Bamboo Resource Mapping and Feasibility Assessment for Preprocessing Unit

8/13/2019 Bamboo Resource Mapping and Feasibility Assessment for Preprocessing Unit

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Report on

Bamboo Resource Mapping and Feasibility Assessment for Pre-

processing Unit

Submitted to:

Netherlands Development Organization (SNV),

Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and

Indstries (FNCCI)and !gro "nterprise Centre (!"C)

Submitted by:

(Asia Netor! for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources"

P#$#Bo%: &&')

*at+mandu, Nepal

P+: ..-&-//.)/.0//.1/&2

Fa%: ..-&-//.3)13


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Few Words:

The assignment Bamboo Resource Mapping and Feasibility Assessment for Pre-processing nits! in the

eastern Terai of "epal from #etauda to $hapa %as completed in fi&e months in the later part of '00() *t

is e+pected that this report %ill gi&e a concrete base for the de&elopment of bamboo sector in the study

area, %hich %ill be &ery useful not only for "./The "etherland, F"* and A, but all the actors

%or2ing in this sector)

The successful completion of this assignment %as not possible %ithout continuous engagement and

support of &arious indi&iduals and institutions) * than2 3irector 4eneral of Regional Forest 5ffices of

#etauda and Biratnagar, all 3istrict Forest 5fficers, Federation of hamber of ommerce and *ndustries

3istrict hapters, 3istrict ottage and mall *ndustries oordination ommittees, Bamboo Based

*ndustries especially Mr) A6aya Mudbari from #imalayan Bamboo *ndustry and Mr) Padamm Bahadur

hrestha from Biratnagar Ply %ood and Bobbin *ndustry7 "on 4o&ernmental 5rgani8ations, Pro6ects,

ntrepreneurs and ommunity People)

* %ould li2e to e+tent special than2s to Mr) Ra6an 9otru and urendra haudhary from ". and Mr)

9esha& Adhi2ari from F"* for their constant ad&ice and engagement in field %or2s as %ell as des2

%or2) * am than2ful to A"AB for encouragement and logistic support for the completion of the pro6ect)

Finally, * %ould li2e to than2 Mr) 9iran Timalsina for his continuous engagement to complete the pro6ect

and all the field team members %ho collected and compiled all the re:uired information for the pro6ect

on time) The team members include hotte ;al haudhari, Abha $oshi, #emant 3angal, 3e& "arayan

haudhari, uman 3ha2al and Madhu 9anta ingh)

hambhu Prasad 3angal

Team ;eader


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Abbreviation

A"AB Asia "et%or2 for ustainable Agriculture and Bioresources

*3A anadian *nternational 3e&elopment Assistance

F ommunityForest

F4 ommunity Forest sers 4roup

FM ollaborati&e Forest Management

* hamber of ommerce and *ndustries

33 3istrict 3e&elopment ommittee

3F5 3istrict Forest 5ffice/r

3oF 3epartment of Forest

335 3istrict ottage and mall nterprise 3e&elopment 5ffice

3FR 3epartment of Forest Research and ur&ey

35 3istrict oil onser&ation 5ffice

3


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Table of Contents

Fe% ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1

Abbre&iation ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) '

Table of ontents )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =

;ist of Table ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ?

;ist of Bo+ )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ?

;ist of hart ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ?

;ist of 3iagrams ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ?

;ist of Maps ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) @

+ecuti&e ummary )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

*ntroduction )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 11

hapter * )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1'

Bac2ground of the tudy ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1'

5b6ecti&es)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1'

hapter ** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1=

Approach ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1=

Methodology ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1=

A) 3es2 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1=

B) econdary *nformation ollection and ta2eholder onsultation> )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1=

i Mar2et ur&ey> )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1=

ii Meeting %ith 3istrict ;e&el Actors> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1=

iii 3e&elopment of 3istribution Map> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1C

i& Bamboo Resource Mapping and lustering>))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1C

) 4round tudy> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1C

i Participatory Assessment at ommunity ;e&el> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1D


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C

ii Biological Assessment of the Resources> )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1D

iii Assessment %ith Traders, Factories and ntrepreneurs> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1?

3) Feasibility Analysis> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1?

) Monitoring ystem> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1@

hapter *** )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1

Findings of the tudy )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1

') 3istributions of Bamboo Resources in the tudy Area ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) '1

ii) Mar2et Analysis> )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) '=

iii) Analysis of Resource at 4round ;e&el> )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) '?

=) *dentification of lusters ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =1

C) Analysis of Factors Associated %ith Bamboo Trade ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ==

+isting Bamboo Based nterprises> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ==

D) ross Border Trade ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =D

?) er&ice Pro&iders and Their Potential Role ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =?

@) *nfrastructure )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =

) +isting toc2 of Bamboo and estimate for future ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =(

() Future Potential for Bamboo Promotion )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) C0

10) .alue hain of Bamboo ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) C1

11) nterprise 5peration Modalities ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) C?

1D) Associated Ris2 and Mitigation )))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) C@

1?) Potential ollaborators and Partners ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) C

hapter *. ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D0

onclusions and Recommendations> )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D0

1) A&ailability of resources for bamboo based enterprises> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D0

') *dentification of potential centre for pre processing units ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D1


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D

=) 5perating Modalities and Potential collaborati&e Partners ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D1

5perating Modalities of Pre Processing nits> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D1

ollaborati&e Partners for *mplementation of the pro6ect> )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D=

C) Recommendation for future actions))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) DC

Recommendation for Resource Based 3e&elopment ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) DC

Recommendation for apacity Building- local and partner le&el ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) DD

Recommendation for Policy *nter&ention ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D?

Recommendation for Further tudy ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D?

References> ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D@

Anne+es> )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) D


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List of Table

Table *> ost of bamboo panel components

Table **> Bamboo distribution in "epal

Table ***> ummary Findings of the Mar2et ur&ey

Table *.> 3istribution of Bamboo in the tudy Area

Table .> 3istribution of ulms by Age

Table .*> 3istribution of pecies by 3istrict

Table .**> stimate of bamboo culms for ne+t three years

Table .***> A&erage buying and selling price of a Bamboo ulm

Table *E> ost Benefit Analysis of hitra dyog of 9a2arbhitta

Table E> upply of bamboo for ne+t three years

List of Box

BoE> 1 tructure of Bhimesh%or handmade paper enterprise, "epal

List of Chart

hart *> 5&erall distribution of the age of Bamboo in entire area

hart **> The o&erall distribution of species composition

List of Diagrams

3iagram *> ampling for the ground study

3iagram **> ampling for biological sur&ey

3iagram ***> .alue change Map


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List of Maps

Map *> Bamboo 3istribution in Mid and astern "epal

Map **> patial 3istribution of Potential .3s for Bamboo astern Terai "epal


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Exe!tive "!mmar#

The "etherlands 3e&elopment 5rgani8ation ". is a leading de&elopment organi8ation %or2ing incapacity-building ad&isory ser&ices to go&ernment, non go&ernment and pri&ate sector organi8ations in

alignment %ith nationally defined po&erty strategies in "epal)


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lands as bamboo business has yet not ta2en in commercial scale in many districts) The figures recei&ed

from in&entory indicated the high potential for bamboo based industries in the study area)

astern Terai Regions of "epal ha&e high potential of bamboo based enterprise de&elopment due to

abundance of bamboo) mall scale enterprises are producing handicrafts, bamboo mats, bas2ets, hand

fans, ri2sa hood frames and incense stic2s) Most of the bamboo culms are used for house construction

in Terai and supporting construction materials such as scaffold, support post, ladderfor concrete house

constructions) #imalayan Bamboo *ndustries and ni:ue Bamboo *ndustries %ere t%o pioneer

industries, %hich had promoted bamboo housing, panels and par:uets but failed to continue their

business due to a number of reasons such as political instability, insurity in industry sectors, lac2 of

mar2et, high cost of production and socio-cultural practices) anadian *nternational 3e&elopment

Assistance *3A ha&e been implementing a pro6ect called Bamboo nterprise for #abitat Program

A%as 9o ;agi Bans dyam in harAali $hapa targeting the production of bamboo based corrugated

roofing sheets and panels to be used for prefabricated house) There are a number of ser&ice pro&iders

e+ist,%ho are and %illing to e+tend their ser&ices in the study sites) They include #el&etas, 3istrict Forest

5ffices 3F5, 3istrict oil onser&ation 5ffices 35, 3istrict mall and ottage *ndustries

3e&elopment 5ffices 335, Federation of "epalese hamber of ommerce and *ndustries F"*,

Micro- finance *nstitutions MF*, Mitra 3hanusha, ahara "epal, are "epal, Abari "epal,Federation of

ommunity Forest sers, "epal F5F",and ollaborati&e Forest ser 4roups)

Based on a number of factors, the entire districts %ere grouped in three clusters to ease the process of

identifying cluster centre for the proposed preprocessing units) luster one includes ? districts -

Ma2%anpur, Bara, Rauthat, arlahi, Mahottary and 3hanusha districts7 cluster t%o includes = districts -

iraha, aptary and unsary and cluster three includes ' districts - Morang and $hapa) The preferredpotential centers for preprocessing units are ;albandi, hatara and Birtamod for cluster one, t%o and

three respecti&ely)

5peration of most of the "on Timber and Timber based enterprises in "epal are limited to fe% models

such ascooperati&e, pri&ate company, public and pri&ate company andcommunity le&el groups) The

re&ie% of these models sho%ed that the cooperati&e and community le&el group models %ere not &ery

successful as these enterprises need strong business management and organi8ational s2ills) As the

bamboo based preprocessing unit needs good business management and organi8ational s2ills,the

preferred model in this case can be a public and pri&ate partnership company) nder this model, the

business %o/men are encouraged to in&est at least D0H of the share, local community groups are

encouraged to ta2e 'DH shares and the housing industries in&est 'DH shares) This mechanism

enhanceso%nership among the local people and continuous supply of materials is guaranteed from

community le&els and pre processing unit to industries)

The team listed a number of potential collaborati&e partners for the management of preprocessing

units) They include Mitra 3hanusha, *lam #el&atas,arah "epal, Micro nterprise 3e&elopment

ProgramM3P of "3P, and Bamboo nterprise for #abitat Program of *3A) The recommended

potential collaborati&e partners for prefabricated housing industries are #imalayan Bamboo *ndustry,


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#etauda)"epal Ply%ood and Babbin *ndustry Biratnagar7 and Bamboo nterprise for #abitat Program of

*3A) The highlighted recommendations for future actions are listed belo%)

*t is highly recommended to establish one pre processing unit at the beginning as an action

research) 5nce, it has been pro&ed to be feasible in term of technologies, organi8ations and

financial, it should be replicated)

There is an urgent need to enhance s2ills of farmers, staff from 4o&ernment Ranger, Forest

Assistants and"ongo&ernmental5rgani8ations on impro&ed propagation, management and

har&esting practices) Technical and e+tension materials should be de&eloped in collaboration

%ithMinistry of Forest and oil onser&ation MF)

There is an urgent need to de&elop understanding ofdifferent actors communities, district

forest offices, district soil conser&ation offices, district agriculture offices on the relati&ead&antage of commercial culti&ation of bambooto scale up the commercial culti&ation of

bamboo)

Massi&e a%areness campaign is needed for commercial use of bamboo, especially in aptari,

iraha and unsari,

ontinuous dialogue %ith and demonstration to MF especially #erbs and "TFP oordination

ommittee #" is needed to de&elop policy and plan for commercial culti&ation and

promotion of bamboo)

Further studies on cost benefit analysis of bamboo and other competiti&e commodities such as$atropha areneeded) The results of the studies should %idely be disseminated)

*n-depth mar2et study for the prefabricated house has not been done so far, there is a need of a

detailed mar2et study %ithin the country and across the border cities of *ndia)


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$ntrod!tion

A"AB entered into an agreement %ith ". to pro&ide ser&ices to conduct feasibility study for the

establishment of three community based pre processing units of bamboo in the astern and entral

Terai, "epal)

The o&erall ob6ecti&es of this assignment are to conduct bamboo mapping by source, species and

&olume F4/pri&ate land, F4s and national forest in bet%een ast and entral Terai regions of

"epal and to propose potential three locations for establishing community based bamboo pre-

processing units for bamboo prefabricated housing industries)

The study %as completed in three months from $uly '00() The report has been de&eloped based on the

field sur&ey, obser&ation, outcomes of the meetings %ith &arious e+isting and potential actors in&ol&ed

in the bamboo sector in "epal, and the e+perience of the team) The o&erall report is presented in four

ma6or chapters)

hapter *> Bac2ground of the tudy

hapter **> Methodology

hapter ***> Findings of the tudy

hapter *.> onclusions and Recommendations


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Chapter $

Ba%gro!nd of the "t!d#". is a leading de&elopment organi8ation %or2ing in capacity-building ad&isory ser&ices to

go&ernment, non go&ernment and pri&ate sector organi8ations in alignment %ith nationally defined

po&erty strategies in "epal)

*dentify "45s/ community based organi8ations/ entrepreneurs/ MGs or groups/cooperati&es

acti&e in bamboo related inter&entions in the abo&e-mentioned regions)

Recommend operating modality of the community based pre-processing units considering the

pro6ect conditions and field based information)

*dentify potential indi&idual entrepreneurs/ community based organi8ations/ entrepreneurs/

MGs or groups/cooperati&es interested for operating these units)

Assess institutional/indi&idual capacity of such interested parties)

*dentify the number of households in and around the surrounding areas of the proposed sites

in&ol&ed in farming and selling of bamboo)


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Chapter $$

ApproahParticipatory approach %as used in all the analyses process such as bamboo resource analysis,

sta2eholder analysis, mar2et analysis, social analysis, etc) The study %as carried out in consultati&e

process %ith all the sta2eholders) 3ue to the di&erse socio-culture and political unrest,the study team

%as culturally and politically sensiti&e throughout the field study) The study %as carried out in the close

coordination, cooperation and in&ol&ement of F"* and ". staff)

Methodolog#

A"AB had formed a team of e+perts and field facilitators to complete the assignment by due date)

Most of the tools and techni:ues used to complete the assignment %ere participatory and consultati&e)

The participatory tools included mapping of bamboo distributions, obser&ations, semi structuredinter&ie%s, focus group discussions, trend analyses, in&entory of bamboo and so on) The detailed of

acti&ities carried out are briefed in the follo%ing sections)

A# 4es! 5or! and 6onsultations:From the inception of the study, the team had re&ie%ed series of publications and consulted a %ide

range of people in&ol&ed in the bamboo sector in "epal) A number of meetings %ere conducted at the

central le&el %ith bamboo e+perts and actors from the go&ernmental and non-go&ernmental

organi8ations) ;iterature a&ailability on &arious studies on bamboo in "epal especially targeted to the

study areas %as &ery limited)


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1C

Meetings %ith 3F5s and Rangers %ere &ery crucial and informati&e) The chec2list for the meetings %ith

3F5s and Rangers is gi&en in anne+ *.) *n addition to the meeting, the team re&ie%ed 3istrict ForestGs

Management Plans, ommunity ForestGs 5perational Plans and ollaborati&e ForestGsManagement

Plans)

The meetings %ith district le&el F"* and 33 %ere beneficial to understand the trade and

enterprise de&elopment situation in the districts) The chec2list for the meeting is gi&en in anne+ .)

*n addition to the meeting %ith these regular organi8ations, meetings %ith rele&ant pro6ects,

"45s/*"45s, and other pri&ate sector %ere also held)

iii" 4e8elopment of 4istribution Map:Recent satellite images %ere not a&ailable and there %as no pro&ision to buy images in the beginning)

#o%e&er, the team %as able to ac:uire satellite image data of mid nineties from its informal source) Thea&ailable data %ere &ery useful to understand the resource a&ailability trend, though it %as old) The

a&ailabledata %ere used to de&elop a broad distribution map of bamboo that enabled the team to &erify

the a&ailability at present)

i8" Bamboo Resource Mapping and 6lustering:Based on the information recei&ed from the mar2et sur&eys, distribution pattern from satellite imagary

data, 3F5 offices, and meeting %ith F"*, 33, the team %as able to dra% a detailed map) Three

clusters %ere de&eloped based on the collected information) After the e+ercise, lists of traders, mar2ets,

resource a&ailable/forests, and e+isting bamboo based enterprises%ere de&eloped for each potential

district) ". and F"* representati&es %ere in&ol&ed during the cluster identification)The detail ofma6or bamboo based enterprises is gi&en in the findings of the report)

6# round Study: ampling forthe ground study

Pro6ect Area

luster *

5ne forest forthe detailed

biological sur&ey

10 H of the&illages /F4s

luster **


biological sur&ey


luster ***


biological sur&ey



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1D

These acti&ities are summari8ed in the follo%ing sections)

i" Participatory Assessment at 6ommunity 9e8el:At least '0 H of the total &illages %ere selected purposi&ely for detailed assessment) The main criterion

for selecting the sample &illages %as e+tent of bamboo in trade) Alist of the bamboo &illages %as

de&eloped during the clustering process) The team physically &isited the selected &illages and F4s,

and conductedfocus group discussions F43s and 2ey informant &isits to understand the number of

clumps a&ailable in the pri&ate lands and common lands, cutting cycle, annual har&ests, uses, annual

sale, resource a&ailable and mar2et trends, families in&ol&ed in culti&ation, future potential for

e+pansion, &ulnerability, life cycle of e+isting bamboo, processing and selling of bamboo and products)

hec2list used for the F43s is gi&en in anne+ .*)

ii" Biological Assessment of t+e Resources:Biological assessment of the resource %as done in three areas)

!ssessment in #rivate$and% A list of bamboo gro%ers, the a&erage number of clumps for each family

and the number of culms in each clump %ere de&eloped during the F43s in the &illages) From the list,

sample counting of bamboo clumps and culms %as done as cross &erification of the a&ailable

information) For this purpose, three bamboo gro%ers %ere selected purposi&ely) The total numbers of

clumps %ere counted for each of the selected gro%er) The total number of culms %ith different ages

and classes%ere counted in three culms categories good, medium and poor) The categori8ation and

age class distribution %as done %ithcommunities) #eight of matured bamboo culms and the mar2et

preferred height %as discussed and estimated) From this sur&ey, information such as number of clumps

a&ailable, predictable annual har&est for the ne+t fi&e years, ris2s associated %ith bamboo such as

massi&e flo%ering,%hich occurred in '00D in aptari, :uality of har&ested materials, types of bamboo

a&ailable and re:uired technological inter&ention %ere collected) The process of selecting the samples

adopted is presented in the diagram **)

3iagram **> ampling for biological sur&ey

Focus 4roup3iscussion in -elected

&illage

Bamboo 4ro%er *

Total clumps counting

ulms counting ofthree clumps 4ood,

Medium, Poor

Bamboo 4ro%er **



Medium, Poor

Bamboo 4ro%er ***



Medium, Poor


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1?

!ssessment in #blic $and sch as Canals% The public land, %here bamboo is a&ailable %as

planned to be identified %ith 3F5 as %ell as people of the sample &illages) The total number of

clumps %as planned to be estimated using plant to plant sur&ey method)From the discussions, it

%as found that bamboo is not abundantin public lands) #ence, no sur&ey %as carried out in

public lands)

!ssessment in Forests$and%At least one forest in each cluster %as planned to be sampled for

resource estimation) The first step %as, to identify and estimate the effecti&e area %here

bamboo clumps are a&ailable) The effecti&e area %as planned to be again stratified based on the

abundance) Three stratums good, medium and poor %as planned to be made in each forest) At

least 1H sampling intensity %as planned to be maintained for in&entory) ruises of '0m E D0m

proposed and distance bet%een the plot and the number of plots in each forest %as planned tobe estimated based on the effecti&e area) Total numbers of clumps %ere to be counted in each

plot) Random counting of culms %ith age classes in each plot %asto be done) Ratio of culms

against age classesG%as to be calculated) *f the ratio %as found constant, no further counting

%as proposed)

From the records and discussions %ith the staff of 3F5s, it %as found that bamboo is not found

in commercial scale in natural forests and sparsely scattered in the naturalforest areas) They are

found in some Fs,but commercial e+ploitation %as not possible due to fragmented distribution

and small :uantity) #ence, there %as no point of conducting in&entory)

iii" Assessment it+;raders,Factories and


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1@

The ne+t step of the analysis %as to analy8e for the feasibility and identify centre point for pre

processing unit) From the discussion %ith traders and entrepreneurs, the amount of bamboo culms

needed for a &iable processing unit %as estimated and %as compared %ith resource a&ailability) The pre-

processing unit locations%ere identified based on infrastructures re:uirement, a&ailability of credit

facilities, security, distribution of ra% materials %ithin the cluster, and a&ailability of re:uired human

resources) The operating modality of the processing units %as recommended based on the synthesis of

the discussions %ith the traders, entrepreneurs, &illagers and re&ie% of such practices in "epal)


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1

Chapter $$$

Findings of the "t!d#

Re8ie of rele8ant documentsBamboo is a fast gro%ing rene%able resource) *t is cheap and locally a&ailable) ompared %ith %ood,

bamboo has higher strength/%eight ratio and can be a good substitute for %ood) Bamboo has long been

traditionally used as building materials for both structural and decorati&e uses) There is a big potential

for bamboo based panels to be used for prefabricated houses as engineered building materials %ith

controlled strength and structural properties from a rene%able resources hen Euhe et)al '00) *n

housing sector, an interest is gro%ing for lo% cost anne+es, restaurants, %ee2end homes and e&en

residential homes) *n this burgeoning mar2et, a transition for of traditional bamboo craftspeople to the

modern bamboo sector can be relati&ely easy and necessary, pro&ided ade:uate organi8ation,mar2eting s2ills, additional 2no%ledgebase and proper policies are pro&ided Adhi2ari '00@) The

"ature onser&ancy T" had a pro6ect Promotion and Commercialization of BambooBuilding

Materials= to enhance the use of bamboo as an alternati&e to building/structural materials such as

%ood and steel by business demonstrations) The preliminary cost analysis done by the pro6ect '00C for

bamboo based panel %alls components is summari8ed in the table belo%)

"ote>The building area of the demonstration prefabricated bamboo panel house is =0 m'

, the total

bamboo panels used for both roof and %alls are ''0 m'

)

;able 7: 6ost of bamboo panel components

7tems Unite price

"Rs0m2

Subtotal

(NRS"

Remar!s

Bamboo panels ( mm C=D ?D,@CC 3ouble faces


20/59

1(

laurel, acer, birch as %ell as in e&ergreen forest, small-statured bamboos are %idely distributed up to far

%est part of "epal hrestha '00) Table ** sho%s the distribution of bamboo in "epal)

;able 77: Bamboo distribution in Nepal

Species (9ocal name"


21/59

'0

shelter for %ild animals, rodents,

birds)

B# emer(i9alo nigalo

L A rare species, used for %ea&ing,from '?00-='00m)

Cephalostach(um

latifolium

yn) Schizostach(um

latifolium 4hopi bans,

Murali bans

A rare species, used for %ea&ing

and to ma2e flutes, fodder,

bet%een 1D00-'000m)

endrocalamus

hamiltonii

hoya bans, Ban bans

L L " ommon, semi-culti&ated upto

1D00 m, used for %ea&ing, shoot

rarely eaten, fodder)

# hoo*eri

9alo, Bhalu bans

ommon, culti&ated species 1'00-

'000 m, shoot edible, fodder, culm

for roofing, construction)

# giganteus

3hungre bans, Rachhasi

bans

Fe% and mostly in eastern "epal

upto 1000 m, used for support and

container)

# strictus

;atthi bans

Belo% 1000 m, becoming rare, used

for paper pulp, construction)

repanostach(um

alcatum

Tite nigalo, diu nigalo

yn) Sinarundinariaalcata

L ommon, bet%een 1000-'000 m,

used for %ea&ing and fodder)

# intermedium

Tite nigalo yn) )

intermedia

L ommon bet%een 1000-'000 m,


# *hasianum

Ban nigalo yn) )

+ainiana

, ommon, bet%een 1000-'000 m,

used as fodder)

-imala(acalamus

bre&inodus

Malinge nigalo

L ommon bet%een 100-''00 m,

used for %ea&ing, shoot edible and

fodder)-# cupreus L ommon, bet%een '=00-'00 m,

used for %ea&ing)

-# fimbriatus

Tite nigalo

L ommon, bet%een 1000-100 m,


-# porcatus

eto nigalo

L Rare, bet%een '000-'=00m)

-# hoo*erianus

Padang

L ommon bet%een, '000-'D00 m,



22/59

'1

-# falconeri

Thudi nigalo, inghane

L ommon, bet%een '000-'D00 m,

used for %ea&ing, shoot edible)

-# asper4humre nigalo, Malinge

nigalo

L L Rare, bet%een 100-'=00 m usedfor %ea&ing)

Melocanna baccifera

;ahure bans

L L ommon upto 1C00 m, used for

construction and %ea&ing)

Ph(llostach(s nigra

"igalo, 9alo nigalo

ommon, garden species in

9athmandu, young shoot edible)

Pleioblastus sp) *ntroduced in 9athmandu potted

plant)

Sasa megaloph(lla Recently introduced in garden in

9athmandu).hamnocalamus

spathiflorus

Rato nigalo

L ommon, from '00-=D00 m, not

commonly used but eaten by %ild

animals li2e red panda, bears, birds,

shelter, for domestic animals)

.# spathiflorus subsp)

%epalensis

$arbuto

L L ommon, from '00-=D00 m, used

as fodder by %ild and domestic

animals, shelter for birds, mon2eys

and rodents)

/ushania maling

Malingo, 9hosre

malingo

L ommon, bet%een 1?00-=000 m,

used for fencing, brushes)

/# microph(lla

Mailing, malingo

L Rare, bet%een '=00-=D00 m,

bro%sed by ya2 and %ild animals)

ource> 3istribution and status of bamboos in "epal - 9eshab hrestha Tribhu&anni&ersity

2#4istributions of Bamboo Resources in t+e Study Areai) &evie' from Secondar SorcesThough a&ailable imagary data %ere more than a decade old, it ga&e a fair idea on the distribution of

bamboo in the central to eastern "epal) *t is assumed that nothing has been changed drastically in the

last 1D years, and especially during the decade long conflict) The a&ailable data does not e+plicit the

a&ailability of bamboo clearly because of the polygon co&erage) From the field obser&ation, it %as

noticed that most of the households ha&e t%o to three bamboo clumps in their farm land for domestic

use, %hich the map did not sho%) The map de&eloped using the a&ailable data is presented belo%)


23/59

''


24/59

'=

Bamboo seems to be gro%ingdensely in four districtsnamely $hapa 1=' ha, Morang '00 ha, unsari

=CD ha and aptari =(? ha and sparsely in Bara and hure range of dayapur and *lam) The total area

co&erage of bamboo from Ma2a%anpur to $hapa is estimated to be 110? ha) The map sho%ing the

distribution of bamboo by .illage 3e&elopment ommittee .3 %ithin these four districts is presented

in anne+ .***)

ii) Mar!et Analysis:The mar2et sur&eys and district le&el sta2eholder consultation meetingsga&e a fair idea on the

e+istingbamboo mar2ets, sources, uses and users) *n addition to this, the team could estimate the

annual amount and types of the bamboo in trade) The summary of the finding of the mar2et sur&eys is

presented in table ***)

;able 777: Summary Findings of t+e Mar!et Sur8ey

4istrict Main 9ocal

Mar!ets (

4epots"

Annual

trade

(numbe

r culms"

Species Sources of Bamboo Uses 5+ere t+ey

go

unsari 3haran,

*nr%a,

Tarahara

$hum2a

hatara,

*tahari,

3uhabi,

ha2raghatt

i Total

1C 3epots

'1',000 $hapta,

9ande,

Bhalu,

6+atara,

Panc+a!anya

Buta+a, >arinagar,

Ra6ganga, 3ebangun6

9aptangun6

itagun6

B+o?pur, Udayapur,

San!+uas+ab+a

- ;ocal house

construction

especially

roofing

-caffolding,

support posts

for concreting

etc

-old storage,

-Fencing

9athmandu,

;ocal use-

3haran,

*tahari,

3uhabi

Morang Biratnagar,

rlabari,

refugee

campPathari

'C',000 Mal,

Bhalu,

$hapta,

9ade

9etang

,*erabari,*+erua,

4angi, @ante,

>atimuda, 3angra,

imariya, Tetariya

Bayerban, $ante,

Belbari, rlabari,

Pathari

-;ocal house

construction,

-caffolding,

support post

for concreting,-

-hitra ma2ing

-Ttent house

-Ri2sa roof ing

$hapa

Refugee

amp,

9athmandu,

Po2hara, and

ometimes

illegally to

*ndia

$hapa 9a2arbhitta

,

handragad

hi, Birtamod

and 3ama2,

?@1,000 Mal,

Phora,

3hungre

, 9ande

Ba+undangi,

6+a!c+a!e,

Sanisc+are,

4aramuni, Morang,

*lam, 3han2uta

-;ocal house

construction

-cafolding and

support for

concreting

ORi2sa roofing

C refugee

camp, local ,

2athmandu


25/59

'C

aptari orridor

phatepur

9anchanpur

Barba6iya

'?,000 Mal

9ande

Bhalu

4+arampur

Barba?iya, Phatepur,

9anchanpur

- ;ocal house

construction

9oshi dam

spur

maintenance

especially in

*ndia D000-

@000,9athma

ndu

iraha ;ahan

hoher%a

Mirchaiya

'0,000

Mal

9ande

P+odareya, 4+udauli

*+adi, iraha Madar,

Thadi

Udayapur- *atari,

Sind+uli,

-;ocal house

construction

- caffolding

and support

post for

concreting

;ocal

"arayan 4hat

3hanusa orridor

Benga

3abar

3al2e%ar

Batesh%er

3hanusa

dham

1000 hamp,

#arauti

Benga 4abar

4+umasan,Puspaal

pur

Batesh%er, ;a+mi

nibas

uma prempur,

4odhar

D0H bamboo

goes to

$ana2pur for

local house

construction,

;ocal domestic

use D0H,

$ana2pur and

;ocal

Ma2a%a

npur

#etauda

Manahari

#imalayan

Bamboo

*ndustries

10,000

local

use

1(000

for

*ndustri

es

Taru

Mal

Bhalu

#arauti

Raigaun, 4+iyal

gaun,

#arnamadhi, #atiya

Phaperbari

-7lam and @+apa for

7ndustries

-caffolding,

support posts

for concreting

-*ndustrial se

for paneling

-#andicraft

negligible

- Bamboo

hoot

fermented

;ocal,

9athmandu,

Po2hara

hit%an

Parsa Bir6ung

4ita mandir

10,D00

;ocal

use

(CD00

for

Agarbat

ti

stic2s

hamp,

Mal,

Ma2aur

For

Agarbat

ti

Bairiya, Po2hariya

4umhariya, Bairiya

bita

Thori, "ichada, Birta

Bara

;ocal #ouse

onstruction,

Building

materials li2e

scaffolding

Agarbatti stic2

;ocal

Bara $itpur

imara

=C,'00

;ocal

hamp

#arauti

Bas Bariya,

Bariyarpur,

;ocal


26/59

'D

Par%anipur

9alaiya

"i6gadh

use

=0000

upplyfor

Agarbat

ti stic2s

Ma2aur

a

Phattepur,

Manerha%a,

Balirampur,Madhuri, 9abahi

Bo2uha

Rautahat 4aur

ha Pur

@,'00

1'D

3ome

families

use

',1'D

hoya

Ma2aur

#arauti

Paura+i,

aidatar,Mudabala%

a

Purena%a,

Mithu%aha

Pipara bha%anipur

;ocal #ouse

onstruction

and

Building

materials li2e

scaffolding-

(0HBy 3ome ,

#and fan,

To2ari etc

;ocal

9athmandu

Po2hara

arlahi Malanga%a

;albhandi

#ari%an

9armaiya

Barahatha%

a

CD,000 #arauti

Mal

hamp

Raniban, Sa+eb?ung

4+ungra!+ola,

imara

Pat+ar!ot of Sind+uli

4istrict (supplies

+uge amount"

;ocal #ouse

onstruction,

Building

materials li2e

scaffolding

Most of

bamboo

supply to

9athmandu,

Po2hara and

hit%an

C0,000Mahottai ' contractor

s for outside

districts

supply

Bardibas

$alesho%er

=,000 Mal

Taru

hamp

Maist+an, auribas,

Pigauna,Mahottari,

9hayarmara,

3herapur

Pathar2ot of indhuli

3istrict supplies

huge amount

;ocal #ouse

onstruction,

Building

materials li2e

scaffolding

9athmandu,

Po2hara,

hita%an

=0,000 and

local

dayapu

r

9atari,

Beltar and

#adiya

=00,000 Mal,

Banbans

9arouch

i, Bha2u,

3hungre

"ot a a&ailable #ouse

construction

materials

9athmandu

indhuli "ot

a&ailable

@,D0,00

0

Tama

and

4hana

bans

astern part of the

district>$arayotar,9a

mala2hoch,

Marinbato, 2apil2ot,

3andi, 4uranse,

Mahde&sthan,9alpab

#ouse

construction

materials

9athmandu


27/59

'?

ri2sha, Mahendra

$hadi, Ranichuri,

Belghari,Bhimasthan,

#arshani

"ote> ource of bamboo- names are gi&en in order from high to lo%

The total annual trade from the figure %as estimated to be almost t%o million culms) The mostly used

bamboo is Mal Bans follo%ed by hamp, 9ande, #arautiand Ma2our) Bhalu bans, Taru Bans and $hapta

are also fairly traded in the mar2ets) The sur&ey sho%ed that the trade amount of bamboo is high in

$hapa, Morang and unsari) Ma2a%anpur %as e+ceptional, %here more than 100,000 bamboo culms

%ere in trade in last year) The team found that this amount %as supplied only last year in last se&en

years) This amount %as supplied from the area bordering to indhuli) #ence, there is a chance of

bamboo supply from indhuli too) *t indicated that there is a huge potentialfor bamboo in these

areas)ha2raghati and hatara mar2et recei&e bamboo mainly from Bho6pur, Terhthum, dayapur and

an2hu%asa&a by rafting) *t is reported that roughly D00,000 bamboo culms are collected in hatara

annually)

The satellite data sho%ed the abundance of bamboo in aptari district but the mar2et sur&ey report

sho%ed that they are not traded) *t %as reported that though bamboo is abundant in aptari, people

normally donGt sell it in the mar2et) They 2eep to sho% their economic status, instead, they distribute it

to needy people of their&illage, at no cost) Moreo&er, most of the houses in aptari are made of

bamboo) *n this district, fair amount of bamboo is used locally) Therefore, aptari can be one of thehigh

potential districts to scale up for promoting commercial use of bamboo)Fe% districts such as Rautahat

and3hanusha do not ha&estructured bamboo depots and mode of trade in these districts is different

than that of eastern "epal) Bamboo culms are sold in %ee2ly mar2et places by local tradersusing carts)

3irect collection by contractors are the most common trading practices in these districts) This practice

made the team difficult to estimate the annual trade amount) #ence, the figure gi&en in the table for

these districts %as estimated from the mar2et and therefore,e+actamount of trade could be much

higher than that of estimated one)

T%o things are important to note here) The first one is the potential of bamboo for trade could be more

than the e+isting trade, as bamboo is not much commerciali8ed yet) aptari can be ta2en as an e+ample,

%here people 2eep bamboo to sho% their status and donGt sell in to the mar2et) For ne% processingplant, %e need additional amount of bamboo than %hat already e+istsin local trade7 other%ise it %ill

increase competitions among the traders, %hich %ill increase the price) The increased price could

moti&ate people to impro&e the management of bamboo and commerciali8e them, especially by the

farmers %ho 2eep bamboo to reflect theirstatus) *n addition, if bamboo &enture is planned, it needs

in&estments in bamboo production to ma2e the processing units sustainable)

iii) Analysis of Resource at round 9e8el:ustainable supply of the ra% materials is essential for successful operation of an enterprise)


28/59

'@

in the study site possess at least t%o to threeclumps of bamboo in their farm land, %hich is normally,

used for household ## consumption) #ence, the estimate has been done for those .3s %hich are

supplying bamboo in the mar2et in significant :uantities and .3s ha&ing high potential

foundinimagary data) This allo%ed us to understand %hether the .3 sho%ing abundance still e+ists)

The result %as yes, they do but the change in a&ailability could not be physically assessed) The

distribution of bamboo and estimated :uantities are presented in table number*.)

;able 7: 4istribution of Bamboo in t+e Study Area

4istrict >ig+ly abundance 46s

Percentage

of >> it+

Bamboo

A8erage

6lumps

per >>

A8erage

number of

6ulms per

6lump

;otal

6ulms

Ma2%anpur

Raigaun, 3hiyal 4aun,

#arnamani, #atiya andPhaperbari C= C (@ 1,=0(,D00

Parsa

Bairiya, Po2hariya

4umhariya, Bairiya bita,,

Thori, "ichada and Birta "A "A "A "A

Bara

Bas Bariya, Bariyarpur,

Phattepur,Manerha%a,

Balirampur, Madhuri, 9abahi

and Bo2uha @1 C 1=1 C,C0,'00

Rautahat

Paurahi, 4aidatar,

Mudabala%a, Purena%a,

Mithu%aha, Pipara andBhaanipur '( C 1'0 1,'(?,000

arlahi

Raniban, aheb6ung,

3hungra2hola and imara =C C 1'( 1,11C,D?0

Mahotary

Maisthan, 4auribas, Pigauna,

Mahottari,9hayarmara and

3herapur C? C 1 1,=((,?0

3hanusha

Benga 3abar, 3humsan,

Puspa%alpur, batesh%er,

;a+mi "i%as, ma Prempur

and 4odhar @? D 1C1 1,D?C,@D

iraha

Phodareya, 3hudauli 9hadi,

iraha Madar, Thadi and

$aminibas = ' 1=@ ?1?,D00

aptary

3harampur, Barba6iya,

Phatepur, 9anchanpur,

itapur and Bhangha @' D ?? C@,@10


29/59

'

unsari

hatara, Pancha2anya

Butaha, #arinagar, Ra6ganga,

3ebangun6,9aptangun6,simariya and itagun6 '@ 1( ?? D,1D?,C1D

Morang

;etang ,9erabari, 9heru%a,

3angi, $ante, #atimuda,

3angra, imariya, Tetariya

Bayerban, $ante, Belbari,

rlabari, Pathari CD 11 D' 1D?1C('

$hapa

Bahundangi, ha2cha2e,

anischare,

4aramuni,Budhabare and

3angibari D( CD 1D? '(0?'=D0

From the mar2et sur&ey, it %as re&ealed that Parsa district has less potential to supply bamboo in a

commercial scale) #ence, the team did not conduct biological assessment at the ground le&el7 ho%e&er,

the e+istence of bamboo for subsistence use cannot be o&erloo2ed) The assessment data sho%s that

almost @0H of bamboo culms are either good or medium :uality and &ery less percentage are poor

:uality) The criteria set for good and medium :uality included a&erage merchantable height more than

1' meter and girth more than 1@ cm)

5&erall distribution of the age of Bamboo in entire area


30/59

'(

The abo&e chart sho%s that the culms age distributions is in re&erse ecological principle) The fe%er

amounts of ne% shoots indicate that the a&ailability of bamboo in future is alarming) This is due to lac2

of proper har&esting practice, %hich %as obser&ed in field obser&ations) The tendency of gro%er to use

bamboo for only subsistence use also could ha&e brought to this scenario) *t %as noticed during the

discussion that many gro%er cut bamboo %hen they need) This practice retained large amount of

har&estable bamboo and a&oided space for ne% shoot to come up) The culms age composition in the

districts %as &arying) Table . reflects the age composition in each of the studied district)

;able : 4istribution of 6ulms by Age

S#N# 4istrict

$ne ear $ld ;o ear $ld >ar8estable Age ;otal

6ulmsC Number C Number C Number

1 Ma2%anpur '? =CC@(0 =D CDC00D =( D10@0D 1=0(D00

' Bara =1 1=('CC? =1 1=('CC? = 1?(D=0 CC0'00

= Rauthat =1 C0'@(@ =1 C0'@(@ = C(0C0? 1'(?000

C arlahi =1 =C?C0D =1 =C?C0D = C'1@D0 111CD?0

D Mahotary =1 C=D0'1 =1 C=D0'1 = D'(?=( 1=((?0? 3hanusha 11 1@'1'? =0 C?(C=? D( ('=''= 1D?C@D

@ iraha 11 ?@1D =1 1(111D D =D@D@0 ?1?D00

aptari ( @((1@ =' '@1'?@ D( D001C( D1===

( unsari ' 1CC=@(? == 1@01?1@ =( '01100' D1D?C1D

10 Morang =C D=0(0@? 'D =(0=@=' C1 ?C0'1'0 1D?1C('

11 $hapa =D 101@1'= =? 10C?'CC? '( C'0' '(0?'=D0

0D

10

1D

'0

'D

=0

=D

C0

CDD0

5ne Jear 5ld T%o Jear 5ld #ar&estable

6+art %%: 4istribution by Age

3istribution H


31/59

=0

These figure sho% that 3hanusha, iraha and aptari are in critical condition, %hich may be due to

tendency of using bamboo for household use and 2eeping them for their status) The other reasons could

be lac2 of ade:uate mar2ets or information about mar2ets) $hapa seems to be in ideal condition) The

estimate of high number of har&estable culms in all districts may be due to inappropriate time of

biological in&entory too) ome places, gro%ers ha&e started har&esting,%hereas, some places they ha&e

not touched because of rainy season) But, %hate&er the cases, the scenario sho%ed that the supply of

bamboo %ill not be sustainable for long term if the present har&esting and management practices are

continue)#ence, immediate inter&ention for impro&inghar&esting and managementpractices, and raising

a%areness on e+isting and potential mar2et is essential in all districts)

4istribution by Species:There is a synergy bet%een the species use and distribution at the ground

le&el)The o&erall distribution of bamboo species indicates that Mal Bans hasdomination follo%ed by

champ bans) The o&erall species composition is presented in chart **)

hart **> The o&erall distribution of species composition

#arouti seemed to ha&e ta2en third position) Table .* sho%s the age composition by district) The figure

in the table sho%s that Bara is dominated by #arouti) *n addition to this, #arouti is found in 3hanusha,

iraha, aptari and unsari districts) This e+istence could be due to the demand of that particular

species, as most of the ome communities are using #arouti for their enterprises) These ome

Communitiesproduce different si8e bas2ets to2ari, do2o, dalo, thunche, ereal shea&ing plateshand

fans and Bha2ari)Mostly, the ome Communitiesare engaged in this business from eptember to March)

;able 7: 4istribution of Species by 4istrict

)") 3istrict

Total "umber of

ulms

pecies 3istribution in Percentage

Mal hamp #arouti Bhalu ingare Phor

1 Ma2%anpur 1=0(D00 C@ D= 0 0 0 0

D?H'?H

1DH

'H1H0H

6+art %%: 4istribution of Species

Mal hamp #arouti Bhalu -ingare Phor


32/59


33/59

='

eastern Terai) #ence, clustering could be based on the traded amount %ith due care of :uantity

estimated in biological sur&ey)

c)

3istributions of Bamboo> 3ensely populated distribution minimi8es the cost of transportation)

The distribution map sho%s that the a&ailability of bamboo is &ery high in four eastern districts

and %ithin these districts, southern parts are highly populated) #o%e&er, it is reported that, in

all districts most of the families ha&e t%o to three bamboo clumps in their land for their

domestic use)

d) 4eographical Area> 3istricts in each cluster should be close to each other and the processing

centre)

e) Accessibility> There is no meaning if bamboo is a&ailable far from road head and processing

centre) The mar2et sur&ey data and distribution map demonstrated thatthere %ill be noproblem for bamboo trade in the eastern part of the all districts) Bamboo a&ailable in the

southern parts of these districts especially to the *ndia boarder %ill be less accessible in-terms of

high cost of transportation to the processing units, easily a&ailable mar2ets around the cross

borders and moti&ation of gro%ers for trading)

Based on the abo&e criteria the follo%ing three clusters ha&e been recommended)

luster 3istricts uantity

trade

3ensely Populated .illages %here the assessment %as carried

out to be updated

* $hapa ?@1000 Bahundangi, ha2cha2e, anischare, 4aramuni, Morang-;etang

Morang 'C'000 Titahariya,9erabari, ;etang, Bayerban

** unsari '11000 9aptan6ung, Bho2hara, simariya

aptari '?000 Barma6iya, itapur, Bhangaha%a, 9anchanpur

iraha '0000 Padariya

*** 3hanusa 1000 Puspelpur, Bengada%a

Mahottari =0000 Maisthan

arlahi C0000 aheb6ung

Rautahat CC000 Paurahi

Bara ?C000 Bariyarpur

Parsa 10000 LLLLLLL


34/59

==

Ma2a%anpur 10000 #atiya

The map of potential .3s for bamboo production %ith cluster is presented belo%)

/# Analysis of Factors Associated it+ Bamboo ;rade


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estimated about 1'0,000 culms of Ma2aur species, %hich mostly supplied from Bara district) This

factory is employing about @00 people)

B" 4ome groups: 3ome group, the indigenous ethnic groups, are found in many Terai districts) Theirprime business is production of bamboo based products such as #and fan, Bha2ari for storing rice

and Bas2ets, %hich are normally sold in %ee2ly mar2ets and festi&al season, especially from As%ain

to Falgun months) 3omes are densely populated in Bara, Parsa and Rautahat) The total number of

families estimate in these districts %as='= and each family needs at least 'D bamboo culms in a

month, %hich becomes about @=,000 annually for the entire dome communities) *t is reported that

most of the old generations in the communities are engaged in their traditional bamboo %or2s)

#o%e&er, fe% young educated generations ha&e not ta2en bamboo enterprise as their prime

li&elihood option)

Aas *o 9agi Bans Udyam, 6+araali @+apa: The A%as 9o ;agi Bans dyam %as in the processofbeing established in haraali $hapa directly supported by *3A to produce prefabricated house

construction materials such as panel, corrugated and laminated roofing sheets, and par:uets) The

ma6or ob6ecti&e of this program %as to supply lo% cost house to poor families) This program has

e+perience of supplying lo% cost houses to the flood &ictims and other landless people, but those

pro&ided %ere especially made by bamboo using more or less local indigenous techni:ues) The

pro6ect is planning to produce par:uets sheets and panels by applying ad&ance technologies and

e:uipments) The plant%as not in operation as about@0 H of the re:uired machines had arri&ed in

the factory) The total cost of establishment and operation could not e+actly be traced from the staff

assigned in the factory but %as estimated to be more than"Rs '0 million) Though, they still donGt

ha&e the idea of annual bamboo re:uirements, it %as estimated from the discussion that the total

annual demand of bamboo for minimum scale operation is '00,000 and if it runs in full scale the

estimate becomes D00,000 culms)The sources of bamboo and bamboo products that *3A en&isages

are from $hapa, *lam, 3han2uta, and Tarahara) This information signals that there %ill be

competition for ra% materials if the processing units are established in this area, hence, synergy of

effort bet%een ". and *3A should be sought) *3A seemed to ha&e an agreement %ith ahara

"epal a ;ocal 4o&ernment 5rganisation for community mobili8ation and collection of Mandro

from arahGs sa&ing credit scheme)

3 >imalayan Bamboo 7ndustries, >etauda:The #imalayan Bamboo *ndustries, a huge registered

*ndustry situated in the industrial estate in #etauda, produces mainly Bamboo Par:uet andconstruction materials for bamboo house) *n addition to satisfying the domestic needs, especially,

9athmandu Mar2et, this industry has plan to e+port itGs products to the uropean mar2ets) At

present, a total of '= staff are employed by the industries) As the bamboo based products are not

much familiar in the mar2ets as %ell as the s2ill to produce the mar2et demanded products is

inade:uate, hamber of ommerce and *ndustries * Ma2%anpur organi8ed a ( months training

to '' people in '00@ %ith financial assistance from the "., "etherlands) But,none of the trainees

ha&ereally geared the business as they %ereconcerned on bamboo treatment to a&oid fungal and

insect attract) Though the * Ma2a%anpur %as 2een to buy all bamboo products, the products

produced by the trainee are still lying in the office premise of hamber of ommerce)


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From the outset and the discussion %ith the +ecuti&e 3irector Mr) A6ay Mudbari, from the

#imalayan Bambbo *ndustries, it %as clearly noted that the *ndustry is not running as planned and

therefore, the industry produces bamboo products based on mar2et demand) #o%e&er, he is 2een

to e+pand thisbusiness by promoting mar2et, products :ualities and types)

Ri!sa >ood Productions, Morang: Most of the frames for Ri2sa #ood are made out of bamboo) *n

the eastern districts, framesare mostly produced and supplied from the *ndustrial orridor bet%een

*tahari ,$ogbani and Biratnagar) Four big frame production centers %ere seen in the corridor)

#arauti Bamboo %as used for ri2sa hood production) *t is reported that a total of '00 bamboo culms

are used in each season Ashad to Asho6 by each of these enterprise, %hich is insignificant figure

compared to bamboo trade in mar2et)

F 6+itra Udyog *a!ar8itta: hitra dyogs, considered as the potential semi processed material for

bamboo sheet production, already e+isted in the study area) Three hitra dyogs %ere seen in thesurroundings of 9a2ad&itta, %here each enterprise produces a total of 1C1 small and large hitra

annually) A large si8e chitra )DG + 1DG re:uire @ bamboos) Mostly Philim Bamboo is used for hitra

production) The produced hitra are sold locally especially inrefugee camps) The annual bamboo

re:uirement for chitra production %as estimated tobe =000 bamboos) These enterprises could

supply hitra to the proposed industries and could be the operating model that encourages other

entrepreneurs to start the business)

4 >asta!ala Udyog, *a!ar8itta:Furniture, such as sofa, cabinets, and chairs, made up of bamboo are

rarely seen and traded in "epal) This enterprise consumes only CD0 bamboo culms annually for the

production of furniture) specially Mal ban and "igalo areused in this enterprise) Rac2s are suppliedto 9athmandu, %hereas other are locally consumed)

# 7ncense Stic!s


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means of transportation and routes for cross border trade are still un2no%n) The study team tried to

contact traders but did not succeed) #o%e&er, it can be concluded that no official cross border trade is

being done and %hate&er is done %ithout record and is insignificant amount)

3# Ser8ice Pro8iders and ;+eir Potential Role7lam 0>el8etas: An informal sector enterprise de&elopment and employment generation program %as

supported by #el&etas in Bara, Parsa, Rautahat and arlahi districts since '001) ince the establishment,

a total of D000 people %ere trained on bamboo utili8ation and another D000 people %ill be trained in

future) These people %ere trained to ma2e incense stic2, for %hich trainer %as hired from Banglore) *n

Bara itself, 1C00 people are engaged in stic2 ma2ing)

4istrictForest $ffices:Though bamboo is %idely culti&ated in pri&ate land, it is considered as

"ontimberForest Product "TFP)


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6are Nepalinitiated Abari A%as Pro6ect %hich used to collect bamboo through Terai Forestry

3e&elopment Pro6ect in '00) This pro6ect %as targeted to 9oshi flood &ictims %hich %ere stopped from

'00()

ABAR7is a socially and en&ironmentally committed research,design and construction firm that e+amines,

encourages, and celebrates the &ernacular architectural tradition of "epal) Abari as a research and

design firm tries to promulgate these materials into contemporary design practices) Abari has been

engaged in de&eloping lo% cost bamboo based housing)

6+amber of 6ommerce and 7ndustries (667":ach of the studied districts has a hamber of ommerce

and *ndustries %hich represents the small, medium and large scale industries in the district) The study

team found that &ery fe% bamboo based enterprises are registered in the *, and there has been no

record of * supporting bamboo based industries, e+cept one training organi8ed in Ma2a%anpur) *n

unsari, there are three *s, located in *ner%a, 3haran, and *tahari) There are t%o district le&el

federations in Morang, %hich include Moran dyog angthan, and Byapar sangha) hamber of

commerce of 3harane+plore possibilities to establish a bamboo based industry in 3haran, for %hich they

had sent fe% staff for bamboo based e+hibitionespecially focusing on prefabricated house construction

and furnishing materials prefabricated housing but due to political instability, unguaranteed mar2et of

the products, poor technical 2no%-ho% and unguaranteed ra% material supply of ra% materials

bac2%ard and for%ard guarantee problem ,it %as not materiali8ed) #o%e&er, the unsari hamber of

ommerce and *ndustries ha&e sho%n their interest toengage in the Bamboo based industries if they are

technically assisted)

6ommunity Forest Users roups (6FUs": *t is reported that a number of F4s are ha&ing bamboo in

their communityforestsin the form of plantation or natural) Most of them are not in the stage of

commercial e+ploitation) They include 9har2halti F4 of Rautahat, Bardibas, 9hayarmara, 4aurinbans,

and Maisthan F4s of Mahottari7 and Phattepur, Mahuli, Ba2dhu%a, and 9alyanpur F4s) ouple of

hundreds bamboo seedlings ha&e been planted annually by these F4s for the last three years

especially, as a means of soil conser&ation) *t is reported that none of the F4s are potential to supply

Bamboo in commercial scale in ne+t t%o to three years) #o%e&er, their potentiality for long run as

supplier for bamboo resources and/or coordinating for bamboo business is &ery high through their

e+isting net%or2 called Federation of ommunity Forest sers 4roups "epal F5F")

6ollaborati8e Forest Management (6FM" roup:These days, one of the strongest sta2eholders in Terai

Forest Management is ollaborati&e Forest Management 4roups) They ha&e formed a net%or2 calledAssociation of ollaborati&e Forest sers 4roups "epal A5F") The roles of these groups %ill be &ery

important in coordinating groups for ra% materials production and collections)

.# 7nfrastructureRoad Netor!:The eastern "epal is %ell connected to the main road head) Most of the &illages ha&e

dirt road net%or2s, because of %hich some of the &illages are not accessible during rainy season)

#o%e&er, the ma6or parts of the district roads are gra&eled and/or blac2 topped)


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be stopped7 the domestic use of bamboo for house construction seen &ery high in $hapa and Morang7

one bamboo industry is already being established in $hapa %hich consumed a significant amount of

bamboo7 and in the central "epal, especially from Ma2a%anpur to 3hanusha, the domestic use of

bamboo %as &ery high, commerciali8ation %as not practice, huge amount of bamboo %as already

consumed by "arayani Agarbatti Factory)

ince this estimation is from fe% potential .3s, The abo&e figure could be much higher if biological

assessment is carried out for the entire district) This indicated that the potential for bamboo based

industries is high in the region) 5nce farmers see the economic potential of bamboo, they %ill start

commerciali8ing their bamboo, for %hich there is a need of a%areness campaign and s2ill inputs for

proper management of bamboo)

The amount of bamboo recei&ed from hilly districts is not included in the table) *t is estimated that

almost fi&e hundred thousand bamboo culms come in to mar2et especially through hatara andha2raghatti by rafting) The continuity in supply from these districts is still un2no%n)

# Future Potential for Bamboo PromotionThere has been increased trend in bamboo plantation in pri&ate lands, community forests and

collaborati&e forests) Bamboo saplings %ere planted in these lands not only purely for financially gain

but also as a strong mean to control soilerosion) Bamboo a&ailable in 4o&ernment managed forests %ill

ha&e no meaning unless there is a simple procedure to e+ploit them) At present, the process of

e+tracting bamboo is the same as the e+traction of timber, %hich is too comple+ and tedious process)

The process includes identification/:uantification of har&estable bamboo, tender call, contract %ith the

contractor, royalty payment, har&esting, transportation permits and final transportation) But thepotentiality to e+tract bamboo from the go&ernment managed forest cannot be ruled out)

As mentioned before, a number of Fs ha&e high potential for bamboo de&elopment) Most of them

need management inter&ention as none of the F4s ha&e applied impro&ed management practice for

bamboo de&elopment) This recommendation also applies for go&ernment managed and collaborati&ely

managed forests) *t %as reported that huge amount of land areas especially in arlahi, 3hanusha, and

Rautahat belongs to landlord %ho are loo2ing for profit ma+imi8ation from their land) Promotion of

bamboo in pri&ate land depends on the mar2et demand) *f the importance of bamboo for income

generating of the poor people could be demonstrated, there is a high scope for further

commerciali8ation of bamboo and bamboo based products) 3emonstration of commercial culti&ation ofbamboo, estimation of and de&elop understanding on *nternal Rate of Return from bamboo plantation

and comparison%ith$atropha and other plantations %ill be &ery important acti&ities for bamboo

promotion) The fre:uent flooding in the Terai has compelled farmers and other sta2eholders for more

planting of bamboo in erosion prone area) This %ill be opportunity for the pro6ect to moti&ate people

and other actors to plant mar2et demanded species of bamboo in fallo% and erosion prone area)

*mpro&ed technology for bamboo propagation and plantation management %as seen lac2ing in most the

cases) For e+ample, the number of young shoots can be increased by impro&ing har&est practice as %ell

as creating space for ne% shoot to come up) The propagation techni:ues used in .ietnam, hina, and


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ambodia could be &ery effecti&e in "epal) These technologies can easily be accessed through *"BAR

and other institutions)

The high demand of bamboo o&er the last fi&e years for different purposes, increasing selling price and

engagement of a number *"45, "45 and other institutions indicates the bright future of bamboo in

future)

&'#alue 6+ain ofBambooBamboo is used for se&eral products) Bamboo is used for Mats, #andicrafts, #ouse onstruction,

Building onstruction Aids, "anglo, Bas2ets etc) ome of the issues related to bamboo &alue chain are

discussed in the section bello%)

a" Buying and sellingpriceBamboo culms are sold in mar2et in different price) *t depends on the a&ailability, demand and

accessibilities) The a&erage buying and selling price of bamboo is presented in table .***)

;able 777: A8erage buying and selling price of a Bamboo 6ulm

3istrict A&erage

Farm gate price for a

culm/pole

A&erage Buying Price at

Mar2et place in "rs

elling Price at mar2et

place in "rs

$hapa Q @!- '0 @!- C0 D@ ?=

*lam DD 0

Morang ?= @0

aptary ?0 (0

iraha ?0 (0

unsari CD ?0

3hanusha @D (0

dayapur D0 0

indhuli =0 @0

arlahi D0 100

Rautahat D0 0

Ma2a%anpur @0 1=0


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Bara ?0 0

Parsa @0 1'D

Mahottari D0 100

The figure for unsari seemed lo%er than other as ha2raghati and hatara is the prime collection

center for hill bamboo, %here the &illage le&el traders sale bamboo to local trader at "Rs =@)00 per

culms %hich is again sold to outsiders at the rate of "Rs) C0)00 per culms)The farm gate price in most of

the districts is found to be bet%een "Rs '0 to C0 based on the si8e of the bamboo) The bamboo %ith

less than se&en inches girth is around "Rs '0, %here as bigger bamboo culms cost up to "Rs C0) The

buying and the selling rate in mar2et places &ary) hatara and ha2aghati seemed to be the lo%est

pricing place) Both of these places are the collection centre for bamboo brought from hilly districts such

as *lam, 3han2uta, and Terathum etc) Fe% mar2ets in $hapa, Morang and unsari are recei&ing bamboo

from these collection centers) *t %as reported that in addition to domestic supply, these centers are

also supplying bamboo to #etauda, "arayanghat and 9athmandu) The bamboo selling price in

"arayanghat and 9athmandu ranges from "Rs 100-1C0 according to si8e and :uality)


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There %ere fe% hitra udyog in 9a2adbhitta running as business) The a&erage cost benefit analysis

done is summari8ed in the table *E)

Table *E> ost BenefitAnalysis of hitra dyog of 9a2arbhitta

"o) of dyog Annual chitra

production/udyo

g

Annual choya

consumption/hi

tra Bundle

Total cost

for choya

"Rs

elling

price/chitra

"R

Total

benefit

"Rs

= 10= big =0( '',DD@ C00 C1,'00

@? small 11C ='' '00 1D'00

Total =0,@( D?,C00

The figure in the table sho%s that the annual margin for an enterprise is almost Rs '?,000 %ithout

including the cost for %ea&ing and mar2eting) *t is reported that the business runs for nine months)

nless the efficiency and scale is enhanced,the margin recei&ed in this case seemed not &ery much

attracti&e if somebody adoptsthisas prime business)

From the fact presented in the sections abo&e, it can be concluded that household %ise mat production

%ill be preferred option for the benefit of communities pro&ided that the guarantee mechanism for

:uality and :uantitymanagement of hitra is established) ffecti&e net%or2ing among producers and

fre:uent training for :uality production can be an option for :uality and :uantity management)

6" ;a% and 4uties:"one of the forest acts and regulations of "epal impose ta+ and duties for trading of

bamboo and bamboo products) #o%e&er, fe% .illage 3e&elopment ommittee .3s and 3istrict

3e&elopment ommittees 33s ha&e imposed ta+es on bamboo trading) Ta+es are mainly imposed in

$hapa, Morang and unsari districts %here abundance and trade of bamboo is high)

3istrict .3 "Rs Municipality "Rs 33 "Rs Total "Rs

unsari 1/culm =00/truc2 D00/truc2 ')?/culm

Morang ?D/cart =0/cart 1)C?/culm

$hapa =00/truc2 D00/truc2 1)?0/culm

"ote> 1 truc2SD00 culms, 1 cartS ?D culms

There %as no report on ta+ from other districts) #o%e&er, discussion from traders indicated that the

under-table ta+ has been imbedded in most of the chec2 posts)

The implication of the ta+ impose %ill effect in future as there is no consistency and regulation in ta+ing

system) This %ill discourage the bamboo based entrepreneurs)


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CC

d" Price and Resource A8ailability ;rend:*t is reported that the demand of bamboo has increased in the

last ten years, especially for building construction support materials in urban and semi urban areas, and

increased in bamboo based houses construction in the Terai) *t %as impossible to estimate the demand

and supply trends as the team could not find any baseline information) To cater the increasing demand,

trade amount has increased from hilly districts such as Bho6pur, an2hu%asa%a, *lam, Terathum,

dayapur and indhuli) The satellite data of mid nineties, %hich ha&e sho%n many parts of the eastern

districts especially $hapa, Morang, unsari, and aptary had high density of bamboo, are not

highlighted by traders as highly abundant area)This change could be due to massi&e har&esting for the

construction of refugee camps in $hapa and Morang, , %hich still consumes C-D hundred thousand

bamboo culmsannually)Many refuses are engaged in bamboo based enterprise such as bas2et

production, and chitra production) *n addition to use for enterprises, maintenance of their huts

consumes a significant amount of bamboo)

The a&erage price of bamboo has been increased o&er the last fi&e years) The price of small bamboo

culms has been increased by C'-@DH, %here as big one has been increased by ==-?DH) The high price

increased %as in Ma2a%anpur, Parsa, $hapa, Moran and unsari) The demand for Agarbatti in Parsa,

increased house construction in #etauda, $hapa, and Morang might ha&e significantly contributed to

increase the prices, as the price of other construction materials ha&e been more than double in the last

fi&e years)

Theabnormal increase in price %ill ha&e significant implication for the proposed bamboo based

enterprise) The cost of production %ill increase if the price of ra% materials increase) The summary of

.alue hain is presented in diagram ***)


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&


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Fi&e F4s of 9a&re Palancho2 established a ommunity a% Mill at haubas in 1((@) This sa% mill %as

registered as a company in the 335 ) The ma6or ob6ecti&es of the sa%mill %ere to add &alue of sa%

logs produced from thinning operation and sellin mar2et as sa%n timber, %hich also generates

employment at the community le&el) The company %as in operation till '00D but no% it is not in

operation at all) ;ac2 of leadership, commitment and political interference %ere some highlighted

problems reported)

ri hap F4s of indhu Palcho2 established a ommunity a% Mill under the cooperati&e act in '001

to sa% timber produced from thinning operation) *t %as reported that in'00D, due to the leadership,

business administration and management problem, this a% Mill %as rented out to a business person,

%hich is still running smoothly)

There are se&eral e+amples of failures of ommunity Based nterprises in Forestry ector) The reported

failure is due to lac2 of business s2ills and commitment ofthe leadership, and fre:uent change inleadership) These e+amples suggest that community should ta2e those responsibilities %hich they can

handle easily, a comple+ mechanism, %hich normally re:uire sound business s2ills should be a&oided)

#ence, for sustainability, either pri&ate processing enterprise %here community members supply ra%

materials or pri&ate public partnership can be better arrangement for "epal)

&)#Associated Ris! and MitigationBiological ris!:There are &arious biological ris2s in the de&elopment of bamboo resources) They include

death of bamboo clumps due to massi&e flo%ering)According to *"BAR '00@, the diseases that affect

culms include rot of emerging and gro%ing culm, culm blight, die-bac2, %itches-broom, little leaf,

thread blight, mosaic, %ilt, rust, smut, top blight, base rot and necrosis of culm internodes7 and damageof young shoots by mon2eys)Massi&e flo%ering is another ris2) For e+ample, in aptari, in '00D, most of

the natural bamboodied after massi&e flo%ering) The bamboo stoc2 totally &anished since then)

ommunity Forest ser 4roups tried to rehabilitate by planting, but most %ere damaged by mon2ey)

cientific management of bamboo clumps can a&oid more than D0H threat to bamboo from insect, pest

and disease) Management of rotation of bamboo planting a&oids &anishing of bamboo)

Policy ris!:Bamboo had been considered as one of the ma6or income generating sources by the

go&ernment of "epal and had tried to promote it by distributing bamboo seedling/cuttings for

community and pri&ate plantation) till, a number of 3istrict Forest 5ffices are promoting bamboo

plantation but in &ery insignificant amount) Though a policy e+ists for the promotion of bamboo, it is not

included in the go&ernment plan) The pro&ision for promotion of bamboo is still not clear %ithin the

Forest 3epartment) Most of the rules and regulations of the go&ernment do not ha&e ta+es and duties

pro&ision for bamboo based trade) #o%e&er, using local de&elopment act, some .3s and 33s are

imposing ta+es in bamboo trade, %hich might replicate throughout the country) &ery ne% go&ernment

used to change the ta+ation policy, %hich directly affects the trade of commodity such as bamboo based

products) hange in policy is not a control of non-go&ernmental institution) #ence, business plan should

consider for the pro&ision for potential ta+es)A royalty of "Rs 10)00 per culm is charged ifa bamboo

culm is to be collected from go&ernment managed forest) There is no restriction for e+porting bamboo


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C(

Brief introduction of the #imalayan Bamboo *ndustries, #etauda is already presented in the pre&ious

sections)

Nepal Ply and Bobbin 7ndustry is situated in the *ndustrial estate in Mill Area Biratnager) This factory

occupies 1?)D Bigha lands, %hich has been producing Ply board,


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D0

Chapter $*

6onclusions and Recommendations:

A8ailability of resources for bamboo based enterprises:*t is estimated that three pre processing unit %ill initially needaround D00,000 culms annually) From the

result of biological resource assessment and mar2et sur&eys,it can be concluded that this demand can

easily be met) *f the present bamboo har&esting and management practice is continued, the annual

supply of bamboo culms in each cluster %ill be nearly 1)D million) The potential supply of bamboo for

ne+t three years is presented in table E) *f the scientific management techni:ues are introduced,

thesupply amount %ill increase)

;able E: Supply of bamboo for ne%t t+ree years

6luster

6ulms >ar8estable

in 2'&&0&2

6ulms >ar8estable

in 2'&'0&&

6ulms >ar8estable

in 2''0&' ;otal 6ulms

$ne =0(=DD =D0010( CD@10=1 111?C@'D

;o 1D(1D' '1?=((( '?@'1 ??'C'C

;+ree 1DC0( 1C=??1@ 1C=0'0' CC?@@'@

The pro6ect should secure at least 1'H of the a&ailable har&estable bamboo in cluster one, 1 H in

cluster t%o and C H from cluster three) The percentage %ill increase in successi&e years as the estimate

of young bamboo culms are in a decreasing trend) The mar2et competition and domestic use is &ery high

in cluster one and three, %here as the domestic consumption is high in cluster t%o) Though the

percentage to be secured from the e+isting a&ailability is high in cluster t%o, there is high potentiality to

recei&e huge amount of bamboo in the mar2et from the farmers %ho use bamboo for domestic

consumption only) *nter&entions, such as a%areness campaign, scientific and impro&ed management

techni:ues of bamboo need to be introduced) As figures sho%n in the table are estimated from most

potential .3s, there are other .3s, %hich in future could supply bamboo in a commercial scale)

A%areness campaign on the potential economic benefits needs to be conducted in these areas to

increase the supply amount in the mar2et) #o%e&er, if gro%ers see there is a mar2et, they %ill begin

commerciali8ing their products)

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Bamboo Resource Mapping and Feasibility Assessment for Preprocessing Unit

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