COMMUNICATION

MIRAFLOR Z. HERMOSO

MAT-Science and Technology

COMMUNICATION

Com

munic

ati

on “ the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another, it is essentially a bridge of meaning between the people, by using the bridge a person can safely cross the river of misunderstanding”

- Keith Davis

TO

PIC

S A.BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONB.TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSISC.ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATIOND.REFLECTIVE LISTENING SKILLSE.THE FILIPINO VALUES

BARRIERS TO

COMMUNICATION

Barr

iers

to

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munic

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on

Hindrances or the difficulties involved in the process of communication which distort the message being properly understood by the receiver.

Types

of

Barr

iers

to

com

munic

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onPhysical Barriers

Social Barriers

Psychological Barriers

Phys

ical

Bar

rier

s

Often due to the nature of the environment. Includes impediments in relation to distance, timing, efficiency of modes used and many others.

“And also with you!”

“Peace be with you!”

“Something’s wrong with this

mike!”

Physical Barriers

Physical Barriers

Soci

al

Barr

iers

Differences between sender and receiver in certain factors like age, financial status, educational and family backgrounds, intellectual ability, religion, health status may deter the flow or understanding of messages that are sent.

Examples of Social Barriers

GEN

DER

When men and women work together in a group, men tend to be more assertive and self-confident. Women are more likely than men to express their emotions, to reveal how they feel about a situation.

AGE

.

RELIGION

Psyc

holo

gic

al

Barr

iers

The psychological state of the receiver will influence how the message is received.

These are the barriers which are directly related to some internal problem of the destination or the receiver. The receiver receives the message clearly but due to some reasons fails to understand & react properly.

Psychological Barriers

Types of Psychological

Barriers

1.Selective perceptions

Choosing from among the many things within our range of perception those that we will notice, and block out the rest

Selective

Perception

Mother: Will you straighten up your room?Teenager: Why? What’s messy?

Types of Psychological Barriers

2. Premature evaluation3. Poor listening 4. Attitude of superiors

5. Emotions

Transactional Analysis

Transa

ctio

nal

Analy

sis

A model for explaining why and how:People think like they doPeople act like they doPeople interact/communicate with others

Based on published ‘psychological’ work such as:Games People Play (Dr. Eric Berne) I’m OK - - You’re OK (Dr. Tom

Harris)Born to Win (Dr. Dorothy Jongeward)

Our Brain

(according to Berne)

Determines what we think and how we act

Acts like a tape recorder while recording

1) Events

2) Associated feelings

Has 3 distinct parts or ego states

1) Parent

2) Adult

3) Child

Ego

Sta

tes Sets of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, gestures, etc., that characterize the pre dominant condition of the person at the moment of communication.

Parent Ego State

Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on messages or lessons learned from parents and other ‘parental’ or authoritarian sourcesShoulds and should nots; oughts

and ought nots; always and never

Judgmental; critical of self and others; moralistic; directive and “how to” oriented; rigid, prejudiced; controlling of others, particularly by invoking guilt feelings; authoritarian-

permissive; tradition bound; supportive;paternalistic.

Parent Ego State

Adult Ego State

Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on objective analysis of information (data, facts)

Make decisions based on logic, computations, probabilities, etc. (not emotion)

Child Ego State

Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on child-like emotions, impulses, feelings we have experienced

Child-like examples

ImpulsiveSelf-centeredAngryFearful

HappyPleasure seekingRebelliousHappy

CuriousEager to please

Ego PortraitsPeople have favorite, preferred ego state, depicted by larger circle in a diagram

Parent Adult Child

P

A

C

P

A

C

P

A

C

Human Interaction Analysis

A transaction is any interaction or communication between 2 peoplePeople send and receive

messages out of and into their different ego statesHow people say something

(what others hear?) just as important as what is said

Types of Communication Interactions

1)Complementary Transaction

2)Crossed Transaction

3)Ulterior Transaction

Complementary Transactions Interactions, responses,

actions regarded as appropriate and expected from another person.

Parallel communication arrows, communication continues.

Example 1:

#1 What time do you have?

#2 I’ve got 11:15.

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A

C

P

A

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Complementary Transactions

Example 2:

P

A

C

P

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#1 You’re late again!#2 I’m sorry. It won’t

happen again.

Crossed Transactions

Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate or expected from another person.

Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown.

Example 1 #1 What time do you have?

#2 There’s a clock on the wall, why don’t you figure it out yourself?

P

A

C

P

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C

Crossed Transactions

Example 2 #1 You’re late again!

#2 Yeah, I know, I had a flat tire.

P

A

C

P

A

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Ulterior Transactions

Interactions, responses, actions which are different from those explicitly stated

Example #1 How about coming up to my room and

listening to some music?

P

A

C

P

A

C

Assertive Communication

Ass

ert

ive

Com

munic

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on Do you have trouble saying no, even when you really should?Do you feel like people walk all over you?Do you have trouble expressing your thoughts and feelings ?

Ass

ert

ive

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Do you want to learn better how to stand up for yourself and take charge?Do you have trouble keeping your temper under control? If you answered yes to any of the above questions, you might find it really helpful to learn about assertive communication.

Assertiveness It’s the ability to honestly

express your opinions, feelings, attitudes, and rights -- without undue anxiety -- in a way that doesn’t infringe on the rights of others.

It’s not aggressiveness, it’s a middle ground between being a bully and a doormat.

Importance of Assertiveness

If you don’t know how to be assertive, you might experience the following:

Depression

Resentment

Frustration

Temper/Violence

Anxiety

Poor relationships of all kinds

Physical

complaints

Assertiveness, when it becomes a

habit, is a great stress reliever

How to b

e

Effective

ly Ass

ertive

Use “I” statements. Example: “I’d” like to be able to tell my stories without interruption.” instead of “You’re always interrupting my stories!”

Use facts, not judgments. Example: “Your punctuation needs work and your formatting is inconsistent.” instead of “This is sloppy work.” or “Did you know that shirt has some spots?” instead of “You’re not going out looking like THAT, are you?”

How to be

Effectively Ass

ertive

Express ownership of your thoughts, feeling, and opinions. Example: “I get angry when he breaks his promises.” instead of “He makes me angry.” or “ I believe the best policy is to…” instead of “The only sensible thing is to…”

How to be

Effectively Ass

ertive

Make clear, direct, requests. Don’t invite the person to say no. Example: “Will you please…? Instead of “Would you mind…?” or “Why don’t you…?”

How to be

Effectively Ass

ertive

Reflect

ive L

iste

nin

g

Reflective Listening:

“A skill that involves listening

intently for an individual’s

feelings and values,

as well as the issue(s) to be

resolved”

Refle

ctiv

e

List

enin

g Sk

ills

Reflective listening helps engage others in relationship building, creating trust, and fostering motivation. It takes skill to do it well.

THREE LEVELS OF REFLECTIVE LISTENING:

Repeating or

rephrasing

Paraphrasing

Reflection of feeling

STEPS TO LISTENING CAREFULLY

Focus on feeling words.

Observe body language

Develop empathy by asking oneself

Validate the individual’s thoughts and feelings.

Observation

The action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.

The Filipino Values

Pakikisama

Yielding to the will of the majority or to the will of the group

Euphemism

Stating an unpleasant truth, opinion or request as pleasantly as possible

The use of the go between

Means of restoring or preserving smooth interpersonal relations

Hiya

The uncomfortable feeling of shame

Lakad system

Approaches someone to follow up the transaction

Nepotism

The act of appointing or employing relatives or kin

THANK YOU

FOR

LISTENING!!!

GOD BLESS US