Basic Civil Engineering Lab Manual by Prof.S.K.patil

7/28/2019 Basic Civil Engineering Lab Manual by Prof.S.K.patil

1/60

Laboratory JournalBasic Civil Engineering

Prepared by

Principal Contributor: Prof. S.K. Patil

Contributor: Prof. M.K. Mujawar

Contributor: Prof. R.A. Patil


2/60

PAGE No.

Sant Dnyaneshwar Shikshan Sansthas

ANNASAHEB DANGE COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, ASHTATAL: WALWA, DIST: SANGLI, MAHARSHTRA, INDIA 416301

An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institute

Department of Basic Science

LABORATORY JOURNAL

BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING


3/60

PAGE No..


4/60

PAGE No.

INDEX

This is to certify that __________________________________________________________

Roll No._________ of First Year_____________________________________________ class

has satisfactorily completed __________ experiments in BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING during the

year 20011 2012.

Date:

SUBJECT H.O.D. PRINCIPAL

IN-CHARGE

ExptNo.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENTConducted Date Page

No.Remarks

ExperimentPerformed

ExperimentConducted

1

Introduction To Chaining, Ranging,

Offsetting.Assignment - Civil Engineering Symbols

2Plotting the Outlines Of Building ByChaining, Ranging and Offsetting.

3Plotting Of Closed Traverse By Prismatic

Compass.

4Plotting Of Closed Traverse By Surveyors

Compass.

5 Study And Use Of Dumpy Level.

6Profile Levelling By Collimation Plane

Method.

7Cross Sectioning Of Road By Rise And FallMethod.

8Measurement Of Area By MechanicalPlanimeter.

9Measurement Of Area By DigitalPlanimeter.

10Use of Total Station for various

measurements.

11 Layout and Setting Out Of a Building

12 Site Visit To Study Various ConstructionProcesses


5/60

PAGE No..

Diagrams:


6/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT No. 1

TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO CHAINING, RANGING, OFFSETTING

AIM: To measure distance between stations by 20m & 30 m Chain & taking sample offset.

INSTRUMENTS: Chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows, pegs, hammer, open cross staff etc.

THEORY:I) CHAINING:

"Measurement of distance on ground with the help of chain or tape is known as

Chaining". The chain or tape is used for chaining operation.

A) Chain:

There are two varieties of chains. One 20 m length with 100 links and other 30 m length

with 150 links. Links are 20 cm in length, 4 mm in diameter and connected by means of three

rings two oval and central one being circular of the same wire. Brass handles are provided at

the end of chain to hold the chain. Groove is cut in the middle of the outside surface of the

handle so that arrow can be fixed in position. The length of link is measured from the centre of

the middle ring on either side of it. Tallies are provided at every 5 m length and small brass

rings are provided at every meter length. (after every 10 links) The length of chain is measured

from the outside of one handle to the other handle.

Classification of chains:

1) Metric chains: These are available in lengths of 20 m and 30 m.

2) Gunter's or surveyors chain: It is 66 feet long and consists of 100 links.

3) Engineer's chain: It is 100 feet long and consists of 100 links.

4) Revenue chain: This chain is 33 feet long and consists of 16 links. It is mainly used for

measuring fields in cadastral survey.

CHAINING PROCEDURE:

It involves following operations:

1) Marking the stations.2) Unfolding the chain.3) Ranging4) Measurement of distance.5) Folding the chain.


7/60

PAGE No..

Diagrams:


8/60

PAGE No.

Marking the stations: The stations along the direction of survey line are marked with pegs.

1) Unfolding the chain: To unfold the chain, both the handles are kept in one hand and the restof the bundle of chain is thrown in the forward direction with the help of other hand. Then

the chain is laid straight.

2) Ranging: If the distance between two stations is less than one chain length, then afterstretching the chain the distance can directly be measured. When the length of survey lineis more than one chain length, intermediate points are to be located in order that the chain

is pulled along the proper survey line in a straight direction. The fixing of intermediate

points on the survey line in between the station points is known as ranging.

3) Measurement of distance: After fixing intermediate points on the survey lines. The straight-line distance is measured by stretching the chain between the two points. The leader fixes

up arrow at the end of one chain length, touching the groove of handle. The chain is

dragged forward up to the last station point. The follower goes, on collecting the arrows

The length of the line is determined from the arrows collected by the follower. Each arrow

represents one chain length. Any fractional distance at the end is measured by stretching

the chain and counting the links up to tend station. The total length of line is, thus,

determined.

4) Folding the chain: Starting from the middle of the chain, it is folded, holding pair of links ata time in zigzag manner.

B) TAPES: - The various tapes are- Cloth tape, metal tape, steel tape. Tapes have a metal ring

at one end which is used for holding and pulling the tape. Other end of tape is fixed inside a

weather proof case which has some kind of winding device.

The least count of tape is 1 cm. They are available in lengths of 10m, 15m, 30m etc.

Use:-Tapes are used for offsetting i.e. measuring lateral distances of objects from survey line.

C) PEGS: - It is made of hard wood and is 2.5 cm square in cross-section & 150 mm long. The

pegs are driven into the ground with the help of hammer with sufficient length (40 mm)

projecting above ground surface.

Use: - They are used to mark the position of survey station or end of a of survey line on the

ground.

D) RANGING ROD: - They are 2 m or 3 m in length. They are made up of timber or hallow

steel pipe and painted with alternate white & red /black bands. The lower end of ranging rods is

tapered with a metal sheet.

Use: - They are used for marking the positions of stations and for ranging, offsetting.


9/60

PAGE No..


10/60

PAGE No.

Diagrams:


11/60

PAGE No..

II) RANGING:

It is the process of establishing some intermediate points on survey line, between the

two terminal stations; when the length of line exceeds the length of chain. There are two

methods of ranging.

a) Direct ranging b) Indirect ranging.a) Direct Ranging:

Direct ranging is done when the ends of survey line are intervisible. It can be done by

eye or by an instrument called as line ranger.

1. Ranging by eye :

After the chain is stretched and laid approximately on line 'AB', the follower stands

behind the ranging rod at 'A' and the leader stands at such a distance not greater than one

chain length from 'A', with ranging rod in his hand at an arm's length sideways from his body.

The follower positions himself behind A in line with 'AB'. Then he guides the leader by giving

hand signals, to move the ranging rod to the desired direction so that the ranging rod is

brought in line with AB at point 'P'.

2) Ranging By Line Ranger:

The line ranger consist of either two plane mirrors or two right angled isosceles prisms,

placed one above the other, as shown in figure. In case the prisms are used, the diagonals of

both prisms are silvered so as to reflect the incident rays.

The line ranger is provided with a handle at the bottom, to hold the instrument in the

hand. From the handle, required point can be transferred to the ground.

Two ranging rods are fixed at 'A' and 'B'. To obtain a point P on the survey line 'AB', the

surveyor holds the line ranger approximately very near to the line 'AB'. Upper prism ab c

receives rays from 'A' which are reflected by diagonal cab' towards observer. The lower prism c

d a receives rays from '8' and these are reflected by diagonal 'cd' to the observer. Thus,

observer can see both ranging rods held at 'A' and 'B'. The images of these two ranging rods

may not be coinciding indicating that the instrument is not on line 'AB'. To remove the parallax,

the observer moves the instrument sideways till the two images are in the same vertical line, as

shown in figure. After this the point 'P' is transferred to the ground.

Thus use of line ranger proves to be advantageous from the point of view of requirement

of only one person to do the ranging. Line ranger can also be used for setting out right angles.


12/60

PAGE No.

Diagrams:


13/60

PAGE No..

III) OFFSETS:

For locating the details on ground, with reference to survey lines, it is necessary to

measure lateral distance of the features on ground points from survey lines. Such lateral

distances which are measured from the chain line to the objects are called as offsets. The

offsets can be measured either to the right or left of chain line.

The offsets are of two types :1) Perpendicular offsets : Perpendicular offsets are the lateral distances taken at right angles

(90) to the chain line.

2) Oblique or inclined offsets: Oblique offsets are the lateral distances taken at an angle otherthan 90 to the chain line.

3) Swing Offset : A swing offset is the one which is obtained by swinging the tape from outsidepoint along a chain line. Short offset can be set out and measured by swinging the tape

along the chin line as shown in figure. The position of the offset on chain line MN is located

by swinging the tape from P and the point where the arc is tangential to the chain line, is

the required foot of offset. In the figure, Pp is the swing offset.

Every offset is characterized by two measurements:

1) Chainage on chain line at which the offset is taken and2) Length of the offset

Instruments for setting out perpendicular offsets:

Offsets may be taken by using the instruments such as cross staff, optical square,

Indian optical square and prism square

1) Open cross Staff:

It is provided with two pairs of vertical slits. Each pair of slits forms a line of sight at

right angles to each other. The frame or hair is mounted on a pole for perfect intersection.

2) French Cross Staff:

French cross staff consists of an octagonal box. Vertical sighting slits are cut in the

middle of each face, such that the lines between the centers of opposite slits make an angle of

45 with each other. Thus with the help of French cross staff, it is possible to set out angles of

either 45 or 90.

3) Adjustable cross staff:

It consists of two cylinders of equal diameter, one placed on top of the other. Both the

cylinders are provided with sighting slits. The upper cylinder carries a venire and can be rotated

relatively to lower cylinder. The lower cylinder is graduated to degrees with suitable sub-

divisions. Therefore it is possible to set out any angle to the chain-line. Magnetic compass is

provided at the top of upper cylinder which measures bearings of the lines.


14/60

PAGE No.


15/60

PAGE No..

Diagrams:

LOCATION SKETCH OF STATION A & B


16/60

PAGE No.

4) OPTICAL SQUARE

This is a compact hand instrument to set out right angles and is superior to the cross-

staff. It is a cylindrical metal box about 50 mm in diameter and 12.5 mm in depth. Figure 2.12

shows the plan of its essential features. It has two oblong apertures C and D' on its

circumference at right angles to each other. E is a small eye-hole provided diametrically

opposite to C. The instrument is equipped with two mirrors A and B inclined at an angle of 45to one another. The mirror A is known as horizon mirror, the upper half of which is silvered,

whereas the lower half is a plane glass. This is placed opposite to the eye-hoie E and is inclined

to the axis of the instrument EC at an angle of 120. The other mirror B is known as index

mirror. It is completely silvered and is placed diametrically opposite to the aperture IX It is kept

inclined at an angle of 105 to the index sight BD of the instrument. To an eye placed at E, the

signal C is visible directly through the transparent half of the horizon mirror. At the same time,

the signal D is seen in the silvered portion of the horizon mirror after being reflected through

the index mirror B

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr Observation Length of Metric Chain used = .

1 Number of arrows =

2 Number of Links =In end chain length

CALCULATIONS:

Total Distance = (Number of arrows X Chain Length) +

(Number of Links in end chain length X Link Length)

Total Distance =

RESULTS:

Total distance between two stations by meter chain is


17/60

PAGE No..

Assignment - Civil Engineering Symbols


18/60

PAGE No.

Assignment - Civil Engineering Symbols


19/60


20/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT No. 2

PLOTTING OUTLINE OF BUILDING BY CHAINING RANGING AND OFFSETTING

AIM: To plot outline of building by chaining, ranging and offsetting

INSTRUMENTS: Chain, tape, ranging rod, cross staff, hammer etc.

THEORY:

1) Location Sketch: It is a diagram showing survey station by at least two measurementsfrom fixed object. The diagram is drawn with respect to North direction. Location sketch

can be used to locate the survey station on any other time.

2) Chaining: It is the process of measuring distance by use of chain or tape.3) Ranging: It is process of fixing intermediate points between two survey station on

straight line.

4) Offsetting: The process of measuring the lateral distance of object from survey line is

called as offsetting.

PROCEDURE :

1) Fix two end stations along outline of building. The distance between stations should bemore the total length of building.

2) Carryout Ranging and chaining.3) Take offsets along the length of chain.4) Record the readings in field book.5) Insert arrow at end of chain length.6) Move chain further and carry out same procedure till end station is reached.

RESULT:

1) Draw location sketches.

2) Enter observations by noting chainages, offset type and offset distance of objects.

3) Prepare the map showing outline of building.


21/60

PAGE No..


22/60

PAGE No.

MAP OF OBSERVATIONS


23/60

PAGE No..

Diagram of Prismatic Compass

PLOT OF CLOSED TRAVERSE


24/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT No. 3

TITLE: PLOTTING OF CLOSED TRAVERSE BY PRISMATIC COMPASS

AIM-Study and use of prismatic compass to measure bearing of survey lines for closed

traverse.

APPARAUTS- Prismatic compass, Pegs, Ranging rods, Hammer, Measuring Tape or chain.

THEORY:

PRISMATIC COMPASS

1. This compass essentially consists of i) A magnetic needle ii) A graduated circle, iii) Aline of sight.

2. The prismatic compass consists of a circular box about100 mm in diameter. A magneticneedle is balanced on a hard steel pointed pivot.

3. The pivot is in the center of the compass. The needle carries an aluminum ring which isgraduated to degrees and half degrees.

4. The graduations starts from zero marked at South end of the needle and run clockwise.90 is marked at West, 180 at North, 270 at East. Figures are written inverted in

prismatic compass.

5. The sighting vanes (with a sighting slit at top) and reflecting prism are fixed to the boxThey are diametrically opposite to each other.

6. The sighting vane (also called as object vane) consists of a hinged metal frame incenter. A vertical horse hair is stretched in the center of metal frame.

7. A glass lid covers the top of the box. The sighting vane is pressed against a lifting pinwhich lifts the needle off pivot and holds it against the glass lid.

8. A light spring is fitted inside the box. A brake pin is placed at the base of object vane.When the brake pin is pressed gently, the light spring comes in contact with the

aluminum ring and the ring comes to rest.

9. The graduations on the ring are reflected from hypotenuse side of the prism to the eyeThe graduations are read through reflecting prism. A steel stand carries a frame which

is lowered or raised to adjust the prism to eye sight of observer. The prism is folded

over the edge of the box and is held by hinged strap, when not in use.

10.A metal cover fits over the glass lid and the sighting vane. The sighting vane is providedwith a hinged mirror which can incline at any angle so that object too high or too low to

be sighted directly can be sighted by reflection.


25/60

PAGE No..

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF PRISMATIC COMPASS

a. Centering: To place the center of the compass exactly over the station is called ascentering. The station is marked with a peg. Centering is done with the help of plumb

bob on dropping a small piece of stone.

b. Levelling: The compass is leveled by means of eye. A ball and socket joint is providedand then it is clamped. The ring swings freely when leveled.

c. Observing bearings: To observe the bearing of a line PQ.1. Center the compass over station P and level it.2. The sighting vane and prism and turned up vertical so that the graduations on the

ring are clearly seen.

3. Rotate the compass until the ranging rod at the station Q is bisected by the hairwhen looked through the slit above the prism.

4. The reading is noted after looking through the prism or direct in the compass thattime the needle should be at rest. The reading is the required bearing of the line PQ.

5. If the reading taken in the direction of the traverse then these bearings are called asFore bearings.

6. If the reading taken in the back or opposite direction of the traverse then thesebearings are called as Back bearings.

MAGNETIC MERIDIAN: The direction that is indicated by a freely suspended and properly

balanced magnetic needle, unaffected by local attractive forces is called the magnetic North and

South line. The angle which a survey line makes with magnetic meridian is called a magnetic

bearing of the line or simply a bearing of the line.

WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING :

The readings taken by the prismatic compass is from 0 to 360 i.e. it gives readings in a full

circle in clockwise direction. Hence these readings are called as Whole circle bearing.

FORE AND BACK BEARING:

Every line has two bearings, one observed at each end of the line.

1. The bearing of a line in the direction of the progress of the survey is called the fore orforward bearing (F.B.)

2. The bearing of a line in the opposite direction of the progress of the survey is know asback / reverse bearing (R.B.)

3. The bearing from P to Q is fore bearing of the line PQ and that Q to P is the backbearing of the line PQ, [Direction of survey from P to Q].


26/60

PAGE No.

4. The fore and back bearings of a line differ exactly by 1805. BACK BEARI NG = FORE BEARING + 180, if the given fore bearing is less than 180.6. BACK BEARING = FOREBEARING - 180, if the given fore bearing is greater than 180.

LOCAL ATTRACTION :

The magnetic needle does not point to the magnetic north when under the influence of

external attractive forces. It is deflected when placed in vicinity of masses of magnetic rock or

iron Ore, steel structures, rails, electric cables etc. Such a disturbing influence is called 'local

attraction'. It the fore & back bearings differ by 180, there is no local attraction at either

station, provided the compass in free from instrumental errors & no observational error are

made. There are two methods of correcting the observed bearings of the lines.

1. Method of correction2. Method of included angle

OBSERVATION:

LineObserved

CorrectionCorrected

RemarksForeBearing

BackBearing

ForeBearing

BackBearing

CONCLUSION:- Local attraction is found at stations..


27/60

PAGE No..

Diagram of Surveyors Compass

PLOT OF CLOSED TRAVERSE


28/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT NO. - 4

TITLE: PLOTTING OF CLOSED TRAVERSE BY SURVEYORS COMPASS

AIM-Study and use ofSurveyors to measure bearing of survey lines for closed traverse.

APPARAUTS- Surveyors compass, Pegs, Ranging rods, Hammer, Measuring Tape or chain.

THEORY:

SURVEYORS COMPASS

1. This compass essentially consists of a magnetic needle, a graduated circle, eye vane andobject vane.

2. The Surveyors compass consists of a circular box about100 mm in diameter. A magneticneedle is balanced on a hard steel pointed pivot. The pivot is in the center of the compass

The needle carries an aluminum ring which is graduated to degrees and half degrees.

3. The graduations starts from zero marked at South end as well as at North of the needle.90 is marked at West, 90 at East. Figures are written in proper way in Surveyors

compass.

4. The sighting vanes in the form of three holes (top, middle, bottom)are provided on thesighting arm of the box.

5. The sighting vane (also called as object vane) consists of a hinged metal frame in center. Avertical horse hair is stretched in the center of metal frame.

6. A glass lid covers the top of the box. The sighting vane is pressed against a lifting pin whichlifts the needle off pivot and holds it against the glass lid.

7. The graduation reading circle is separated from the magnetic needle.8. When you rotate the instrument for sighting the instrument, magnetic needle shows the

position of the target with respective quadrant under the North pointer.

9. A metal cover fits over the glass lid and the sighting vane. The sighting vane is providedwith a hinged mirror which can incline at any angle so that object too high or too low to be

sighted directly can be sighted by reflection.


29/60

PAGE No..

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF SURVEYORS COMPASS

a. Centering: To place the center of the compass exactly over the station is called ascentering. The station is marked with a peg. Centering is done with the help of plumb

bob on dropping a small piece of stone.

b. Levelling: The compass is leveled by means of eye. A ball and socket joint is providedand then it is clamped. The ring swings freely when leveled.

c. Observing bearings: To observe the bearing of a line PQ.1. Center the compass over station P and level it.2. Observe the station Q from eye vane while intersecting thread from object vane.3. Then observe the reading at north end of needle. (Red Marked)

MAGNETIC MERIDIAN: The direction that is indicated by a freely suspended and properly

balanced magnetic needle, unaffected by local attractive forces is called the magnetic North and

South line. The angle which a survey line makes with magnetic meridian is called a magnetic

bearing of the line or simply a bearing of the line.

REDUCED BEARINGS:

When whole circle bearing of a line exceeds 90, it must be reduced to the corresponding angle

less than 90, which has same numerical values of the trigonometrically functions. This

angle is known as 'Reduced Bearing (R.B.) To obtain Reduced Bearing from Whole Circle

Bearing, following table is used.

FORE AND BACK BEARING:

Every line has two bearings, one observed at each end of the line.

1. The bearing of a line in the direction of the progress of the survey is called the fore orforward bearing (F.B.)

2. The bearing of a line in the opposite direction of the progress of the survey is know asback / reverse bearing (R.B.)


30/60

PAGE No.

3. The bearing from P to Q is fore bearing of the line PQ N E and that Q to P is theback bearing of the line PQ S W,

4. The fore and back bearings of a line differ only in quadrant, and angle remains same.

LOCAL ATTRACTION :

The magnetic needle does not point to the magnetic north when under the influence oexternal attractive forces. It is deflected when placed in vicinity of masses of magnetic rock or

iron Ore, steel structures, rails, electric cables etc. Such a disturbing influence is called 'local

attraction'.

It the fore & back bearings do not have same angle, then there is local attraction at

either station, provided the compass in free from instrumental errors & no observational error

are made.

OBSERVATION:

Line ObservedCorrection

Corrected Interiorangle

Remarks

ForeBearing

BackBearing

ForeBearing

BackBearing

CONCLUSION:- Local attraction is found at stations..


31/60


32/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT NO: - 5

TITLE- STUDY AND USE OF DUMPY LEVEL

AIM- Study and use of Dumpy level and leveling staff.

APPARATUS- 1) Dumpy level 2) Leveling staff

THEORY:

Leveling: It is a process to finding the relative positions of the points on the ground surface in

the vertical plane.

Bench mark: It is a point or a station whose reduced level ( R.L.) is known.

Dumpy Level details:

Dumpy level has following parts.

a) LEVELING HEAD:-

It consists of two triangular plates with threading in lower plate for fixing level on tripod

In case centering is to be done, a hook is provided at the bottom of the solid spindle of

telescope (about vertical axis spindle can be rotated to rotate the telescope). There are three

screws provided between the triangular plates. They are used to bring the bubble at the center

for making line of collimation truly horizontal. They are called leveling screws or foot screws.

Screws have ball and socket arrangement at the bottom.

b)TELESCOPE:-

Telescope of dumpy level is of internal focusing type with one eyepiece and object glass

(lens) each. Diaphragm in front of the eyepiece has cross wires, sometimes called horse-hair

Focusing screw is provided midway along the length of the telescope. Ray shade is used to

protect the inner side of the telescope. Main bubble is provided on the top of the telescope.

Usually staff is seen inverted but in latest dumpy level, by adding a lens, image can be seen

erect.

c)SPIRIT LEVEL OR LEVEL TUBES:-

These are of two types. One is of large size provided on the telescope called longitudinal

or main bubble and smaller one at right angles to it called cross bubble. If level is in perfect

permanent adjustment and longitudinal bubble is centered, both the bubbles should remain at

the centre (so that line of collimation is horizontal and all axes in perfect position).


33/60

PAGE No..


34/60

PAGE No.

d)CLAMP AND SLOW MOTION SCREW:-

For perfect bisection clamp screw and slow motion screws are essential, image Of staff

should be at the center of vision without parallax. When clamp screw is tightened, motion of

telescope (in horizontal plane) is arrested. Now, if slow motion screw (also called fine

adjustment or tangent screw) is slowly rotated as required very small or minute motion or

rotation of telescope is possible. Apart from above parts, a reflecting hinged mirror is providedon top of longitudinal bubble to see image of bubble in case bubble is not visible to short

person. Prismatic compass is provided to take bearing of line, which required to find the

direction of line.

LEVELING STAFF:-

Vertical member, graduated in meters for taking readings of vertical with respect to horizontal

line of collimation is called leveling staff. For durability aluminum staff is preferred over wooden

staff. Telescopic staff has 4m height & three pieces of gradually decreasing cross

sections. Lower most large piece is up to 1.5m height, middle piece is up to

2.8m & smallest top piece up to 4m height. Automatic locking device is

provided for pieces. It has two folding handles & small circular bubble to ascertain vertically of

staff.

Temporary Adjustment of dumpy level:-

Temporary adjustment are done at each setup of the level before taking the Readings on

the staff. These are done in following steps.

a) Setting up b) Leveling up c) Focusing the eyepiece d) Focusing the object piece.

a) Setting up -

i) The tripod legs are properly spread on the ground and the dumpy level is fixed to the

tripod. If the tripod head is having a circular bubble, see that is in the centre,

ii) leg Adjustment - Bring all the foot screws to the centre of their run. Plant any two

legs firmly in the ground and move the third leg sideways till the main bubble and two cross

bubble are approx in the centre.

b) Levelling:-

1) Keep the telescope parallel to any pair of foot screws. Move the two foot screws

either inwards or outwards till the bubble comes to the center.

2)Rotate the telescope clockwise through 90 so that it lies over third foot screw. Turn

the screw to bring the bubble in center. Bring the level tube back to it's Original position and

center the bubble.


35/60

PAGE No..

Turn the telescope clockwise through 90 and check the bubble for it's center

position

if not, repeat the procedure.

Repeat the procedure with remaining pairs.

c) Focusing the eyepiece:-

Hold white paper in front of eyepiece and observe cross hairs. If the cross hairs are notclearly seen, move the eye piece ring in or out till the cross hairs are distinctly seen.

d) Focusing the object glass:-

Look through the eye piece towards the staff and bring image of staff in plane of cross

hairs by moving the focusing screw. Parallax is to be eliminated when there is change in the

staff reading when the eye is moved up and down.

Levelling procedure:-

1) Holding the staff: staff should be held truly vertical before reading is taken.

2) Reading the staff: after the temporary adjustments are done, the telescope is directed

towards the staff and the staff is brought between the two vertical hairs of diaphragm by means

of focusing screw. The reading is taken on the staff where the middle horizontal hair appears to

cut the staff. First the figure in red (i.e. meter reading) is noted. Then the figure in black (i.e.

decimeter reading) are noted and then the spaces from decimeter marking upto middle

horizontal hair (each space is of 5 mm thickness) are measured, the sum of all these is the

total reading on the staff which is recorded in the field book.

Method of calculation

1) Method of collimation plane (Height of Instrument method)2) Rise & Fall methodFormulae:


36/60

PAGE No.

OBSERVATION TABLE (for plane of collimation method)

StnBACKSIGHT

INTER-

MEDIATESIGHT

FORESIGHT

Height ofInstrument H.I.

R.L. in meters REMARK

OBSERVATION TABLE (for rise and fall method)

Stn BACKSIGHT

INTER-MEDIATESIGHT

FORESIGHT

RISE FALL R.L. REMARK

CALCULATION:


37/60

PAGE No..

RESULT :

The reduced level of observation points is as

Sr No. Name of Point Reduced Level in meters

1

2

3

4

5

6


38/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT NO: - 6

TITLE: PROFILE LEVELLING BY COLLIMATION PLANEMETHOD

AIM- Plotting the road profile at center by Reduction of RL's by collimation plane method.APPARAUTS- 1) Dumpy level 2) Leveling staff 3) Plumb bob.

THEORY:-

Collimation plane method OR Height of instrument method:-

In this method, first of all mark the centers at certain interval of distance along the

center line of the road. Set the instrument, the R.L. of the Collimation plane is found out for

each set-up of dumpy level and then the R.L. of each point is found out with respect to

respective plane of collimation. The procedure of finding R.L. is as given below. First

reading(Backsight) is taken on Bench mark

(R.L. Of bench mark) + (Backsight reading) = R.L. Of collimation plane.Height of instrument = R.L. Of collimation plane.

Calculate the reduced levels of intermediate points or change point by subtracting

Intermediate sight reading or Foresight reading from the R.L. of collimation plane.

R.L. of intermediate points = (R.L. Of collimation plane) - (IS. reading)After the instrument is shifted and set up and leveled at new position, take a reading on

change point. Determine the R.L. of new collimation plane.

R.L. of new collimation plane = (R.L. Of change point) + (Backsight reading)Obtain the Reduced levels of the remaining points from the R.L. of new collimation plane

i.e. new height of instrument.

Repeat the procedure till all the leveling work is finished. On completing the calculation,

the arithmetical check is applied as given below:

[summation of backsights] - [summation of foresights] = [Last R.L.] - [First R.L.]

Plotting of road profile:

Along x axis mention the distance of each interval and on Y axis mention the RLs. Fix

the points with respect to their central distance and RL. Fix all the points on a graph and trace

the smooth curve passing through all these points. this line shows the profile of the road center

along its length.


39/60

PAGE No..


40/60

PAGE No.

PROCEDURE:

1) Select two end stations on a line for which profile needs to be plotted.2) Marks the points at fixed interval on line.3) Setup instrument and carry out temporary adjustments.4) Take readings on every point by Level.5)

Enter reading in the field book by noting station and distance/chainage.

6) Plot the profile and find the gradient.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:


41/60

PAGE No..

PROFILE

OFROAD


42/60

PAGE No.

OBSERVATION TABLE for Collimation plane method:-

STATION CHAINAGE B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L.'s REMARK

SUM BS FS L.RL- F.RLDifference BS FS =

CONCLUSION

The gradient of survey line joining First and Last point along centerline of road is


43/60

PAGE No..

EXPERIMENT NO: - 7

TITLE: CROSS SECTIONING OF ROAD BY RISE AND FALL METHOD

AIM- Plotting the road cross section by Rise and Fall method.

APPARAUTS- 1) Dumpy level 2) Leveling staff 3) Plumb bob.

THEORY:-Rise and Fall method:-

In this method, first of all; mark the centers at certain interval of distance along

the center line of the road and also the two stations are on right and two on the left side of

centerline of the road .And take the readings on these stations after Setting the instrument. In

this method, the difference in elevation between two consecutive points is determined. R.L. of

each point (after the first) is compared with the immediately preceding one. The difference of

readings indicates rise or fall. The R.L. of each point is then determined by adding the rise to

or subtracting the fall from the R.L. of preceding point.

On completing the calculation, the arithmetical check is applied as given below:Arithmetical check:

[summation of backsights] - [summation of foresights] = [Last R.L.] - [First R.L.]

Plotting of road profile:

Along x axis mention the distance of each interval and on Y axis mention the RLs. Fix the

points with respect to their central distance and RL. Fix all the points on a graph and trace the

smooth curve passing through all these points. this line shows the profile of the road center along

its length.


44/60

PAGE No.

OBSERVATION TABLE for Rise and Fall method:-

STAT

IONDistance

B.S. I.S. F.S. RISE FALL R.L.'s RemLeft Center Right

SUMBS FS RISE FALL

ARTHEMATIC CHECK:

BSFS = RISEFALL = Last RL- First RL


45/60

PAGE No..

SAMPLE CALCULATION:


46/60

PAGE No.

CROSS SECTION AT CHAINAGE

CROSS SECTION AT CHAINAGE

RESULT:

The cross section of road for Chainage .. meters is plotted.


47/60

PAGE No..

DIAGRAM OF MECHANICAL PLANIMETER


48/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT No 8

TITLE: MEASUREMENT OF THE AREA BY MECHANICAL PLANIMETER

AIM: To measure the area of irregular figure by mechanical planimeter.

INSTRUMENTS: Mechanical planimeter.

THEORY:

1) The planimeter is used to find out the area of irregular figure.2) It is consist of anchor arm, tracing arm, and drum and disk arrangement for taking the

readings.

3) The anchor point is provided with the weight to fix the instrument on the board.4) The readings up to the four digits can be taken in which the units being read on the

disk, the tenths and hundredths on the drum, and the thousandths on the vernier.

5) In addition to know the number of the times the zero of the disc has crossed the index.6) To find out the area of the irregular figure anchor point is either fixed inside the figure or

outside the figure.

7) If the anchor point is inside the figure then the value of the constant C is considered asper the model of the instrument which is provided by the manufacturer.

8) If the anchor point is outside the figure then the value of the constant C is consideredto be zero.

FORMULA:

AREA OF FIGURE = M ( F I + 10 N + C )

M : A multiplying constant, it is equal to the area per revolution of the drum.

F : Final reading

I : Initial reading

N : Number of times the zero passes the index.

C : C is to be added when the anchor point is inside the figure.


49/60

PAGE No..


50/60


51/60

PAGE No..

DIAGRAM OF DIGITAL PLANIMETER

EXPLANATION OF FUNCTION KEYS

: POWER ON KEY

: POWER OFF KEY

: NUMERICAL KEYS

: DECIMAL POINT KEY

: START MEASURMENT

: TEMPORARILY PUT MEASURMENT ON HOLD

: ENDING MEASURMENT AND MEMORY

: CALCULATE AVERAGE VALUE

: CLEAR MEMORY AND DISPLAY

ON

OFF

0-9

.

START

HOLD

MEMO

AVER

C/AC


52/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT No 9

TITLE: MEASUREMENT OF THE AREA BY DIGITAL PLANIMETER

AIM: To measure the area of irregular figure by digital planimeter.

INSTRUMENTS: Digital planimeter.

PROCEDURE:

1) Put a mark at a point on the circumference of the drawing to be measured. This pointwill be the starting point of measurement. Set the centre of tracer lens to match the

starting point as shown in figure.

2) Presses START key. A buzzer sounds and zero is displayed. The number ofmeasurements is displayed on left edge.

3) Keeping the tracer point of tracer lens on to circumference line, trace clockwise.4) After going round, press MEMO key. Measurement is finished. A buzzer sounds, MEMO

is displayed and measured area value is displayed.

RESULT:

Measured area of given unknown figure is =


53/60

PAGE No..

EXPERIMENT No 10

TITLE: USE OF TOTAL STATION FOR VARIOUS MEASUREMENTS.


54/60

PAGE No.


55/60

PAGE No..

Figure:

Building Centre Line Plan


56/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT NO: - 11

TITLE: LAYOUT AND SETTING OUT OF A BUILDING

AIM: Setting out the boundaries of the residential building from the given plan.

APPARATUS: 1) Line dori 2) Measuring tape 3) Plan of building 4) White dust 5) Arrows

THEORY:

1)The transfer of the data from the plan to the ground that is from the paper to theground is called setting out of a building.

2) This is very important work before to start the construction of the building.3) A small mistake in to this data transfer will make the permanent error in the building.

Hence this work should be done by keeping highest accuracy.

PROCEDURE:

1) First of all clean the site area so that it is easy to setting out.

2) Mark a base line at the setback within the plot.

3) By using the principal of Pythagoras triangle of side 3units, 4units, 5units mark the

linesperpendicular to the base line at required distances.

4) As per the room size set the each corner in 90 degree.

5) Complete the setting out of the center lines.

6) Construct the dummy pillar to tie the thin nylon string (line dori) which represents the

centerline of wall on the end of each wall keeping the distance of 1.5m for working

space.

7) Use this setting out till the construction of building reach up to the first course of wal

masonry.

RESULT: Setting out of a residential building is carried out as per plan.


57/60

PAGE No..

VISITED SITE LOCATION MAP and BUILDING PLAN


58/60

PAGE No.

EXPERIMENT NO: - 12

TITLE: SITE VISIT TO STUDY VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES.

AIM: To Study a Building With Respect To Various Construction Processes, Materials & Planning

GUIDELINES:

1) Visit any construction of residential building.2) Describe the location and prepare location plan.3) Mention site condition regarding type of soil, depth of foundation.4) Measure plot area, Built Up area and find FSI.5) Enlist various building material used.6) Mention which building planning principles have been used and how.

SITE VISIT REPORT:

A) General Information1) Name of site:2) Name of owner:3) Built up area =4) Plot area=5) Floor Space Index= (Built up area / Plot area)=B) Site Conditions1) Type of soil:2) Depth of hard strata:3) Type of foundation:C) Building material used1) Cement:2) Steel:3) Brick:4) Sand:5) Wood:6) Glass:7) Tiles:D) Use of Building Planning Principles:


59/60

PAGE No..

GENERAL NOTES


60/60

Date post:	03-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	kalpanaadhi
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

Basic Civil Engineering Lab Manual by Prof.S.K.patil

Documents