavation of material to a level no greater than 0.6m below the bottom of the members of a
support system shall be allowed, but only, if the system is built to resist the forces calculated
for the full depth of the trench, and there are no indications while the trench is open of a
possible loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system.
Installation of a support system shall closely follow the excavation work. It is dangerous to
allow trenches to remain unshod even if no work is being done in them. The longer a trench
is left unsupported, the greater the chance of a cave-in
Employees shall not be allowed to work on the faces of sloped or benched excavations at
levels above other employees except when employees at the lower levels are adequately
protected from the hazard of falling, rolling, or sliding material or equipment.
Shield Systems
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Shield systems shall not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was built to
withstand.
Shields shall be installed in a manner to restrict lateral or other hazardous movement of the
shield in the event of the application of sudden lateral loads.
Employees shall be protected from the hazard of cave-ins when entering or exciting the
areas protected by shields.
Employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed, removed or
moved vertically.
Excavations of earth material to a level not greater than 0.6m below the bottom of a shield
shall be allowed, but only if the shield is built to resist the forces calculated for the depth of
the trench, and there are no indications while the trench is open of a likely loss of soil from
behind or below the bottom of the shield.
Precautions
Diversion dikes and ditches or other appropriate means shall be used to prevent surface water
from entering an excavation and to provide adequate drainage of the area adjacent to the
excavation.
Water should not be allowed to accumulate in a trench or excavation.
If trenches are left open overnight, barriers should be constructed around the opening to warn
the public of the danger. Barriers could consist of reinforcing rods of 2 x 4’s buried in ground
on 6m centers. Rope with colored flags attached should be strung between uprights.
If excavations are located close to vehicular traffic, the HSE Department should be contacted
for location of signs and barriers.
Inspections
Shoring systems must be inspected daily by the HSE Adviser.
Inspections are also necessary after rainfall or any change in conditions that can increase the
likelihood of a cave-in or slide.
If dangerous ground movements are obvious, such as subsidence or tension cracks, all work
in the excavation must be stopped until the problem is rectified.
Exits
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In case of an emergency, workers must be able to leave the trench quickly. When employees
are required to be in trenches 1.2m deep or more, adequate means of exit, such as a ladder or
steps, shall be provided and located so as to require no more than 7.5m lateral travel.
Ladders must be in good condition, extend from the floor of the trench to 0.90m above the
top of the excavation and be secured at the top.
Wrap-up
As soon as work is finished, the trench should be back-filled as the shoring is dismantled.
After the trench has been cleared, workers should remove the shoring from the bottom up,
taking care to release jacks or braces slowly.
In unstable soil, ropes should be used to pull out the jacks or braces from above.
SIGNAGE
Signage requirements
Appropriate signs must be placed before work starts and removed to proper storage when no
longer necessary.
Signs should be placed on properly supported infrastructure and protected from damage,
obscurity and removal.
Clear boundary definitions shall be established to indicate the area within which the sign
operates.
Safe Conditions signs
All green and white signs indicate a safe condition. Examples are fire exists, first aid and eye
wash.
Mandatory Signs
Blue and white signs tell you something that you must do, for example wear eye wear
protection.
They are called compulsory.
Warning Signs
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Yellow and black signs warn you of danger. This sign warns you to be cautious about
something that could cause you harm.
Prohibition Signs
Red and white signs alert you of something that you must not do.
Categories
Danger signs – to be used only to warn against immediate danger and hazards
Caution Signs – used to warn against possible hazards or caution against unsafe practices
Exit signs – used to identify means of egress where those means may be obscured
Safety Instruction Signs – To be used where relevant to make objects and systems obvious
Directional Signs – To be used as necessary
Traffic Signs – All areas shall be posted with appropriate signs indicating both vehicular and
pedestrian traffic routes
Accident Prevention Signs – To be used as temporary means of warning
Danger, Do Not Operate – Used to indicate a dangerous situation and never to be breeched
GENERAL
Barricades are required around excavations, openings in floors, walls, or roof areas, edges of
platforms and certain types of overhead work.
BARRICADES
Three categories exist:
Warning Barricades
These offer no physical protection but serve to inform personnel in the area that a hazard is
present.
Warning Barricades must be set back 5 feet (1.5 meters) minimum from the hazard.
If 5 feet (1.5 meters) is not available, a protective barricade must be used.
Protective Barricades
These not only warn of a hazard, but provide physical isolation or protection from the hazard.
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Examples include guardrails or cables set at the proper height around an opening or anchored
railroad ties to avoid driving into a culvert.
All protective barricades shall be built to satisfy their intended purpose.
Example 1: If the barricade is to avoid personnel from walking into a floor hole, it must
meet all requirements for a guardrail (top and mid rails and toe board designed to resist a 200
pound or 85 kilogram force).
Example 2: If the barricade is to stop equipment from running into a ditch, etc., it must be
the equivalent of railroad ties or 6 (15.24 cm) inch-ID concrete-filled pipe posts, set 3 (91.44
cm) feet deep in concrete, spaced 3 (91.44 cm) feet apart.
A swinging entrance gate through the railing or an offset so employees cannot walk directly
into the opening must be provided.
Hole Covers
A hole cover conforming to the following is acceptable:
If one dimension of the opening is 18 inches (45.5 centimeters) or less, use plywood at least
¾ inch (2 centimeters) thick.
If both dimensions of the opening exceed 18 inches (45.5 centimeters), use two layers of ¾
inch (2 centimeter) plywood or material at least 2 inches (5 centimeters) thick.
Construct covers over large floor openings to the same loading specification as scaffold
decking.
Secure (cleat, wire, or nail) all covers to avoid displacement.
Clearly mark all covers with a “Danger – Hole Cover – Do Not Remove” sign.
BARRICADE TAPE
All barricade tape shall be one of several colors that convey different levels of hazard
warning.
Red tape is used to convey “DANGER – DO NOT ENTER”, which means no one, is to
enter without the consent of the foreman/craftsman in charge and must wear all necessary
personal protective equipment indicated for the hazard.
Yellow or Yellow/Black is used to convey “CAUTION”. Personnel are permitted to enter
the barricade only after they have read the tag to understand the purpose of the barricade and
are informed of the hazards within the area.
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Yellow and Magenta tape means that radioactive material is present. Only authorized persons
are permitted to enter.
Barricade tape requirements must be implemented.
Barricade tape must be removed by the supervisor who placed it as soon as the hazard is
removed. This will maintain the importance of barricades, improve access and minimize
clutter.
IDENTIFICATION TAGS
The Correct type of Barricade Tag will be utilized that corresponds to the nature of the
hazard
Red “Danger
Yellow “Caution”
Tags shall be placed on all barricades to show:
Supervisor who placed the barricade tape
Purpose or reason for the barricade
What PPE is required to enter
Date placed
STEEL ERECTION
Risks
Possible risks associated with steelwork erection are collapsing during lifting, fitting or
connecting, falling objects, falling personnel, and unstable platforms.
Planning
Minimize the possibility for overhead loads and employee access under these loads. Proper
site planning and lifting plans (single and multiple lifts) should be performed to address this
issue.
Good practice is to provide at least 4 column anchor bolts along with other requirements for
stability such as guys’ ropes, bracing etc.
Double connections on beams are to be minimized whilst elevated. Where possible, these
should be facilitated on the ground.
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Erection and Assembly
During the final placing of solid web structural steel members, the load shall not be released
from the hoisting line until the members are secured with not less than two bolts, or the
equivalent at each connection and drawn up wrench tight
Open web steel joists shall not be placed on any structural steel frame unless such frame is
securely bolted and/or welded.
Where bar joists are used and columns are not framed in at least two direction with structural
steel members, a bar joist shall be field-bolted at columns to provide lateral stability during
construction
Where long-span trusses (over 13m) are used, a centre row of bolted bridging shall be
installed to provide lateral stability during construction prior to slacking of the hoisting line.
No load shall be placed on open web steel joists until safety requirements are satisfied
Tag lines shall be used during erection and assembly for controlling loads.
Bolting and Fitting
When bolts or drift pins are knocked out for their temporary positions, all necessary
measures shall be taken to avoid the risk of falling onto persons or property.
Wrenches shall be fitted with a locking device for retaining the socket.
Connections for equipment used in plumbing-up shall be secured against falling or slipping
Turnbuckles shall be secured to avoid unwinding whilst under tension
Plumbing-up guy ropes shall be located in a manner that permits easy and safe access to
connection points, and such guys shall not be removed without the consent of the Supervisor.
ELECTRIC ARC WELDING
Make sure that correct PPE is being worn. For electric arc welding as a minimum, this should
be hard hat, safety glasses, safety boots, and welders’ helmet.
When required, screens should be used to protect other persons from the arc.
Make sure that cables and connections are in good condition and firmly attached.
Ensure that the welding equipment, bench or work piece is properly earthed.
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Check that the electrode holder is fully insulated and always place it in an unearthed surface
when not in use.
Stand on an insulated mat when the ground is damp.
Arrange good ventilation in the welding area but do not use oxygen to ventilate confined
spaces.
Keep away from welding near flammable materials.
Never weld enclosed vessels, drums or tanks which have contained flammable materials
unless they have been purged by steaming or boiling or filled with inert gas and tested and
certified safe to work on.
Do not weld inside enclosed vessels unless precautions have been taken for personal safety.
Keep trailing welding cables clear of roads and walkways. Secure to overhead fixtures where
possible.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Equipment Grounding
Balou Maintenance Services Limited will visually inspect, before each day’s use, all
electrical cord sets, portable electric hand tools and any equipment connected by cord and
plug (except those permanently attached and not exposed) for external faults.
Balou Maintenance Services Limited will provide ground fault protection for personnel on
such equipment by using either ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) or an assured
equipment grounding conductor inspection program (double insulated tools need not be
grounded or tested).
Underground Cables
Before digging, check plans and use cable locating devices such as a Cable Avoidance Tool
(CAT)
Note that there may be additional cables that will not be represented on any drawings. CAT
locators will not identify multiple cables that are close together.
Assume that all cables are live unless proven otherwise by the relevant Authority
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Hand-dig trial holes to expose cables. Power tools should not be used within 1 meter of any
underground power cable. When exposed, protect any exposed cable from damage and
support it.
Put warning tape on exposed live cables. For cables that are embedded or covered in concrete
or other protective device, no attempt should be made to break out or remove, but further
assistance should be sought from the pertinent authorities.
If cable is accidentally damaged, keep all persons clear until the responsible Authority has
inspected it.
Overhead Power Lines
All overhead lines should be treated as live and carrying power.
Make sure that all employees know the maximum clearance distances specified by TTEC and
any other special precautions.
Goal posts, barriers or other warnings should be constructed to serve as physical warnings on
height and width restrictions.
Check that the route is clear of overhead power lines before moving any materials likely to
come into contact with lines.
Portable Electric Tools
Check that the supply and the tool are both 110V with the suitable plug and socket.
Disconnect tools when not in use.
Before using a portable electric tool check to see it is properly earthed, unless it is an
approved type that does not need earthen.
Before using an electric tool, make sure that the casing is undamaged. If it is damaged, do not
use the tool. Never use worn, blunt or damaged bits or other accessories.
Ensure that all cables, plugs or connectors are sound and properly wired up, and make sure
that the power cable is long enough to reach the workplace without straining.
Make sure that switches are working smoothly and freely before connecting to the supply.
Power cables should be kept off the floor to minimize the possibility for tripping hazards.
Where this is not feasible, clearly marked utility routes should be used, with sufficient
warning signs for pedestrian traffic.
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Never stand on a damp or wet surface when using electrical equipment and keep equipment
clean and dry.
Never connect a portable electric tool to a lighting socket.
Electrical power tools should be regularly inspected and maintained by a competent
electrician.
Report all faults immediately.
GAS WELDING
HSE Advisor and Supervisors are to make sure that the user of the equipment is aware of the
requirements of any permit systems.
Materials that have been degreased with solvents should not be welded until absolutely dry.
Use goggles, face shields or helmet with dark lenses. Use screens to protect other personnel
and make sure that hose lines are kept clear of vehicular and pedestrian traffic lanes.
When welding near flammable materials, beware of flying sparks and hot slag. Keep fire
extinguishing equipment available and check area before leaving.
Do not try to weld in enclosed vessels or tanks until safety precautions have been taken.
Torches should not be left in enclosed vessels when not in use.
Do not weld galvanized or coated metals without taking proper precautions against fumes.
WELDING AND BURNING
Fuel Gas and Oxygen Manifolds
Fuel gas and oxygen manifolds shall bear the name of the substance they contain in letters at
least 25mm high which shall be either painted on the manifold or on a sign permanently
attached to it.
Fuel and oxygen manifolds shall be placed in safe, well ventilated and accessible locations.
They shall not be located within enclosed spaces.
Manifold hose connections, including both ends of the supply hose that lead to the manifold,
shall be such that the hose cannot be interchanged between fuel gas and oxygen manifolds
and supply header.
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Adapters shall not be used to allow the interchange of hose.
Hose connections shall be kept free of grease and oil.
When not in use, manifold and header hose connections shall be capped.
Nothing shall be placed on top of a manifold, when in use, which will damage the manifold
or interfere with the quick closing of the valve.
Hose
Fuel gas hose and oxygen hose shall be easily discernible from each other.
The contrast maybe made by different colors or by surface characteristics readily discernable
by the sense of touch.
Oxygen and fuel gas hoses shall not be interchangeable. A single hose having more than one
gas passage shall not be used.
When parallel sections of oxygen and fuel gas hose are taped together, not more 100mm out
of 300mm shall be covered by tape.
All hose in use, carrying acetylene, oxygen, natural or manufactured fuel gas, or any gas
substance which may ignite or enter into combustion, or be in anyway harmful to employees,
shall be inspected at the start of each working shift.
Hose which has been subject to flashback, or which shows evidence of severe wear or
damage, shall be tested to twice the normal pressure to which it is subject, but in no case less
than 300 psi.
Defective hose, or hose in doubtful condition, shall not be used. Defective hoses shall be
removed from service.
Hose couplings shall be of the type that cannot be unlocked or disconnected by means of a
straight pull without rotary motion.
Boxes used for the storage of gas hose shall be ventilated.
Hoses, cables and other equipment shall be kept clear of passageways, ladders and stairs.
Torches
Clogged torch tip openings shall be cleaned with suitable tip cleaning wires, drills or other
devices built for such purposes.
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Torches in use shall be inspected at the beginning of each working shift for leaking shutoff
valves, hose couplings, and tip connections. Defective torches shall not be used.
Torches shall be lighted by friction lighters or other approved devices and not by matches or
from hot work.
Regulators and Gauges
Oxygen and fuel gas pressure regulators, including their related gauges, shall be in proper
working order while in use.
Oil and Grease Hazards
Oxygen shall not be directed at oily surfaces, greasy clothes, or within a fuel oil or other
storage tank or vessel.
Arc Welding and Cutting
Only manual electrode holders which are specifically built for arc welding and cutting, and
are capable of safety handling the maximum rated current required by the electrodes, shall be
used.
Any current carrying parts passing through the portion of the holder which the arc welder or
cutter grips in his hand, and the outer surfaces of the jaws of the holder, shall be fully
insulated against the maximum voltage encountered to ground.
Welding Cables and Connectors
All arc welding and cutting cables shall be of the completely insulated, flexible type, capable
of handling the maximum current requirements of the work in progress, taking into account
the duty cycle under which the arc welder or cutter is working.
Only cable free of repair or splices for a minimum distance of 3m from the cable end to
which the electrode holder is connected shall be use, except that cables with standard
insulated connectors or with splices whose insulating quality is equal to that of the cable are
permitted.
When it becomes necessary to connect or splice lengths of cable one to another, substantial
insulated connectors of a capacity at least equivalent to that of the cable shall be used.
If connections are affected by means of cable lugs, they shall be securely fastened together to
give good electrical contact and the exposed metal parts of the lugs shall be completely
insulated.
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Cables in need of repair shall not be used. When a cable, other than the cable lead referred to
in subparagraph b.2 of this section, becomes worn to the extent of exposing bare conductors,
the portion thus exposed shall be protected by means of rubber and friction tape or other
equivalent insulation.
Ground Returns and Machine Grounding
A ground return cable shall have a safe current-carrying capacity equal to or exceeding the
specified maximum output capacity of the arc welding or cutting unit which is services.
(a) When a single ground return cable services more than one unit, its safe current - carrying
capacity shall equal or exceed the total specified maximum output capacities of all the units it
services.
Pipelines containing gases or flammable liquids, or conduits containing electrical circuits,
shall not be used as a ground return.
For welding on natural gas pipelines, the technical portions of regulations issues in 49 CFR
Part 192,
Minimum Federal Safety Standards for Gas Pipelines shall apply.
When a structure or pipeline is utilized as a round and return circuit, it shall be determined
that the required electrical contact exists at all joints.
The generation of an arc, sparks, or heat at any point shall cause rejection of the structures as
a ground circuit.
When a structure or pipeline is continuously utilized as a ground return circuit, all joints shall
be bonded, and periodic inspections shall be performed to make sure that no condition of
electrolysis or fire hazard exists by virtue of such use.
The frames of all arc welding and cutting machines shall be grounded either through a third
wire in the cable containing the circuit conductor or through a separate wire which is
grounded at the source of the current.
Grounding circuits, other than by means of the structure, shall be checked to make sure that
the circuit between the ground and the grounded power conductor has a resistance low
enough to allow ample current flow to cause the fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the
current. Ground connections shall be inspected to make sure that they are mechanically
strong and electrically adequate for the required current.
Operating Instructions
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When electrode holders are to be left unattended, the electrodes shall be removed and the
holders shall be so placed or protected that they cannot make electrical contact with
employees or conducting objects.
Hot electrode holders shall not be dipped in water; to do so may expose the arc welder or
cutter to electric shock.
Any faulty or defective equipment shall be reported to the supervisor.
Other requirements; as outlined in Article 630, National Electric Code NFPA 70 - 1971;
ANSI C 1 - 1971, Electric Welders, Shall be used when applicable.
Fire Prevention
When practical, objects to be welded, cut or heated shall be moved to an allocated safe
location or, if the objects to be welded, cut or heated cannot be readily moved, all movable
fire hazards in the vicinity shall be taken to a safe location or otherwise protected.
No welding, cutting or heating shall be done where the application of flammable paints, r the
presence of other flammable compounds, or heavy dust concentrations creates a hazard.
When welding, cutting or heating is performed on wall, floors and ceilings, since direct
penetration of sparks or heat transfer may introduce a fire hazard to an adjacent area, the
same precautions shall be taken on the opposite side as are taken on the side which the
welding is being carried out.
For the removal of possible fire in enclosed spaces as a result of gas escaping through leaking
or improperly closed torch valves, the gas supply to the torch shall be positively shut off at
some point outside the enclosed space whenever the torch is not to be used or whenever the
torch is left unattended for a substantial period of time such as during the lunch period.
Overnight and at the end of shifts, the torch and hose shall be removed from the confined
space.
Open end fuel gas and oxygen hoses shall be immediately removed from enclosed spaces
when they are disconnected from the torch or other gas-consuming device.
Except when the contents are being removed or transferred, drums, pails, and other
containers, which contain or have contained flammable liquids, shall be kept closed. Empty
containers shall be removed to a safe area apart from hot work operations or open flames.
Before heat is applied to a drum, container, or hollow structure, a vent or opening shall be
provided for the release of any built-up pressure during the application of heat.
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Ventilation and Protection
Mechanical ventilation shall consist of either general mechanical ventilation systems or local
exhaust systems.
General mechanical ventilation shall be of sufficient capacity and so arranged as to generate
the number of air changes required to keep welding fumes and smoke within safe limits.
Local exhaust ventilation shall consist of freely movable hoods intended to be placed by the
welder or burner as close as practicable to the work.
This system shall be of sufficient capacity and so arranged as to remove fumes and smoke at
the source and keep the concentrations of them in the breathing zone within safe limits.
Contaminated air exhausted from a working space shall be released into the open air or
otherwise clear of the source of intake air.
All air replacing that is withdrawn shall be clean and suitable for respiratory purposes.
Oxygen shall not be used for ventilation purposes, comfort cooling, blowing dust from
clothing, or for cleaning the work area.
Welding, Cutting or Heating of Metals of Toxic Significance
Welding, cutting or heating in any enclosed spaces involving the metals specified in this
subparagraph shall be conducted with either general mechanical or local exhaust ventilation
satisfying the requirements of this Manual.
Zinc–bearing base or filler metals or metals coated with zinc-bearing materials;
Lead base metals;
Cadmium-bearing materials;
Chromium-bearing metals coated with chromium-bearing materials.
Welding, cutting or heating in any enclosed spaces involving the metals specified in this
subparagraph shall be conducted with local exhaust ventilation according to the prerequisites
of this Manual, or employees shall be protected by airline respirators.
Metals containing lead, other than as an impurity, or metals coated with lead-bearing
materials;
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Cadmium-bearing or cadmium coated base metals; Metals coated with mercury-bearing
metals; Beryllium-containing base or filler metals. Because of its high toxicity, work
involving beryllium shall be done with local exhaust ventilation and air line respirators.
Employees conducting such operations in the open air shall be protected by filter-type
respirators, except that employees conducting such operations on beryllium-containing base
or filler metals shall be protected by airline respirators.
Other employees exposed to the same atmosphere as the welders or burners shall be
protected in the same manner as the welder or burner.
Inert Gas Metal - Arc Welding
Since the inert gas metal - arc welding process involves the production of ultra-violet
radiation of intensities of 5 to 30 times that produced during shielded metal-arc welding, the
decomposition of chlorinated solvents by ultra-violet rays, and the liberation of toxic fumes
and gases, employees shall not be allowed to take part in, or be exposed to the process until
the under mentioned special precautions have been taken:
The use of chlorinated solvents shall be kept at least 60m, unless shielded, of the exposed
arc, and surfaces prepared with chlorinated solvents shall be thoroughly dry before welding is
allowed on such surfaces.
Employees in the area not protected from the arc by screening shall be protected by filter
lenses.
When two or more welders are exposed to each other’s arc, filter lens goggles of an
appropriate type shall be work under welding helmets. Hand shields to protect the welder
against flashes and radiant energy shall be used when either the helmet is lifted or the shield
is removed.
Welders and other employees who are exposed to radiation shall be protected so that the skin
is covered completely to avoid burns and other damage by ultra-violet rays. Welding helmets
and hand shields shall be free of leaks and openings, and free of highly reflective surfaces.
When inert - gas metal - arc welding is being carried out on stainless steel, the requirements
of M.5.c.2 shall be satisfied to protect against dangerous concentrations of nitrogen dioxide.
General Welding, Cutting and Heating
Welding, cutting and heating, not involving conditions of materials described in this Manual
or may normally be done without mechanical ventilation or respiratory protective equipment,
but where, because of unusual physical or atmospheric conditions, an unsafe accumulation of
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contaminants exists, suitable mechanical ventilation or respiratory protective equipment shall
be made available.
Employees conducting any type of welding, cutting or heating shall be protected by
appropriate eye protective equipment.
Preservative Coatings
Before welding, cutting or heating is started on any surface covered by a preservative whose
flammability is not known, a test shall be performed by a capable person to determine its
flammability.
Preservative coatings shall be considered to be highly flammable when scrapings burn with
extreme rapidity.
Precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition of highly flammable hardened preservative
coatings.
When coatings are determined to be highly flammable, they shall be stripped from the area to
be heated to avoid ignition.
Protection against toxic preservative coatings:
In enclosed spaces, all surfaces coated with toxic preservatives shall be stripped of all toxic
coatings for a distance of at least 100mm from the area of heat application or the employees
shall be protected by airline respirators.
LOCK OUT/TAG OUT
Purpose
To provide construction personnel with policies and procedures which will avoid the
“accidental” energizing of equipment while work is being carried out on it.
Scope
All energy sources which require work to be conducted on it by BMSL employees
Policy
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Danger tags and locks shall be employed to avoid operation of a valve, switch, or piece of
equipment when work is being carried out on it. No work is to be performed on any operable
equipment until operation of same is prevented by use of this procedure.
General
A standard “DANGER - DO NOT OPERATE” tag will be used on each Project.
All tags utilized will be dated, signed and a description of the work being performed shown
on the tag and securely attached to the equipment/lock.
No device shall be used with a tag or lock attached regardless of circumstances.
No person shall remove another’s tag or lock unless the owner is off site and cannot be
reached; then the Project/Department Manager together with the Project Safety Supervisor
may remove the lock/tag after all related systems have been checked and cleared.
It is the Supervisor’s duty to make sure that no work is carried out beyond the protection of
locks and tags installed.
Tags required beyond one shift must be replaced by the oncoming shift or by the responsible
Supervisor if no work is scheduled. In no case will locks/tags be allowed to stay for more
than 7 days without re-inspection and re-dating with signatures.
Each person conducting work on a system is required to affix a lock and tag on the system
even though the equipment or system is already locked-out. In these situations, a multiple
locking device shall be employed.
Electrical Operated Systems
The Electrical Superintendent or his designee will de-energize any power panel, distribution
panel or equipment controller and place his lock and tag to the switch.
Each employee conducting work on the system or equipment will then affix his lock and tag
to the device.
The Electrical Superintendent or his designee will create and keep a locked log.
The lockout log shall list all craft-workers applying a lock and tag on any power panel,
distribution panel or equipment-controlling device.
Each employee shall detail in the lockout log, the time of day s/he applied the lock, the
necessity for the lockout, the area or machine where the work is being performed and the
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approximate length of time that the power panel, distribution panel or equipment controller
will be de-energized.
When the work is completed, the employees will report this information to the Electrical
Superintendent before removing his lock. The employees will log the time the work was
completed in the “lockout log” and the time the removed his lock.
The last lock on the lockout device shall not be removed until the power panel, distribution
panel or equipment controller is inspected by the Electrical Superintendent.
All face plates, doors and covers must be installed and in place before the panels are re-
energized.
The Electrical Superintendent shall inform all craft workers in the area that the power panel,
distribution panel or controller is about to be re-energized. The Electrical Superintendent or
his designee may then remove the last lock
The Electrical Superintendent or his designee shall check the re-energized power panel,
distribution panel or equipment controller for proper operation.
The date and time of day when these panels or equipment controllers were restored to
service shall be documented in the lockout log.
Completion
Once construction work is finished on the system, the appropriate construction supervision
assures the system clear, all work is finished and then removes his lock and tag in the
presence of the plant operator.
CONFINED SPACE
47.1 Definitions
A confined space is defined as one where:
There is limited means of access and egress
There is the risk of a low oxygen environment that is unable to support life
Working room is restricted
There is a risk that sudden change in climatic conditions could endanger
employees within that space
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The space has not been built to support continuous work
Confined or enclosed spaces include exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults,
tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces that are more than 1.2m in depth, such as pits, tubs,
vessels, vaults and sumps.
Entry into a confined space should not be undertaken unless and until a full assessment is
carried out by a capable person certified to perform such inspections.
Trained to work within a confined space
Procedures
Confined space procedures shall: provide construction personnel with the basic minimum
requirements for entering and working within a confined space.
Confined space entry and work procedures must be in accordance with current OSHA and
other regulatory standards as they apply to the scope of work. In cases where work is
conducted in an operating plant, the plant’s confined space Procedure as well as these
procedures shall be followed and a confined space Entry Permit issued where required.
Requirements
Persons required to enter a confined space must be instructed by the HSE Adviser and
Supervisor as to the type of hazards involved, safety precautions to be taken, and the
emergency and protective equipment needed before entry into the confined space.
Before directing employees to enter a confined space, the HSE Adviser will determine that
the necessary ventilation, protective clothing, respiratory equipment, monitoring devices,
emergency standby equipment, and fire prevention precautions are specified and provided
This will also include necessary precautions when welding or burning inside or on the
outside of the confined space.
Before entering a confined space, as outlined above, for any purpose, all possible exposures
must be evaluated by the HSE Adviser, Supervisor and Project/Department Manager to
identify the hazards associated with:
Flammable vapors
Toxic Substances
Oxygen deficient atmospheres
Sudden climatic changes that can cause flooding or collapses.
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The following should be revised during the pre-planning:
Previous contents of vessel.
Oxygen content in air.
Access and Egress
Welding which can use up oxygen and create toxic atmosphere.
Types of chemical to be used inside vessel.
Number of men and duration of job.
Accidental leaks into “confined space”.
The HSE Adviser should be consulted where there are any questions as to sufficiency of
protective measures or where toxicity oxygen content and explosive information is needed.
The initial and continuous use of gas monitors is mandatory for this activity.
When in doubt to whether or not a particular location is covered by this procedure, check
with the HSE Department before permitting personnel to enter.
All pipelines and electrical lines should be disconnected before entering the confined space.
If this is impossible, then they should be blanked off, and the valves or switches locked and
tagged.
If the lines are not disconnected then continuous monitoring devices for flammable gases and
oxygen deficient atmospheres should be used.
A means of quick and safe access and egress shall be provided and in place at all times
during confined space occupancy.
When there is danger from flammable vapors, toxic substances or oxygen deficient
atmospheres, all persons entering a confined space shall wear safety harnesses continuously
from entrance, during work and exit. The safety harness shall be attached to a lifeline leading
out of the confined space.
A suitably trained standby shall be posted at the entrance of the confined space. S/he shall
stay at this position throughout occupation of the confined space. Under no situation is
entrance to be made until a standby has been posted.
Electrical service leads above 12V are not to be pulled into a confined space without the
consent of the HSE Adviser.
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If mechanical ventilation is used, it should not interfere with the means of egress from a
confined space.
Permits
A confined space entry permit system shall be employed to approve the entry into, and
working within a confined space.
Atmosphere Testing
Depending on the type of operation being conducted in the confined space, a continuous
oxygen monitoring device may be necessary.
During inert gas welding or other work that could create an oxygen deficient atmosphere,
portable or fixed oxygen analyzers with visual or audible alarms must be employed to
monitor atmospheric conditions in the confined space.
Ventilation and/or Exhaust
Pre-ventilation before the entry of employees should be adopted where possible and kept
throughout the activity.
Ventilation and/or exhaust must be kept in all confined or enclosed areas to prevent
concentrations of toxic and hazardous gases and dust that surpass prescribed limits.
Mechanical ventilation should be used whenever men are working in a vessel, which contains
flammable liquids.
WORKING OVER WATER
Prevention of Drowning
Working platforms must be properly constructed - at least 4 boards wide and secured. Leave
space to permit for tide surge, if relevant.
Ladders should be lashed and safety harnesses must be available for emergency.
Lighting must be adequate for night work and must illuminate the immediate surrounding
water surface.
Check on your workmates at regular intervals.
Tools not in use must be stowed away.
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Make sure that pontoons are properly loaded, stable and securely moored.
Make sure deck access and egress are clean and don’t become slippery. Deal quickly with
hazards.
In tidal waters, strong currents, or any other foreseeable situation, lifejackets must be worn at
all times.
Make sure you only embark at suitable landing places.
Don’t remove guardrails.
Rescue from the Water
Make sure you don’t work alone, so that one of you can always raise the alarm.
Make sure your life-saving equipment is on hand and checked at the start of every shift.
Where a safety boat is available; check the equipment at the start of every shift.
Rescue boats must be manned by capable persons during night work and in tidal water.
Powerful spotlights should also be provided.
Make sure you are familiar with emergency drills.
Report faults to person in charge immediately.
DEMOLITION
Pre-planning
A documented survey by a capable person shall be conducted before demolition planning to
identify the likelihood of unplanned collapse of any part of the whole of the structure.
Services shall be closed off, capped or otherwise controlled before work begins. Utility
companies shall be informed before demolition.
Protective equipment shall always be utilized, and structural members shall be adequately
supported.
For areas that are not to be demolished, these shall be protected.
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The agreed method of demolition must be followed. This shall be documented via a Method
Statement with additional calculations if required. Floors should not be overloaded with
demolished materials to the point of collapse.
A hazard analysis shall be performed to determine the presence of chemicals, gases,
explosives or other substances that could adversely affect the operations. If found or
suspected, testing or purging shall be carried before beginning.
Execution
A safe means of access and egress must be made available. Access ways shall be kept clear
of demolition operations or covered. Areas adjacent to other workers must be taped off, and
chute openings should be protected.
A safe place of work must be guaranteed in terms of correctly erected scaffold platforms or
towers and hydraulic or crane handled workbaskets.
COMPRESSED AIR
Compressed air shall not be used for any other purpose than that for which it is intended, and
not used to blow dust off clothes or hair, or for cleaning purposes.
Make certain that prior to use, the air tool, hose and fittings are working properly. Report any
faults to the Supervisor.
Before changing tools, the supply line must be closed or must be equipped with an automatic
shut-off valve. Similarly, make sure that the control valve is shut before starting any
compressor.
Hoses must be closed using the valve and not by kinking. Hoses also pose a tripping hazard
and should be controlled.
Always make sure that connectors are fully “home” and safely latched. Whip checks must be
fitted at all connection points.
COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS
Usage
All cylinders shall meet the requirements of 49 CFR Part 178, Subpart C., and Specifications
for Cylinders.
Open cylinder valves slowly and close sufficiently to shut off gas - never use force. Keep
hose lines clear of traffic lanes. Valve protection caps shall be in place and secure.
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Cylinders shall be kept far enough away from the actual welding or cutting operation so that
sparks, hot slag or flame will not reach them, when this is not practical, fire resistant shields
shall be used.
Fuel gas cylinders shall be placed with valve end up whenever they are in use. They shall not
be placed in a location where they will be subject to open flame, hot metal or other sources of
artificial heat.
Transport
Unless cylinders are firmly secured on a special carrier intended for this purpose, regulators
shall be removed before cylinders are moved.
When cylinders are hoisted, they shall be secured on racks or stands specifically created and
built for this purpose. They shall not be hoisted by slings or magnets.
When cylinders are transported by powered vehicles, they shall be secured in an upright and
vertical position.
Cylinders are to be transported using a secured carrier. Always lift cylinders from trucks - do
not drop slide them. Cylinders are not to be used as rollers or supports.
Valves and fittings are not to be used for lifting or carrying, and must be kept free from oil
and grease.
This is particularly pertinent for oxygen cylinders.
When work is completed cylinders are empty or when cylinders are moved at anytime, the
cylinder valve shall be closed and caps placed on
LPG or oxygen cylinders are not to be used without flashback arrestors. There must be a
minimum of two (2) flashback arrestors fitted on all cutting sets.
Storage
Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured in an upright position at all times except, if
necessary, for short periods of time while cylinders are actually being hoisted or carried.
Cylinders shall be placed where they cannot strike against another cylinder thereby causing
an arc.
All cylinders must be stored so that they cannot fall or roll. Keep them away from sun,
artificial heat, flammable materials, corrosive chemicals and fumes.
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An appropriate cylinder chuck or chain shall be used to keep cylinders from being knocked
over while in use.
Use of Fuel Gas
Before a regulator is connected to a cylinder, the valve shall be opened slightly and closed
immediately. (This action is generally termed “cracking” and is intended to clear the valve of
dust or dirt that might otherwise enter the regulator).
A person cracking the valve shall stand to one side of the outlet, not in front of it.
The valve of a fuel gas cylinder shall not be cracked where the gas would reach welding
work, flame or other possible source of ignition.
For quick closing, valves on fuel gas cylinders shall be opened more than 1-1/2 turns.
When a special wrench is needed, it shall be left in position on the stem of the valve while
the cylinder is in use so that the fuel gas flow can be shut off quickly in case of an
emergency.
In the case of manifolds or coupled cylinders, at least one wrench shall always be available
for immediate use.
Nothing shall be placed on the top of a fuel gas cylinder when in use.
Fuel gas shall not be used from cylinders through torches or other devices which are
equipped with shut off valves without decreasing the pressure through an appropriate
regulator attached to the cylinder valve or manifold.
Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder base, the cylinder valve shall always be closed
and the gas released from the regulator.
If when the valve on a fuel gas cylinder is opened, there is found to be a leak around the
valve stem, the valve shall be closed and the gland nut tightened.
If this action does not stop the leak, the use of the cylinder shall be discontinued, and it shall
be properly tagged and removed from the work area.
In the event that the fuel gas should leak from the cylinder valve, rather than from the valve
stem, and the gas cannot be shut off, the cylinder shall be properly tagged and removed from
the work area.
If a regulator attached to a cylinder valve will effectively stop a leak through the valve seat,
the cylinder need not be removed from the work area.
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If a leak should develop at a fuse plug or other safety devices, the cylinder shall be removed
from the work area.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Contact Hazards to Skin
Mineral oils, including fuel oils and mould oils, can lead to bad skin conditions, oil acne or
even cancer. In addition, constant skin contact with oily rags can also lead to a skin hazard.
Chemicals, including alkalis, acids and chromate can penetrate the skin causing ulcers and
dermatitis.
Cement can cause chronic dermatitis. Wet cement has high alkaline and is more dangerous to
the skin.
Solvents and de-greasers, including paraffin and thinners, dissolve natural oils in skin leaving
it open to infection.
Tar, pitch and bitumen products cause blisters and oil acne. They can cause tar warts, leading
to cancer.
Epoxy-resin hardeners, glass fiber, some hard woods and fungicides irritate the skin and can
lead to dermatitis.
Extremes of sunshine, temperature and humidity make the skin more vulnerable to dermatitis
and other skin problems.
Precautions to Protect Skin
Avoid or minimize skin contact with hazardous substances as noted above.
Keep skin clean and use after-wash skin cream. Keep your workplace clean.
Get first aid for cuts and grazes and keep them covered.
Don’t use abrasives or solvents to clean skin. Don’t let synthetic resins or glue harden on
skin.
Examine skin for the appearance of warts, especially on the scrotum (if applicable).
Sun and Skin Protection
Cover up - ordinary clothing made from close woven fabric such as a long sleeved work shirt
and jeans will protect the most.
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Wear your hard hat - the peak at the front will offer some shade and a hanging flap at the
back can protect your neck
Keep top on - especially around the middle of the day when the sun is at its most fierce
Sunscreen creams and lotions - can add useful protection for parts of the body not easy to
shade from the sun; look for a sun protection factor of 10 or more
Check skin - the first warning is often a small scabby spot, which does not clear after a few
weeks.
Look for changed or newly formed moles or any skin discoloration.
If in doubt - consult a doctor. Even if a spot is cancerous, simple modern treatments can
usually cure it provided it is caught early.
NOISE
Good practice
Good practices for the minimization of damage due to noise are:
Wear ear protectors if the noise is such that you to shout to someone 1 meter away
to be heard.
Machine covers closed when operating.
Don’t keep machinery running unnecessarily. Make sure that ear plugs are a good
fit in each ear and are correctly inserted. Use disposable ear plugs only. Hands should be
clean when handling all types of ear plugs.
Ear muffs should be a good fit to the head all round the seal. See that muff seals
are always in a serviceable condition. Do not modify the pressure of ear muffs by bending
the head band.
Report damaged ear protection and replace.
Hearing conservation program (HCP)
HCP will be established at those locations where personnel encounter noise levels of 85 dB
time weighted average (“TWA”) for an 8-hour shift or 85 dB TWA for a 12-hour shift.
The HCP will comprise the following elements:
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Noise monitoring for personnel will take place to determine if certain locations
will be included in the HCP;
Proper selection and fitting of hearing protection devices reducing employee
exposure levels to below the levels set forth above.
Evaluation and enforcement of controls to lessen noise exposure. It is essential
that the instruments used to measure noise are correctly calibrated in compliance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. Documented proof of these calibrations (Form HSE001-GE09)
must be kept available for inspection and verification.
For general activities, noise audits will be performed by HSE Advisor at random to
determine the need for more regular testing.
Work should not be done outside stipulated site hours that may be directed by the
need for noise control. Work outside these hours will only be granted by consent from the
Client.
Items of plant or a vehicle that appear and sound noisier than usual must be
reported to the HSE Adviser, and noise screens are to be used where appropriate and
practical.