Baseline Study
Of
The project entitled
Community Managed Sustainable Livelihood through Natural Resource Management in Dhalbhumgarh block, Jharkhand under the Central India Initiative
Implemented by
Rural Development Association
Commissioned and Conducted by
Collectives for integrated livelihood Initiatives (CInI)
JAMSHEDPUR
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: ..................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................4
AREA PROFILE: .......................................................................................................................................................................4
ABOUT THE PROJECT: ..............................................................................................................................................................4
ABOUT THE ORGANIZATIONS: ...................................................................................................................................................5
ABOUT THE BASELINE ....................................................................................................................................................6
OBJECTIVES FOR CONDUCTING BASELINE .....................................................................................................................................6
METHODOLOGY UNDERTAKEN ..................................................................................................................................................6
SAMPLING ............................................................................................................................................................................7
DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................................................8
A) DEMOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................................................................8
B) OCCUPATION: .............................................................................................................................................................10
C) FOOD SECURITY: .........................................................................................................................................................12
D) ASSETS HOLDING .........................................................................................................................................................14
E) LIVESTOCK HOLDING .....................................................................................................................................................15
F) LABOUR: ....................................................................................................................................................................17
G) LAND DESCRIPTION: .....................................................................................................................................................19
H) MIGRATION:...............................................................................................................................................................19
I) FAMILY EXPENDITURE: ..................................................................................................................................................21
J) INCOME: ....................................................................................................................................................................23
K) FINANCIAL SERVICES .....................................................................................................................................................24
L) AWARENESS AND ACCESS OF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS: ....................................................................................................27
ANNEXURES ................................................................................................................................................................. 28
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
The Baseline of the project ‘Community Managed Sustainable Livelihood through Natural Resource Management in Dhalbhumgarh block’, implemented by Rural Development Agency (RDA) was conducted by CInI with support from RDA and interns from HDF, Bhubaneswar.
The tools for undertaking the exercise included a well being ranking exercise in all the villages, followed by detailed village survey. A stratified random sampling was used to sample 14% households taken as sample. The survey was conducted in 10 project villages of Dhalbhumgarh block of East Singhbhum. The data entry was undertaken in the field location on offline window based software. The data imported into online Impact MIS gives tables and graphs on various parameters concerning the project. Both the software’s are developed by CInI through Micro ware.
Main findings of the report include.
The major source of occupation in this region is agriculture which contributes to 50% of the primary income
source. The local labor is the secondary occupation source which contributes 55% of the overall secondary
occupation. Almost 59% of tertiary occupation is contributed again by local labour.
The impact of the drought like situation during the years 2009 and 2010 is evident with a declining trend in
food security in the project villages. In the current year, the food grain productivity is 11quintal per acre.
Assets related with agriculture (5%) are less as compared to assets related to communication (49%) and
mobility (12% have motor bike). Most of the Pumps, power tillers and sprayer are found among higher
economic class of the society. 70% HH are having electricity connection and only 1% is having Pucca house.
Poultry, Goatery and sheep are the three major livestock available in the project area. Only 3% of the
population takes it as a livelihood opportunity. Average holding of poultry, goat and sheep is 4, 3 and 2
respectively.
Labor is primary, secondary as well as tertiary source of income for most of the population. An average
monthly income of a family involved in labor is about Rs 2,500-3,000. While the family is engaged in
agriculture during the monsoons, they depend on wage labour from within village or migration for rest of the
year. More men migrate than women with the male-female migration ratio being 4:1.
People under low well-being category migrate more often as compared to medium and high graded people.
The purpose of migration for high and medium category people are only income whereas for low well-being
category people it is both income and survival under distress condition.
Almost 36% of the land falls under upland, 30% medium land and 26% as low land. A very small fragment of
upland and low land are irrigated.
The average income at the household level is Rs 46,791 and expenditure is Rs 43,342
The main source for agricultural awareness is agricultural department and NGO’s. Agriculture department has
20% contribution in generating awareness regarding Use of quality seeds and 34% for quality pesticides. NGO
contribution in generating awareness for Use of quality seeds is 16%, split doze of fertilizer 5%, use of
farmyard manure 5% , quality pesticides 13% and 100% for Agricultural practices.
The above mentioned figures throws light on the overall area, however, the study further highlights the differences various well being categories and villages on each of the parameters.
INTRODUCTION
Area profile1:
Dhalbhumgarh Block was established on 1st April 1961 under the first phase of community development program. The Block is situated between the north latitude 22.30 to 22.30 north, longitude 86.30 to 86.40 East. The Block head quarter of Dhalbhumgarh Block is situated at the NH-33 at distance of 60 kms from the district head quarter, Jamshedpur and 13 kms from the Sub-division head quarter at Ghatshila.This block is at the north side of the Subarnarekha river. The magnificent Dalma range looms over the landscape of Dhalbhumgarh.
Located at the confluence of the state Jharkhand, the West Bengal and the Orissa, Dhalbhumgarh block, forms a cultural links between the States. Dhalbhumgarh is a multilingual area. People of this region speak languages like, Bengali ,Bhojpuri , Santhali Hindi, Oriya , Maithili etc.
There are 13 panchayats and 145 villages in this block,of which 11 villages are bechiragi. As per 2001 census total block population is 72,528, of which ST population is 59.23%. 9 panchayats and 4 panchayats fall to the north and south bank of the Subarnarekha river respectively. Area of the block is 32,453.20 hectares. Geo-physically the block has undulating and hilly terrain, shallow and less fertile soil, forest in places and erratic rainfall. Villages in the foothills of Dalma have NTFP as a major source of livelihoods.
The economics of the area is very weak and is predominantly agriculture. Average land holding of the families is less than 2 acres. Paddy is the main crop which is also mono cropped having productivity of less than 1 ton per acre.
About the project:
The three year project is to work on promotion of livelihoods across 1,188 tribal households in 13 villages of
Dhalbhumghar block.
The key focus of the project is to promote year round food security through ‘Kharif Paddy Stabilization’
strategy.
In order to ensure it, key water resource development interventions like the 5% water harvesting tanks and farm
ponds will be constructed in the farm lands.
Horticulture and forestry promotion in wastelands for additional income sources from the marketing of fruits and
timber will be done. 110existing SHGs are aggregated into seven clusters have aaccumulated savings of Rs
1,765,445 as on. These SHGs would be further strengthened through focused capacity building inputs and
encouraged to take up enterprises such as poultry andgoatery for livelihood promotion. For landless, goatery and
poultry interventions will be undertaken. The project strives towards promotion of a cluster development
1 Census data from www. jharkhandgov.ac.in
committee (CDC), which will be an apex institution . All the developmental activities will be routed through the
CDC, which will gradually be strengthened to take independent responsibilities of interventions undertaken.
About the Organizations:
CInI profile: The “Central India Initiative”, focuses on enhancing tribal livelihood through land and water based
livelihood interventions. The initiative comprises 25 field projects, spread across the entire region, with each project focusing on enhancing tribal livelihoods. Under the Central India Initiative, approximately 450,000 tribal households are being covered through activities such as improved agriculture, crop diversification, water resources development, animal husbandry, institution building etc. Jharkhand is one of the focal state with maximum field projects ongoing in partnership with non-profits, research institutions and state government. Besides being the nodal agency for the Central India Initiative, CInI is focusing on promoting comprehensive livelihood development of tribal community through participation with the different stakeholders. The key strategy adopted in Jharkhand has been “Kharif Paddy Stabilization”, which focuses on stabilizing the yields of Kharif paddy through improved management practices, along with quality input support and ensuring food security thereby reducing migration. Specific thematic focus has also been developed on promotion of tassar, lac, horticulture and allied interventions such as poultry and Dairy. Promotion of strong community Based organisation(CBOs) to manage and strengthen the sectoral livelihood interventions has been the underlying focus in all the field projects.
RDA profile: Rural development association is a non-government, social service organisation registered in the year 1979. The vision of the organisation is to enhance sustainable livelihood of the poor focusing mainly tribal people and women in the west Bengal and Jharkhand. The organization initially worked on conservation and development of forest areas. In mednipur which is also the head office, RDA works in four blocks. In Jharkhand, since 1984 RDA is working in ghatshila and dhalbhum blocks. The key activities of the organisation includes promotion of SHGs, land and water management, promotion of SRI, vermin composting, allied farm based activities like goat rearing, poultry promotion and horticulture. As of date 1142 grass root level organisation re promoted by RDA. They have formed the base of all the livelihood interventions promoted by organisation. Promotion of health and education is also one of the priorities of RDA. The major impact of organisation had been in terms of reduction in the level of distress migration in the project area, which are earlier 18% now reduced to 7%. The organization has total 52 staff at present. The Ghatshilateam which implemented the proposed project comprise of 11 members.
ABOUT THE BASELINE The baseline study is a descriptive cross-sectional survey that mostly provides quantitative information on the current status of the fixed indicators of the project location. Thus it aims at quantifying the distribution of certain variables in a study population at a given point in time.
The baseline study will help the organization to deals with the issues of targeting, project implementation, strategy design etc. so that the organization can conduct the project in efficiently. The effort of baseline will be to help RDA, CInI to measure the progress/achievement of the project against the set benchmark.
Objectives for conducting baseline To understand the social, physical and economical condition of the Households in the project villages.
To provide a benchmark for impact studies to assess how well the original objectives have been achieved.
To highlight the differences on indicators amongst the well being strata’s.
Methodology undertaken2 Table 1: Key steps and time line of study
The study covers 10 project villages (annexure 1 list of villages). The data collection was undertaken by two interns from HDF along with the support from field operatives of RDA during the months of April and May. An orientation to the interns on the overall project was followed by a detail orientation to the team on the overall process and content of the baseline3. The survey is divided into three major section viz wealth ranking exercise, administration of Village survey and household survey. A random checking of the data collected was undertaken by RDA staff responsible to oversee the data collection. The data entry was undertaken in the offline window based package and thereafter imported to the online impact MIS software. The tables and graphs from the analysis package was used for report writing.
2 As the sample size taken is a small proportion of the entire population, hence the drill downs been provided in the
subsequent sections on the villages, represents the condition of the sample and doesn’t necessary be representative of the entire village. 3Standard methodology and questionnaire is already developed by CInI.
Key steps Timeline
Theoretical Orientation to interns and data collectors 1 day
Field piloting and orientation to data collectors 1day
Field work:
Well being ranking 10 days
Village Survey 10days
Household Survey 12 days
Data entry in offline software 4 days
Data analysis and report writing 20 days
Sampling Sample Households were selected
through a stratified random sampling
method. First a community based well
being exercise was conducted where
the community defined own well
being criteria. Households are
classified by the group into better off,
average and not so well off.
After the stratification, the surveyor
randomly selects 10% of the HHs from
each category which is proportionate to
the size of the category.
Table 2: sample size
No. of villages
Total HH Sample HH
10 838 83
Table 3: households in different well being categories
A total of 83 HHs from 10 villages were involved. A random selection of the
households from the list of project intervened families was prepared and studied using
the questionnaire.
About the Village and household questionnaire:
Village questionnaire: The questionnaire is administered in discussion with key respondents of the village which included
the SHG leaders, village school teacher, sarpanch etc. The question has general section related to infrastructure, basic
services and its quality. The consecutive sections talks of the demographic profiling, migration, community assets, various
governments developmental programme. The information on agriculture includes the land in different categories, crops
grown and its productivity.
Household questionnaire: This questionnaire is administered with the male and female member of the household. The
questionnaire prepared captured the following aspects:
Well being category
Households
High 14
Medium 28
Low 40
Well being Ranking: A participatory tool to understand
and appreciate heterogeneity within the households in a
village. A metaphorical representation through different
size of plates representing households types are displayed,
whereby community defines parameters which categorize
Households. Households in form of number in cards are
put in different plates, simultaneously been triangulated
by them.
The key parameters on which organization facilitates the
community to undertake the ranking are: months of food
security, migration, land holding in category of land,
resource ownership, and income. Other parameters like
women headed household, labour availability in house etc
are also added by the community.
Table 4: Aspects of HH questionnaire
Aspects Analysis
Family profiling House Hold size, Morbidity, education status Occupation Types ( prim, sec, tertiary), % of male, female, children Food security Months of FS, quantum of surplus, trend over 3 years Assets Kinds of assets: agriculture, non agri etc Livestock No, types, mortality, no sold Labor days Labor days engaged in various activities, amount of free days available
Land type Area in different land types, area irrigated, till month
Migration Type and kind of migration, duration of migration, category wise,
Annual Expenditure Expenditure in various items Income From various sources Adoption of Livelihood practices
Degree of adoptability and the source of its propagation
Financial services: Savings , Credit
Sources and amount of saving and credit
Awareness Awareness of various schemes
After the selection of sample the team was divided into two groups to undertake survey in two different panchayat i.e.
Chukripara and Rawatra.
Training of the surveyors: A detailed two day orientation on the questionnaire was undertaken by CInI. An on field
demonstration of well being ranking exercise followed by administration of village questionnaire was undertaken. This was
followed by on field orientation on household questionnaire in the consecutive day. A detailed feedback section with the
data collectors was undertaken thereafter.
Data Entry: CInI with microware has developed a software package for data entry and analysis. The data entry part is an offline windows based software, which can be installed in a remote computer at partner’s location where data collection happens. Afterwards the data is imported into an online software package, which gives analysis tables and graphs which can be used for report writing.
DATA ANALYSIS
a) Demography
About 93% of the population is categorized as Scheduled Tribe, 4% as OBCs and 3% as others. Hinduism is the dominant religion of the location.
On stratifying the population according to the well being category, almost 17% belongs to high, 34% in medium and 49% in low well-being strata’s.
The survey conducted it is seen that the villages in Dhalbhumghar block has a sex ratio of 1044, which is high as compared to Jharkhand which is 947. E Singh hum is 949.
Education status: It is seen that29% of the population have not gone to school and 27% are drop outs. Rest 36% are currently at various levels of education. ITI is a very marginal percentage. (Table 2)It is further seen that of the 1% undergoing graduation 67% belongs to ST and rest are others. In the well being category 83% belongs to high or medium categories while rest 17% are from low well being category.
Women’s status in Education:
Figure 1: Status of women literacy between 18-45 age
The status of education within women of age group 18-45 shows a dismal condition. Almost 37% are drop out and 48% have never gone to school. Almost 11% are in various standards of education. The analysis of the age group reflects the literacy of the women who ideally are members of SHG.
Demographic dividend:
Out of the total population, 50 % belongs to an age group of 16-45, which represents the workforce at a household level. The population above the age of 45 years is almost 10%.
From the same graph it is seen that the dependency ratio i.e children and old: work force is 1.04.
0 0 1 9
37
1 0
48
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% of women
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
>60 46-60 31-45 16-30 6-15 2-5 0-1
Po
pu
lati
on
in %
Age Group
%
Education Percentage %
Class 1-5 15.94
Class 6-8 8.95
Class 9-10 6.11
Class 11-12 2.84
Drop out 27.07
Graduation 1.31
ITI 0.22
Not gone to School 29.48
Not known 8.08
Table 5: Education status
0
20
40
60
1-3 4-5 >6
pe
cen
tage
of
po
pu
lati
on
family size
Population having family size less than 3 is only 18% whereas about 43% and 39% of the population having family size of 4-5 and more than 6 respectively.
b) Occupation: Occupation is categorized as main occupation (referred here as primary), Auxiliary occupations (referred here as
secondary and tertiary) based upon the perception of household on the income earned from various sources. The
occupation of the household is seen among Male, female and children members of the HH.
Figure 4: Total occupation distribution
Large proportion of population depends mainly on Agriculture, local labour and migration for their income
generation 50% of the population depends on Agriculture as its primary occupation, while 18% depends on
local labour. 10% state migration as their primary occupation. 23 % depends on service and other means of
occupation.
55% of the respondents mentioned local labours their secondary occupation, whereas 37% mentioned on Agriculture.
Only 3% of population mentioned livestock. For tertiary occupation 58% of the population depends on local labour, 17 %
on Agriculture and 17% prefer migration whereas 8% depends on forest collection.
While this is the overall trend of the Dhalbhumgarh, there is considerable diversity when we zoom into village level
analysis. In Chukripada village, migration is the most significant primary occupation for 36% of the respondents, 18% on
local labor and only 9 % on agriculture. For secondary occupation 27% depends on local labor whereas 64% on
agriculture and for tertiary 75% depends on labor and 25% on agriculture. In Rawatara village Agriculture is primary
Figure 2: Family size
occupation for 50% people and secondary for 44% people whereas labor is primary occupation for 20% people,
secondary for 56% people and 67% population as tertiary occupation. Apart from this 33% of the population depends on
forest collection for tertiary occupation.
The comparative table of the overall sample and of the two villages mentioned above are given in the following table.
Table 6
Occupation
Primary (in %) Secondary (in %) Tertiary (in %)
Overall
Rawtara
Chukripara
Overall
Rawtara
Chukripara
Overall
Rawtara
Chukripara
Agriculture
50 50 9.09 36.84 44.44 63.64 16.67 0 25
Livestock 0 0 0 2.63 0 0 0 0 0
Forest collection
0 0 0 0 0 0 8.33 33.33 0
Local Labour
17.5 20 18.18 55.26 55.56 27.27 58.33 66.67 75
Migrant labour
10 0 36.36 0 0 0 16.67 0 0
Sevice 7.5 10 9.09 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 15 20 27.27 5.26 0 9.09 0 0 0
Drill down:
On seeing the10% HHs whose major source of income is from the migration, we see that all the
households are from the low well being categories and one from medium well being category. All of them
belong to Chukripada village of the project area. Every household are electrified, however, none of them
has any of the mentioned agriculture assets. Only primary source reported form male are migration and
the secondary is Agriculture. 50% of HHs has female members reporting local labour as primary source
and the same 50% have female members having agriculture as the secondary source. The migration
reported is categorized as ‘income migration’ for an average period of 11 months.
c) Food Security: Food security is defined as months of staple food available from producing in own farm. Data was collected in terms of number of month’s till which food from own farm has sufficed for the household. It was divided into four intervals (1-4, >4-6, >6-8, >8-12). The information relates to three years i.e. 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11.
Figure 6: HH in different months of food security in last three years
Analyzing the graph a declining trend of food security can be observed. Before previous year 21% of the people had food security up to 4 months. This has increased to 35%.in the current year. A reverse trend is seen in case of 8-12 months, before previous year 19 % of HHs came under the bracket but this year it is only 10%. This trend shows reduced months of food security, which might largely be due to failure of monsoon noticed in consecutive few years in Jharkhand.
A decreasing trend in the sales of paddy4 is observed in these three years. Year before previous almost 6% of the families went for sale whereas it was 3% in last
year and 1% this year.
In this pocket people generally sale surplus paddy from January (Makar festival) which is last year’s produce. 2008-09 was good rainfall and good production and surplus was sold in 2009-10. 2009-10 was agriculture drought rain came in too late and paddy was successful on medium-low and low land and so production was less than previous year. 2010-11 was drought in Jharkhand and it was the year acute food insecurity.
4 The study dosen’t captures the type of sale i.e. Distress or surplus.
Figure 7: % of family went for sale
On superimposing food security with well being classes (High, Medium and low) it is seen that almost 94% of medium and low well being HHs have less than 8 months of food security. This is show in the graph below:
Figure 8
Figure 9: food production and food security in months
Further analysis is drawn on Production and months of food security. It is seen from the above graph that the average production of the sampled HHs is 835kgs. An average paddy land holding from the analysis comes to be .84 acres. Hence
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Medium(%) Low(%)
food security of the two well being category
<8 months >8-12 months
the productivity per acre is 922 kgs/ acre i.e. 9 q/ acre.
d) Assets holding Asset holding of a household is a proxy to the well being category it belongs to. The change in the indicator over time shows the progression of the HHs from a category to other. The graph below represents the asst holding of the sampled HHs of Dhalbhumgar block.
Figure 10: Asset holding
Bicycle (91%) is the most common asset. Almost 71% of HHs is electrified. Bullock cart are found in 52% of the HHs.
Almost 49% of HHs have telephone connections, which shows the infiltration of telecommunication even in the remote pockets.12% have motorbike. Ownership base of agriculture assets like Pump set, sprayer etc falls is very low. Of the agriculture assets, pump sets are the highest owned asset, with 5% HHs owning it. Of the HHs surveyed none reported to have weeders.
Zooming into the village level we see that of the agriculture assets mentioned above are available with HHs of Rawatara, Karwatara and Chukripada, rest of the villages doesn’t have any of the agriculture assets. There are also villages like Dhudputi where there is no electricity.
17
81
1 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Thatched Tiled Pucca
Table 7: Asset holding by different well being category
The table above gives the asset holding in different well being categories. Electrification is almost uniform; however have some differences as 85% High well being HH has electrification as compared to 65% of low well being HHs. The asset like Bicycle is evenly distributed. In case of agricultural assets like power tiller, pump set, sprayer (except bullock cart) are mostly owned by high and medium classes.
Housing pattern: 81% people are having tiled house, 17% are having thatched and only
1% are having Pucca house.
e) Livestock holding Livestock rearing is seen as the secondary occupation source for almost 3% of Households. The livestock available in the region are buffalo, cows, goats, pigs, poultry and sheep. If we arrange it based on preference then poultry is owned by 78%of HHs, followed by goat (45%), sheep (25%), cow (18%) and at last pigs (7%) and buffalo(3%). Average holding for poultry and sheep is 4 whereas it is 3 for goat and 2 each for cow and buffalo.
It is interesting to see that though Rawtara and Chukripara have reported livestock is none of the sources of occupation. But on drilling down we see that they on an average have 2-3 livestock’s per households. Behera , the sole village reported livestock as the secondary source have average 6 livestock / household, reported by 33% of sample.
Table 8
Type Overall Rawtara Chukripara Behra
% of HH Average holding
% of HH Average holding
% of HH Average holding
% of HH Average holding
Buffalo 2 2 0 0 0 0 20 3
Cow 18 2 13 1 35 2 40 3
Goat 45 3 36 4 58 3 20 16
Pigs 7 1 4 2 5 1 0 0
Poultry 78 4 90 5 76 4 100 3
Sheep 25 4 40 5 35 4 20 9
29 3 31 3 35 2 33 6
Figure 11: Types of House (in %)
Figure 12: Average livestock holding and HHs having livestock
f) Labour: Labour (both Local and Migrant) forms one of the major source of occupation. This is reported by HHs as primary, secondary and tertiary occupation for generating income.
- Male average monthly income through labour is between Rs.1500- Rs.2000 whereas in case of female it is between Rs.500-Rs.600.
- People are getting labour opportunity round the year within the village except February to May when there is no agriculture work. During this season labour income comes from migration, labour within village, forest collection and Mining.
- Migration is more common in males than in females. The male female ratio of migration is 4:1.
- Forest collection is another income option for them during Jan – June. Gender segregation of average monthly income from Labor is given below.
Figure 13: Gender segregation on average monthly income from labour
It is further analyzed that 79% of total income wages comes from males whereas 21% is from females.
Interestingly, population comes under high economic category is having an average income of Rs.5496 per month from labour whereas it is Rs.2482 for medium class and Rs.1723 for low class.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
July Aug Sept Oct Nov dec
Male 1877 1858 1975 1901 1746 1648 2005 1744 1620 1471 1531 1666
Female 428 402 378 382 352 324 685 321 268 242 290 524
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Ave
rage
inco
me
(R
s)
Gender segregation: average montly income from Labour
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
INR
Villages
The trend of average income from labour is not same for all the villages in the block.
There are certain villages where the average income from labour is Rs.3507 as seen in Chukripada whereas in Mahishadhara it is only Rs.599. Figure 9 depicts the variation among the villages.
Table 9: labour as % of category of occupation
While comparing the above graph on income from wages with
the table on labour as category of occupation, it is seen that most
of the villages where labour is the primary source, has most
incoming coming from labour.
Villages Primary (%)
Sec (%)
Tertiary (%)
Behra Chukdipara Palasbani 25 50 100 Rawtara Karwakata 100 Mahisadhara 100 Dudhpushi 100 Nischantpur 50 100 Rawtara 20 56 67 Chukripara 19 27 75 Behra 50 50 Kandobni 33 67 0
Figure 14: Village wise average income from wages
0
10
20
30
40
50
Upland Medium Low Homestead Forest Government
Acr
e
Total Land
g) Land description: The undulating terrain of Jharkhand is classified as
upland, medium land and low land.
From the sample analysis it is seen that the average land holding under upland is 0.78 acres, medium land is 0.74 acres and for low land is 0.84 acres.
Out of the total land area of 131.23 acre only 3 acres of land is irrigated.
This is 2% of the total area, against the state average of 9%.
Population in Dhalbhum block mainly depends on mid land and low land for paddy cultivation during kharif. There are very few farmers which utilize low land for cultivation during Rabi. So those who are having irrigable land can do agriculture during In Rabi or water stress condition uplands majorly remains fallow throughout the year, from the data above, we can interpret that almost 98% of the total land remain unutilize in rabi and summer months.
The table below gives the analysis of the average irrigation sources for different categories of Households. The figure below shows that high well being category have access to almost all sources of irrigation. Whereas low well being category have access to check dam and rivers as source of irrigation. This figure highlights the disparity in resource allocation in different categories. Whereby we see that most of the man made resource allocation are confined to the higher well being category.
Figure 16: Average irrigation sources in different well being category
h) Migration:
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Well Pond 5% Check dam
River Dobha Hand pump
Others
High
Low
Medium
Figure 15: total land of the sampled HHs
12%
88%
0%
Percentage
Distress
Income
Fashion
Migration is one of the three triads which contribute to the livelihoods
of a tribal in central India5. Migration is majorly categorized in three head- migration out of Distress, for Income and Migration by seeing the glitter of the city life referred to here as ‘fashion’.
In the sampled category it is seen that there are mainly two reasons for migration a) income generation b) under distress condition. Out of the total migration, 88% of the people migrate due to income generation whereas 12% migrate under distress condition.
Further from the survey it is found that low well being category people migrate more often as compared to medium and high category people.
The purpose of migration for high and medium category people are only income whereas for low category people it is both i.e. for income and survival under distress condition. The graph below depicts the condition. Distress migration is only for those who comprise lower well being category.
Figure 18
Figure 19: period of migration
Low well being category people migrates for a wide range of period i.e. from 1 month to 12 months. However,
interestingly individuals from medium and low income categories migrate for a range of
9 to 12 months.
5Mainstreaming the Margins- Sanjiv Phansalkar and Shilp Verma
Figure 17: Reasons for migration
75
12
Only unskilled labour is reported to be the source of income during the migration period.
i) Family expenditure: Table 10: Average HH expenditure in different items
The average sum of all the expenditure made in the sampled HHs is coming to around Rs. 84,193.
The average sum of the higher well being category is Rs 87,996, the medium well being category is Rs 54,223 and the low well being category is Rs 39,061.
The expenditure on marriage comes the most (34%), followed by expenditure on food and consumables (19%).
Expenditure incurred in Agriculture and Livestock covers 4% of the total expenditure.
Expenditure items
Annual average Expenditure
% of overall expenditure
Agriculture 1840 2 Food and consumables
16264 19
Cloth 3112 4
Education 4204 5
Health 3921 5
Consumables 2583 3
Transport 2270 3
Mobile 1536 2
Festival 1085 1
Liquor 746 1
Entertainment 563 1
House 1897 2
Livestock 1936 2
Marriage 28311 34
Other rituals 3970 5
Fuel wood 2317 3
Investment 559 1
Others 7080 8
Average total 84193 100
A comparison of the expenditure in different well being category is represented in the graph below:
Figure 20: Expenditure pattern in well being category
Agriculture 5%
Food and consumables
27%
Cloth 6%
Education 13%
Health 7%
Consumables 3%
Transport 5%
Mobile 2%
Festival 2%
Liquor 1%
Entertainment 1%
House 2% Other
rituals 13%
Fuel wood 3%
Investment 1%
Others 7%
Expenditure pattern in high well being category
Agriculture 3%
Food and consumables
29%
Cloth 5%
Education 6%
Health 9%
Consumables 6%
Transport 4%
Mobile 3%
Festival 2%
Liquor 1%
Entertainment 1%
House 3%
Livestock 4%
Marriage 3%
Other rituals
4%
Fuel wood 1%
Investment 1%
Others 14%
Expenditure pattern in medium well being category
j) Income: Agricultural income:
Income is calculated as the net value realized by the household after deduction of the expenditure.
For agriculture, income is mainly realised from Cereals, which is about Rs.7389. (income for cereals is calculated as the value of the production). Others are vegetables , Pulses and Oilseeds. The total average income from the source is coming around Rs 14,274
Table 11
Crop Avg Expenditure(Rs) Avg Income(Rs) Avg Area(acres)
Cereals 1738 7389 1.41
Vegetables 342 2909 0.19
Pulses 115 2885 0.4
Oil seeds 1008 1091 0.45
Agriculture 2%
Food and consumables
37%
Cloth 7% Education
5% Health
7%
Consumables 5%
Transport 4%
Mobile 3% Festival
2%
Liquor 2%
Entertainment 1%
House 5%
Livestock 0%
Marriage 6%
Other rituals
7%
Fuel wood 6%
Investment 2% Others
0%
Expenditure pattern in low well being category
Figure 21: Agriculture income and expenditure
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Cereals Vegetables Pulses Oil seeds
Avg Expenditure(Rs)
Avg Income(Rs)
The average production realized Cereals 835 kgs from 1.41 acre of land, Vegetables 201 kgs from .19 acres, pulses 53kgs from 0.4 acres.
The average income from various sources are as follows: Agriculture: Rs 14247, NTFP RS 1818 and Wages Rs 12819. The other sources of occupation includes income from services, sole enterprises etc. Service and sole enterprise shows a large range within the three well being category. For high well being category it is Rs 42,680, for medium it is Rs 6800 and for low well being it is Rs 3942.
While superimposing the HHs according to months of food security with the income earned, we get the following table.
Those who are having more months of food security are getting more income from the Agriculture. People who are secured for 8-12 months are also having a good income from other means. People who are having 1-4 months of food security have almost equal dependence on labour and other means as agriculture.
k) Financial services Financial services have been studied in two broad heads 1) various sources where the community saves 2) Sources from where people can take credit and reason for it.
Savings: Access to various sources and dependency for saving in various sources are the broad parameters taken to understand the saving portfolio at a household level. The dependencies on sources are categorized as High, Medium and low.
Figure 22: HHs sources of saving
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
% HHs in Sample
Months of Food security
Agriculture forest Produce wages Others
1-4 5689 0 5719 6437
4-6 12780 0 8060 18750
6-8 19180 460 5078 9366
8-12 30187 0 9279 78000
Table 12
Types of sources No of HHs Level of dependency(in %)
High Medium Low
SHG 82 85.37 12.2 2.44
Jewellery 25 0 28 72
Bank 20 35 40 25
Insurance 10 0 80 20
Cash at home 9 0 22.22 77.78
Post office 2 0 50 50
Committees 2 0 0 100
Small animals(sellable)
2 0 100 0
Money lender 1 0 0 100 Table 13: Perception of dependency and various sources of savings
The table above shows the perception of the dependency of HHs (in %) on the various sources and the various sources of saving. The level of dependency is categorized into three parts i.e. high, medium and low. A family categorized itself in the three categories based upon the source which they usually rely upon and hence has a propensity to save and the source where they save more amounts. From the above figure and table it is seen that SHGs is the
most preferred place for saving, followed by investment in Jewellery, Bank, Insurance and keeping cash at home. Saving with Paikars or money lenders are the least preferred choice of the surveyed household.
Further from the table above it is seen that of all the HHs who saves in SHG (i.e. 82), 85% of HHs says that there dependency in SHG for saving is higher. Similarly of 20 HHs who save in bank 35% of HHs says that there dependency in it is higher, 40% says it is medium and 25% says that it is low.
However, the dependency on SHGs is medium and low in the villages Behera (medium: 40%) Chukripara (combined medium and low preference ids 35%), Rawtara (medium: 18%). For rest of the villages all the sample households have reported SHGs as the major source for saving.
Credit: Sources of credit, the reason for credit and average amount taken as credit were the major points on which data collection happened. From the table below we can understand the purpose of credit. Of the HHs surveyed 59% have taken loans. Of which almost 33% have taken loans for various income generation purpose. Very close to it is health for which 31% HHs have taken loan. Almost 29% of HHs has taken loan for consumptive purposes. Loan for education is taken by only 17% f HHs.
Figure 23: % of HHs taken loans
Table 14: Reason for loan
The purpose of taking loan is very diverse among villages like in Chukripada 55% of the people take loan for health improvement and 38% for consumption whereas in Rawatara village 62% people take loan for income generation, 31% for health and 23% for consumption. In most of the villages educational loan is null but in some villages like Palasbani 50% people takes loan to educate their children.
Loan Size:
From the graph it is seen that HHs access loan for all purpose from the SHGs.
The average loan size for consumptive loan is Rs 9480. For which Bank and SHGs are the major sources. This is
followed by loan taken for Education (average size Rs 3942). Credit for
education is taken from SHGs and Friends. Average size of Income generation activity is Rs 1607, for which SHG and Employers are the major sources. The credit size for health is Rs 1153, the sources of which are SHGs and Friends.
However, when looking into well being strata wise analysis we see that average loan size for high well being is Rs 10,357, for medium well being is Rs 2291 and for low well being is Rs 1625. The only loan taken from the banks are by the high well being category household. And while analysing the previous graph and the table below we can see that the
0
10
20
30
40
Consumptive Education Health Income Generation
% o
f H
Hs
Purpose
Figure 24
consumptive loan from bank of Rs 15,000 is from the high well being category. Further we see that the loan size of the high well being category is more than double the size of loan of the low well being category.
Table 15: Well being strata wise loan consumption:
Source of credit
High(Rs.) Medium(Rs.) Low(Rs.)
SHG 5714.29 1982.35 2000
Bank 15000 0 0
Employer 0 0 1250
Friends/family 0 2600 0
l) Awareness and access of development programs: Awareness and access of schemes, programmes and entitlements were asked on NREGA, AWC, schools, post offices etc.
From the sample survey it is found that most of the HHs are aware of the schemes around them. Awareness of Post office and Bank in the vicinity is high.Almost 95% said that they have gone to both the places some point or the other in their life. Awareness of the Nrega scheme (of the job card, minium wage rate), of the Aanaganwadicente( where it is located, name of the Shevika) is known to almost 91% of the surveyed houses. Awareness on the school (till which class the school have?, name of principal) is also present within the members (82%). However the awareness on the issues like social audit in Gram sabha seemed to be low (around 31%). This is mainly because audits have never occurred in the villages.
Women Participation: Participation of women in the community and at the household level in decision making in various aspects were looked into.
At community level: In the surveyed group it is found thatthe female members of the household don’t regularly go to the Gramsabha meetings. Only 7 % of HHs said that the women member of the house regularly attends gram sabha. Almost 67% says that women members sometimes go to the attend gramsabha and almost 26% of HHs says that women member of the HH never goes to Gramsabha. Similarly 70% of HHs says that the women member of their household sometimes give their opinions in the gramsabha. However almost 23 % said that they never talks in Gramsabha.
At Household Level: The graph below describes the participation of women in decision making on key aspects of a Household. It is seen that almost 59% of decisions are categorized under medium category. Which means that ‘she raises her concern, but her concern is hardly taken into action’? However, of the decisions taken it is seen that women vote the person of their own choice (almost 82%).
Program Awareness Total households
Awareness ( in % )
NREGA 75 82 91
GRAM SABHA 26 82 31
AWC 75 82 91
SCHOOL 68 82 82
POST OFFICE 78 82 95
BANK 78 82 95
Figure 25: Decision making at HH level
ANNEXURES
Annexure 1:
Village under study
Palasbani Karwakata Mahisahdahara Kandboni Dhudpushi Nischantpur Rawatara Chukripada Behra Jarpagara
Annexure 2:
Occupation distribution
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Asset creation
Crop selection
Education of children related
enrolment and drop-out
Health related
Marriage Sources of credit
Whom to vote?
High%
Medium%
Low%
Dhalbhum block
Assets holding by the population of Dhalbhum block:
