BARIUM TITANATE SYNTHESIS

By : Hani Ramadhani

SYNTHESIS

SOLID – STATE REACTION METHOD

CHEMICAL METHOD

-Solvet-less-Cost-less-Environmentally friendly-High impurity

-High purity-Cost more

MECHANOCHEMICAL METHOD

-Reduce particle size- Lowering calcination temperature

Solid State Reaction1

Precursor : BaCO3 and TiO2 BaCO3 milling in

pulverizer prior of mixing with Titania

Drying

Calcination tube furnace

Characterization (XRD, SEM, and

TEM)

1U. Manzoor and D.K.Kim (2007). “ Synthesis of Nano-sized Barium Titanate Powder by Solid-State Reaction between Barium Carbonate and Titania”. J. Mater Sci Technol. Vol. 23 No. 5

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Fig.2 TEM micrographof BaTiO3Fig.1 SEM micrographs showing intermediate stages of the reaction

Fig.3 XRD results of powder mixtures calcined at different temperature for 2h

Chemical Methods

Sol – Gel Method

Hydrothermal Method

Coprecipitation Method

Polymeric

Precursor Method

Chemical Methods2

2M.M. Vijatovic,J.D. Bobic, B.D. Stojanovic. (2008).”History and Challenges of Barium Titanate : Part I. Institute of multidisciplinary research, Kneza viseslava 1, Belgrade, serbia.

Sol – Gel Method Coprecipitation Method

The formation of the perovskite phase in the sol – gel derived ceramics take place comparatively at lower temperature3

3Yadav, K.L & Goel, P. (2005). “ A Comparative Analysis of PBZT Synthesized by Co-precipitation and Sol-gel Method. Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Science. Vol. 12. PP 552-556

Fig.4 Synthesis Route of Sol-Gel Method

Fig.5. Synthesis Route of Coprecipitation Method

Polymeric Precursor Method4

Synthesis Route Characterization

4B.D. Stojanovic, C.R. Foschini, M.A. Zaghete, M. Cilense, J.A. Varela. (2002). “ Microstructure of doped Barium Titanate Prepared from Polymeric Precursor. UNESP, Araraquara. Brazil

Fig.6. Microstructure of BaTiO3 doped with 0.4 mol % niobium and 0.01% manganese at sintering temperature : a)12900C, b)13100C, c) 13300C, d) 13800C

Hydrothermal Method5

5M. Florentina, F. Paula, V. Paula M, and Reaney, Ian. (2008). “ Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Growth Studies of Barium Titanate Using Nanotube Precursor. http://pubs. Acs. org

Synthesis Route

Precursor : Ba(OH)2 , Na2-xHxTi2O5

Mixing

Autoclave (90oc, 110oC, and 2000C)

Drying

Characterization

Fig.7. SEM Images : a)precursor, BaTiO3 at 90 b), 110 c), and 200 d)

Fig.8. XRD patterns of sample prepared at 90,110, and 2000C

BaO + TiO2

Rotation speed 400 rpm for 30, 60, 120, and 240 min

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6B.D. Stojanovic, A.Z. Simoes, C.O. Paiva-Santos, C. Jovalekic, V.V. Miltic, and J.A. Varela. (2005). Mechanochemical synthesis of Barium Titanate. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 25.

Fig. 9. X-ray diffraction patterns of initial powders: BaO2, TiO2 rutile, and mechanically activated powders at 0, 30, 60, 180 and 240 min

Fig. 10. TEM of barium titanate powders mechanically activated 240

min.

Mechanochemical method6

Depends on ;

∙ Cost

∙ Application use

∙ Starting materials used, and

∙ Synthesis route

Which method?