Basic Concept of Basic Science for Nursing

8/2/2019 Basic Concept of Basic Science for Nursing

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Bioscience for Nursing II:An introduction

Basic Science and Fundamental of Nursing Group

Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia

2011


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Visi Prodi S1 Ilmu Keperawatan

Tahun 2013 menjadi pusat unggulan

pendidikan keperawatan professionalberbasis riset yang unggul dalam

IPTEK keperawatan yang peka budaya

sesuai kebutuhan kesehatanmasyarakat nasional dan internasional.


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Misi Prodi S1 Kep

1. Menyiapkan peserta didik menjadi sarjanakeperawatan yang mampu bersaing secaranasionaldan internasional;

2. Menggunakan hasil-hasil riset dalamkegiatan pendidikan keperawatan yang pekabudaya untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat;

3. Menerapkan evidence-based practicedalam bidang keperawatan.


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What we will cover today

To learn about the discipline of

Bioscience for nursing

To learn how Bioscience applies to

clinical practice


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Why should we study bioscience?The goal is also clearly to be a professional nurse:

- think rationally and scientifically

- bioscience (including pathology) is a

foundation for nursing professional science

- holistic care; illness is as a result of

abnormalities on biological (on cells,

tissue, & organ), psychological, social, &

spiritual factors.


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Component of Bioscience forNursing II

PathologyMicrobiology & Parasitology

Pharmacology


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PATHOLOGY


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What is Pathology?

Root Word:

Path(pathos) means suffering, disease

Suffix:

logy(logos) means study, science

The study of disease

The study of the functional, biochemical, and

morphological alteration in cells, tissue, and organsthat underlie disease


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DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY

Disease:1. a disorder of structure or function, especially that

produces specific clinical signs

2. any deviation from, or interruption of, the normalstructure or function of organ or one system of thebody; which may be clinical (characteristic set ofsymptoms & signs) or sub clinical and whose

etiology, pathogenesis and prognosis may be knowor unknown

(http://people.upei.ca/hanna/)


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DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY(2)

Symptom:

any indication of disease perceived

by the patient. Applicable to animal?Sign:

observed abnormality of structure or

function


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The key point of nursingscience

To prevent

To diagnose

To care

( Control)

Diseases


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The contents of pathologyv Etiology (the causes )

v Pathogenesis (mechanisms frominitiation to disease development)

v pathologic changes (structural &functional, biochemistry abnormalitiesthat are characteristic of the disease

v clinical significance (nature of the

morphologic changes & theirdistribution in organs/tissues influencenormal function and determine theclinical signs, course, and prognosis ofthe disease)


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1. Causes of disease

Identification of the causative factors that initiate thedisease process.

1). Genetic factors2). Environmental factors

Although the causes of disease are divided into above two main

groups, but both groups are interlaced in most diseases.


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2. Pathogenesis

Defining the disease mechanisms.How do the causative factors change normal physiologicalprocesses?

How do these functional changes cause changes in tissuestructure?

Most are still investigating. Some of them should be known,for instance:

Thrombosis

Myocardial infarction


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3. Pathologic changesWhat are the specific changes in function and structure that characterize each disease?

Level A.Naked eye level:

gross changes in diseased organs.

Level B.Light microscopic level:

in histological and cytological level.

Level C.Electron-microscopic(EM) level:

in the ultrastructure (cellular organelles).

Level D.Molecular level:

inspect aberrant in DNA, RNA, and protein.


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4. Manifestations

The functional consequences of the morphologic changes.

Can these changes from normal be detected by clinical tests such asexamination of the blood or urine?

Can the structural changes be identified by techniques such as x-ray,ultrasound, nuclear medicine, or examination of tissue samples (biopsies)?

What clinical signs and symptoms are produced by the disease process?

How does the disease process produce these signs and symptoms?


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5. Progress and sequels

Progress

simple intricate

short-term long-term

Sequels

healing

un-healing: delay & complications

spread even death


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CLINICAL TASKS

In clinical practice, the objective of the study of diseasehas several purposes:

Diagnosis: to determine the nature of the disease processand its causation, i.e. to establish a diagnosis if possible.

Intervention: To monitor the extent and progress of thedisease and provide an indication of prognosis. Caring ofthe patient's problem is very often based on thisinformation.

Prevention: To use knowledge of the mechanisms ofdisease to prevent disease in individuals or populations ofpeople or animals.


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The classification ofpathology

General pathology: the study of basic reactions ofcells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underliediseases

i.e. injury, repair, inflammation, neoplasia.

Systemic pathology: the study of the specificresponse of specialized organs and tissues to more orless well defined stimuli

i.e. cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases,endocrine diseases, etc.


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Diseases-->Pathology--> Nursing

Practice

Variations ofstructurefunctionoutsidenormal range

(1) Causes (etiology)(2) Mechanisms (Pathogenesis)(3) Pathological changes(4) Manifestations(5) Progress and sequels

Diagnosing

Caring/intervention

Preventing


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The location and importance ofbioscience in nursing education

Pathology is a bridge between basic science andclinical nursing. All of the nursing students haveto stride over the bridge!


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Selamat Belajar!!

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Basic Concept of Basic Science for Nursing

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