Basic C programming tutorial

Introduction

Title page

CS11002 Programming and Data StructuresSpring 2008

Introduction

Goutam BiswasAbhijit Das

Dipankar Sarkar

Department of Computer Science & EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Jan 04, 2008

Introduction

Syllabus

Syllabus

Introduction

Syllabus

Syllabus

Introduction to digital computers

Introduction

Syllabus

Syllabus

Introduction to digital computersBasic programming constructs

Variables and simple data typesAssignmentsInput/outputConditions and branchingLoops and iterationIterative searching and sorting algorithms

Introduction

Syllabus

Syllabus

Introduction to digital computersBasic programming constructs

Variables and simple data typesAssignmentsInput/outputConditions and branchingLoops and iterationIterative searching and sorting algorithms

Advanced programming constructsFunctions and recursionRecursive sorting algorithmsArrays and stringsStructuresPointers and dynamic memory allocation

Introduction

Syllabus

Syllabus (contd.)

Introduction

Syllabus

Syllabus (contd.)

Performance analysis of programs

Introduction

Syllabus

Syllabus (contd.)

Performance analysis of programsData structures

Abstract data typesOrdered listsStacks and queues

Introduction

Syllabus

Syllabus (contd.)

Performance analysis of programsData structures

Abstract data typesOrdered listsStacks and queues

Programming language: C

Introduction

References

On C

Textbooks and references

Introduction

References

On C


Use any standard textbook on ANSI C

Introduction

References

On C



Do not use books written on specific C compilers (Turbo C, gcc)

Introduction

References

On C



Do not use books written on specific C compilers (Turbo C, gcc)

1 Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, The CProgramming Language, Prentice Hall of India.

2 E. Balaguruswamy, Programming in ANSI C, TataMcGraw-Hill.

3 Byron Gottfried, Schaum’s Outline of Programming with C,McGraw-Hill.

4 P. Dey and M. Ghosh, Programming in C, Oxford UniversityPress.

Introduction

References

On data structures


Introduction

References

On data structures


5 Seymour Lipschutz, Data Structures, Schaum’s OutlinesSeries, Tata McGraw-Hill.

6 Ellis Horowitz, Satraj Sahni and Susan Anderson-Freed,Fundamentals of Data Structures in C, W. H. Freeman andCompany.

7 R. G. Dromey, How to Solve it by Computer, Prentice-Hallof India.

Introduction

References

On data structures


5 Seymour Lipschutz, Data Structures, Schaum’s OutlinesSeries, Tata McGraw-Hill.

6 Ellis Horowitz, Satraj Sahni and Susan Anderson-Freed,Fundamentals of Data Structures in C, W. H. Freeman andCompany.

7 R. G. Dromey, How to Solve it by Computer, Prentice-Hallof India.

8 http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/notes/

Introduction

Marks distribution

Marks distribution

Introduction

Marks distribution

Marks distribution

Two class tests: 10 × 2 = 20

Introduction

Marks distribution

Marks distribution


Mid-semester test: 30

Introduction

Marks distribution

Marks distribution



End-semester test: 50

Introduction

Marks distribution

Marks distribution




Final marks of a student: M = m × α, where

Introduction

Marks distribution

Marks distribution





m = Total marks obtained in 100, and

Introduction

Marks distribution

Marks distribution





m = Total marks obtained in 100, andα = Classes attended / Total number of classes.

Introduction

Test schedule

Tentative schedule of theory tests

Introduction

Test schedule


Class Test 1: February 06, 2008 (Wednesday)

Introduction

Test schedule



Mid-semester Test: February 22–29, 2008 (Friday to Friday)

Introduction

Test schedule




Class Test 2: April 02, 2008 (Wednesday)

Introduction

Test schedule




Class Test 2: April 02, 2008 (Wednesday)

End-Semester Test: April 21–29, 2008 (Monday to Tuesday)

Introduction

Lab schedule

Tentative schedule for the laboratory

Introduction

Lab schedule


Lab test 1: February 15–21, 2008 (Friday to Thursday)

Introduction

Lab schedule



Lab Test 2: April 04–10, 2008 (Friday to Thursday)

Introduction

Lab schedule



Lab Test 2: April 04–10, 2008 (Friday to Thursday)

Marks distributionLab Test 1: 25Lab Test 2: 35Daily Performance: 40

Introduction

Coverage schedule

Tentative schedule for coverage

Introduction

Coverage schedule


Before Class Test 1: Until “iterations” (all loop constructs)

Introduction

Coverage schedule



Before MidSem Test: Until “introduction to pointers”

Introduction

Coverage schedule




Before Class Test 2: Until “linked structures”

Introduction

Coverage schedule




Before Class Test 2: Until “linked structures”

Before EndSem Test: Everything

Introduction

Contacts

Contacts

Introduction

Contacts

Contacts

Instructors

Introduction

Contacts

Contacts

InstructorsSections 1,2: Goutam Biswas, CSE-207, [email protected]://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼goutam/

Introduction

Contacts

Contacts


Sections 3,4: Abhijit Das, CSE-123, [email protected]://www.cse-web.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼abhij/

Introduction

Contacts

Contacts



Sections 5,6: Dipankar Sarkar, CSE-115, [email protected]://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼ds/

Introduction

Contacts

Contacts



Sections 5,6: Dipankar Sarkar, CSE-115, [email protected]://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼ds/

Course web-page:http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/

http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/notes/

Introduction

Structure of a C program

How to write C programs

Skeleton of a C program

Introduction




Include header files

Introduction





Declare global variables, constants and function prototypes

Introduction






Function bodies

Introduction






Function bodies

There must be a main function in any C program.

Introduction


An example

A complete example

#include <stdio.h>

#define PI_4_BY_3 4.1887902048

double radius = 10;

double sphereVol ( double r ){

return PI_4_BY_3 * r * r * r;}

main (){

double area;area = sphereVol(radius);printf("Radius = %lf, volume = %lf.\n", radius, area);

}

Introduction

Some simple C programs

The traditional starter


#include <stdio.h>

main (){

printf("Hello, world!\n");}

Introduction




#include <stdio.h>

main (){

printf("Hello, world!\n");}

This program takes no input, but outputs the string“Hello, world!”

in a line.

Introduction


The short-circuit program


#include <stdio.h>

main (){

int n;

scanf("%d",&n);printf("%d\n",n);

}

Introduction




#include <stdio.h>

main (){

int n;

scanf("%d",&n);printf("%d\n",n);

}

This program accepts an integer as input and outputs the sameinteger.

Introduction


The square finder

The square finder

#include <stdio.h>

main (){

int n;

scanf("%d",&n);printf("%d\n",n*n);

}

Introduction


The square finder

The square finder

#include <stdio.h>

main (){

int n;

scanf("%d",&n);printf("%d\n",n*n);

}

This program takes an integer n as input and outputs thesquare n2 of n.

Introduction


A faulty reciprocal finder


#include <stdio.h>

main (){

int n;

scanf("%d",&n);printf("%d\n",1/n);

}

Introduction




#include <stdio.h>

main (){

int n;


}

The division 1/n is of integers (quotient).

Introduction




#include <stdio.h>

main (){

int n;


}

The division 1/n is of integers (quotient).

The format %d is for printing integers.

Introduction


The correct reciprocal finder

The correct reciprocal finder

#include <stdio.h>

main (){

int n;

scanf("%d",&n);printf("%f\n",1.0/n);

}

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Log in

Getting started

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Log in

Getting started

Switch on your monitor .

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Log in

Getting started


Switch on your PC.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Log in

Getting started


Switch on your PC.

Allow the machine to boot . Wait until the log in promptcomes.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Log in

Getting started


Switch on your PC.

Allow the machine to boot . Wait until the log in promptcomes.

Supply your log-in and password :Login: s<nn>

Password: s<nn>

Here s is your section (a for 1, b for 2, and so on)<nn> is the number of your PC.

This opens your window manager (usually KDE) withicons , the bottom panel , and so on. You are now ready tostart your work.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Edit, compile and run

Getting started

Introduction

PDS laboratory


Getting started

Click on the terminal icon to open a shell (commandprompt).

Introduction

PDS laboratory


Getting started


Edit your program (new or already existing) by an editor.emacs myprog.c &

Introduction

PDS laboratory


Getting started



Write your program in the editor and save it.

Introduction

PDS laboratory


Getting started




Go to the shell and compile your program:cc myprog.c

If compilation is successful, an executable called a.out

will be created.

Introduction

PDS laboratory


Getting started






will be created.

Run your program:./a.out

Introduction

PDS laboratory


Getting started






will be created.

Run your program:./a.out

Continue your edit-compile-debug-run-debug cycle.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Shut down

Getting started

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Shut down

Getting started

Close all the windows you opened.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Shut down

Getting started


Log out from your window manager. This leaves you againin the log-in console.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Shut down

Getting started



Select the item to shut down the machine. Wait until themachine completely shuts down.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Shut down

Getting started



Select the item to shut down the machine. Wait until themachine completely shuts down.

Switch off your monitor.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs

emacs is a powerful text editor.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs


Run emacs as: emacs myprog.c &

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs



Type in your program in the text area

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs




Navigate with mouse and cursor keys

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs




Navigate with mouse and cursor keysSave your file before closing emacs.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs





“File -> Save (Current buffer)”

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs





“File -> Save (Current buffer)”Click the save button (disk)

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs





“File -> Save (Current buffer)”Click the save button (disk)“File -> Save buffer as” (to another file)

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using emacs

Using emacs





“File -> Save (Current buffer)”Click the save button (disk)“File -> Save buffer as” (to another file)

Save your file once in every 15 minutes.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim

gvim is another powerful text editor.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim


Run gvim as: gvim myprog.c

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim



Hit Insert before you start typing matter

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim




You will exit the insert mode if you hit Insert when you arealready in the insert mode

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim





Hit Esc to exit insert mode

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim






When in doubt, it is safe to hit Esc several times to comeback to view mode

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim








Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim








You need to save the file by clicking on the appropriateicon (disk).

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using gvim

Using gvim








You need to save the file by clicking on the appropriateicon (disk).

Save your file once in every 15 minutes.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

A practice program

A practice program

#include <stdio.h>

char name[100];int i;

main (){

printf("Hello, may I know your full name? ");scanf("%s",name);printf("Welcome %s.\n",name);printf("Your name printed backward is : ");for (i=strlen(name)-1; i>=0; --i)

printf("%c",name[i]);printf("\n");

}

Introduction

PDS laboratory

A corrected version

A practice program (corrected)

#include <stdio.h>

char name[100];int i;

main (){

printf("Hello, may I know your full name? ");fgets(name,100,stdin);name[strlen(name)-1] = ’\0’;printf("Welcome %s.\n",name);printf("Your name printed backward is : ");for (i=strlen(name)-1; i>=0; --i)

printf("%c",name[i]);printf("\n");

}

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser

Open a web browser: mozilla or konqueror .

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser

Open a web browser: mozilla or konqueror .Set a proxy :

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080

Bypass proxy for local machines.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080

Bypass proxy for local machines.Type in a URL (web address) in the location field

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080


http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080


http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/notes/

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080


http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/notes/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼adas/

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080


http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/notes/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼adas/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼adas/course/lab/PDS/Spring06/

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080


http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/notes/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼adas/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼adas/course/lab/PDS/Spring06/http://sit.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼chitta/courses/pds/slides/starter.html

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Using a web browser

Using a web browser


144.16.192.213:8080144.16.192.216:7777144.16.192.245:8080144.16.192.247:8080


http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/notes/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼adas/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼adas/course/lab/PDS/Spring06/http://sit.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼chitta/courses/pds/slides/starter.htmlhttp://10.14.0.4/ wbcm/

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Assignments and submissions


Introduction

PDS laboratory



Click the link on the day’s assignment.

Introduction

PDS laboratory




If your assignment is a PDF file, save it to your machine.

Introduction

PDS laboratory





Use xpdf in order to view PDF files.xpdf newassgn.pdf

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PDS laboratory






http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/2007s/notes.html

http://sit.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼chitta/courses/pds/slides/

Introduction

PDS laboratory






http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼pds/2007s/notes.html

http://sit.iitkgp.ernet.in/∼chitta/courses/pds/slides/

Consult your lab instructor to know how to submit yourprograms.

Introduction

PDS laboratory

Some useful Unix commands


Introduction

PDS laboratory



Create a directory: mkdir progs

Introduction

PDS laboratory




Go to a new directory: cd progs/

Introduction

PDS laboratory





Go to the parent directory: cd ../

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PDS laboratory






List all files in a directory: ls -lF

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PDS laboratory







View a file: cat filename

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Copy a file to another: cp file1.c file2.c

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PDS laboratory









Copy a file to a directory: cp file1.c progs/file3.c

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PDS laboratory










Move a file to another: mv file1.c file2.c

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PDS laboratory











Move a file to a directory: mv file1.c progs/file3.c

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PDS laboratory











Move a file to a directory: mv file1.c progs/file3.c

Delete a file: rm filename

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Basic C programming tutorial

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