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Barcoding the Birds of the Palearctic
Kevin C.R. Kerr
University of GuelphBiodiversity Institute of Ontario
Canada
Collaborators: S. Birks, S. Rohwer, R. Faucett, M. Kalyakin, P.D.N. Hebert
Introduction
© S. Birks
Sources for specimens
Burke Museum, University of Washington
• Demonstrated well-preserved tissue collection in previous collaboration
• Houses voucher specimens for tissues
• Boasts an “unsurpassed modern collection from many localities throughout the former Soviet Union and Mongolia”
Specimen selection
No formal list has been decided on yet for the Palearctic
• “A Field Guide to the Birds of Russia” was used as a guide to pick samples
• Species were reviewed in systematic order, searched for in the Burke’s online database (including specimens collected in Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan)
DNA sources
Feathers are not useful for initial sampling effort
Museums are the ideal starting point
Maintaining a 96–well format facilitates high throughput
Receive tissues in “Matrix” boxes to help maintain organization
The Analytical Chain
Specimen
Sample
Extract Amplify Sequence
Photographs
Collection data
Online barcode library
Data management
Data management
Data management
Quickly outlines:
Information on voucher specimen
Taxonomic information
Geographic locality
Specimen images
Data management
Quickly outlines:
Information on voucher specimen
Taxonomic information
Geographic locality
Specimen images
Data management
Data management
n = 6
n = 1
© A. Cutts
Results
Summary:
213 of 234 species 626 sequenced of 803 specimens 2.9 replicates per species
Mean intraspecific distance = 0.52% (versus North American 0.23%)
Mean congeneric distance = 8.83% (versus North American 5.9%)
• Geographic range of samples collected to date
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of replicates
Nu
mb
er o
f sp
ecie
s
Number of Replicates per Species
Results
n = 6
n = 1
© A. Cutts
Results
Summary:
213 of 234 species 626 sequenced of 803 specimens 2.9 replicates per species
Mean intraspecific distance = 0.52% (versus North American 0.29%)
Mean congeneric distance = 8.83% (versus North American 5.9%)
Results: Taxon resolution
Only 1 “lumped” pair of taxa has been found:
1 Anatidae1 Scolopacidae1 Columbidae1 Caprimulgidae
2 Picidae2 Hirundinidae1 Troglodytidae5 Turdidae
14 Species with splits
Results: Species discovery
Old world“redstarts”
Results: Species discovery
Taxon identification tree illustrates the deep divergences exhibited in some species
Palearctic vs Nearctic
© S. Valjakka
Palearctic vs Nearctic
• Comparisons to Nearctic conspecifics is variable• NO Palearctic species LUMPS with a Nearctic species
Preliminary points
1. Patterns of divergence emulate those observed in the North American birds
2. The addition of Palearctic birds does not confuse the results from the original dataset
New contributions
Zoological Museum of Moscow University (Mikhail Kalyakin):
• An additional 65 species (299 species in total)
• An additional 352 specimens (1,155 specimens in total)
Collaboration & Coordination
SwedenNorwayU.K.DenmarkHolland
France
Portugal
Italy Israel Iran
Russia
Japan
China
Taiwan
Collaboration & Coordination
Collaboration & Coordination
Lessons from the Palearctic Working Group:
1. Open communication
2. Structure and organization
3. Action
Laboratory
Database
Collections
Funding & Support
The Hebert Lab
BOLD
The Moore Foundation
Canadian Wildlife Service
Burke Museum staff:
Sharon Birks
Sievert Rohwer
Rob Faucett
Chris Wood
Acknowledgements
Zoological Museum of Moscow University:
Mikhail Kalyakin