Basic Classification - Zoology

Classification of OrganismsKingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

KingdomsKingdoms are divided into groups called phylaphyla PhylaPhyla are subdivided into classesclasses

ClassesClasses are subdivided into ordersorders

OrdersOrders are subdivided into familiesfamilies

FamiliesFamilies are divided into generagenera GeneraGenera contain closely related speciesspecies

Species is unique

Thus, Categories within Kingdoms

How to remember?

Ken Poured Coffee On Fred’s Good Shirt.K P C O F G S

Or how about this one . . . . . .

King Phillip Calls Opal For Great Soup.

Easier for your brain to remember one sentence that 8 individual words

•We only know a fraction of all the organisms that exist or have existed on Earth.

•Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to each species they know about whether it’s alive today or extinct.

Scientific Names

Scientific Names

The scientific name comes from one of two “dead” languages

– Latin or ancient Greek.

Why use a dead language?

They are static – don’t change

So Why Use a Scientific Name?

Maybe if we use an example using an animal you know.

Mountain Lion

Devil Cat

Ghost Cat

Screaming Cat

Puma

Florida Panther

Cougar

•There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.

•Common names vary according to region.

•Soooo……why use a scientific name?

It is unique for that organism!

Scientific Names Helps eliminate confusion as to

which organism you are dealing with.

Thus the Mountain Lion is known as . . .

Felis concolor

Scientific Names Man Homo sapiens Dog Canis familiaris White Oak Tree Quercus alba House Cat Felis cattus

The Rules of the NameThe Rules of the Name Always binominal (2 parts)Always binominal (2 parts)

– Genus and speciesGenus and species Underline or italicsUnderline or italics Capitalize genus, species lower caseCapitalize genus, species lower case

Many (maybe even most) classification systems use . . . 2 main domains

– Archaebacteria– Everything else

– Along with 5 kingdoms

The Five Kingdom System

Monera Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae

Small Things in All KingdomsBut Mostly Protists and Monera

Big Things in 3 Kingdoms

Monera Kingdom UnicellularUnicellular,microscopic

No nucleusNo nucleus – Prokaryotic

Most HeterotrophicMost Heterotrophic– Saprophytic or parasitic– BacteriaBacteria, Archaea

Some AutotrophicSome Autotrophic– Cyanobacteria

Protista Kingdom Generally single celledGenerally single celled; microscopic Nucleus presentNucleus present

– Eukaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophicAutotrophic or heterotrophic

AmoebaAmoebaEuglenaEuglena

Fungi Kingdom Generally multi celledGenerally multi celled Nucleus presentNucleus present

– Eukaryotic Made up of hyphae No root, stem and leaf HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

– Saprophytic or parasitic Sessile Sessile

– not move Reproduce by

forming spores

Plantae Kingdom Generally multi celledGenerally multi celled Nucleus presentNucleus present

– Eukaryotic AutotrophicAutotrophic

– photosynthesis SessileSessile

– Not move Can be divided into . .

– Non-flowering plants– Flowering plants

Animalia Kingdom

Generally multi celledGenerally multi celled Nucleus presentNucleus present

– Eukaryotic HeterotrophicHeterotrophic MobileMobile Divided into 9 major phylaDivided into 9 major phyla

– Need to be able to identify by sight

Animal Kingdom

We are going to focus on the Animal kingdom and learn more about -

If I have a backbone I am a:

–VERTEBRATEIf I do not have a backbone I am an:

-INVERTEBRATE

The following are the nine major you will need to know for the team test

1. Porifera (Sponges)• Don't have mouthsDon't have mouths• have tiny pores in their outer wallspores in their outer walls through which water is drawn. Cells in the sponge walls • Cells filter foodCells filter food from the waterfrom the water• Water is pumped through the body unidirectionaly

2. Coelenterata / Cnidaria• Comb jellies, corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, sea pens, and freshwater hydra.

• Radially symmetricalRadially symmetrical

• One openingOne opening

• Mouth is surrounded by tentaclesMouth is surrounded by tentacles that are used to capture food, and opens into a cavity which is used for digestion.

• Specialized stinging cellsSpecialized stinging cells

3. Platyhelmethes (Flatworm)• Long and flattened body

• Free living or parasitic

• One opening

4. Nematode Nematode (Roundworms)Long, cylindrical and bodyMost of them are parasites

5. Annelida (segmented worms)• Long and segmented body• Have chaetae for locomotion• Two openings (mouth & anus)

6. Molluscs• Snails, slugs, squid, octopi, and bivalves

• SoftSoft and un-segmented bodyun-segmented body

• Most covered by a hard shell

7. ArthropodaArthropoda

• Segmented bodySegmented body

• Have a hard exoskeletonexoskeleton and several pairs of jointed legspairs of jointed legs

• Divided into 4 classes- Crustaceans- Arachnids- Myriapods- Insects

8. Echinodermata• Starfish, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins & Sea Cucumbers

•Marine animals with 5-radia5-radial plan body

• Have external spinesexternal spines

9. Chordata

NotochordNotochord Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry All Vertebrates and a few inverts are All Vertebrates and a few inverts are

included in this group included in this group

Which kingdom does each organism belong to?

                                 

   

                                   

 

                                 

   

                                  

 

                             

   

                                 

  

                                   

 

                                 

  

                                   

 

                             

  

The Insect Orders Most diverse group of animals on the

planet– Arthropods

– 3 body segments & exoskeleton

The Insect OrdersKnow TheseKnow These

1. Orthoptera (grasshoppers & crickets) 2. Coleoptera (beetles) 3. Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) 4. Diptera (flies & mosquitoes) 5. Hymenoptera (ants, wasps & bees) 6. Hemiptera (true bugs – stink bug, boxelder) 7. Homoptera (sub order of Hemiptera) (aphids &

cicadas) 8. Odonata (dragonflies) 9. Isoptera (termites) 10. Ephemeroptera (mayflies and shadflies “short lived”) 11. Plecoptera – (stoneflies) 12. Mecoptera – (scorpionflies) 13. Trichoptera – (caddisflies)

1. Orthoptera (grasshoppers & crickets)

Two pairs of wings Hind wing is

membranous – held under the forewings

when at rest. Mandibulate mouth

parts Large compound eyes, Hind legs are elongated

for jumping.

KatydidKatydid

GrasshopperGrasshopper

CricketCricket

The Common Field The Common Field CricketCricket

Ovipositor – for laying eggsOvipositor – for laying eggs

2. Coleopetra (beetles)

Hardened shield-like forewings protect flying wings

3 segments usually easy to ID.

Lady Bug

Japanese Beetle

Giant Click Beetle

3. Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) 2 pairs of large

showy wings Caterpillar Butterflies

– daytime Moths

– mostly night

Monarch Butterfly

Sulfur or Cabbage Butterfly

Skipper Butterfly

Hawk Moth

Lunar Moth

Polyphemus Moth

Clearwing Hummingbird Moth

4. Diptera (flies & mosquitoes) 1 pair wings Large eyes Maggot

Flesh Fly

House FlyMosquito

5. Hymenoptera (ants, wasps & bees)

2 pairs wings Narrow waist stinger

Bumble Bee

Ant

Honey BeeWasp

Paper Wasp Pest

6. Hemiptera (true bugs)

Triangular shield on back

Wings

Sting Bug Wheel Bug

7. Homoptera (aphids & cicadas)

8. Odonata (dragonflies & damselflies)

Large active hunters

2 pairs wings Fast fliers Large eyes

9. Isoptera (termites)

10. Ephemeroptera - mayflies

Insects in the order Ephemeroptera usually live in water as a nymph or larvae for a year or more and then emerge as an adult and live for a matter of hours or days

Notice the three tails on adult and nymph.

Mayflies have three and stoneflies have two.

Plecoptera – (stoneflies)

All species of Plecoptera are intolerant of water pollution and their presence in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality.

Note the two “tails” – stoneflies have two “tails” while mayflies have three

Mecoptera – (scorpionflies)

“scorpionflies” and “hanging flies”

Mecopterans are overwhelmingly predators or consumers of dead organisms

Trichoptera – (caddisflies)

The larvae of many species make protective cases of silk decorated with gravel, sand, twigs or other debris. The name "Trichoptera" comes from Greek: θρίξ (thrix, "hair") + πτερόν (pteron, "wing").