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LECTURER: MR. BRUCE LEE LOO GIAP SHENG KIEW WEE KEE DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT HO LEON
NG YOU SHENG CHRISTIODY TEO KEAN HUI
Building Construction (ARC 1523) Project 1 : Integrated Construction Detailing and Drawings
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Introduction of site
2.0 Site and Safety
2.1 Plants and Machinery
3.0 External Work
3.1 Setting out and Earth work
4.0 Foundation
4.1 Foundation type and construction process (from site visit)
4.2 Foundation type and construction process (from reference)
5.0 Superstructure (from site visit and reference)
5.1 Beam and Column
5.2 Slab
5.3 Wall
5.4 Staircase
6.0 Opening
6.1 Window
6.2 Door
7.0 Roof
7.1 Roof type and construction process (from site visit)
7.2 Roof type and construction process (from reference)
8.0 Summary
9.0 Reference
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
1
2-4
5-6
7-12
13-19
20-23
24-26
27-34
35-39
40-42
43-47
48-53
54
55-56
INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE
1.1 Introduction To The Site
SITE A
Location : Lot 37340, Bandar Mahkota Cheras, Mukim Cheras, Daerah
Hulu Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Date of Approval : 1st October 2011
Owner : Mr. Loo Kok Jiang & Ms. Low Lee Siang
Architect : Architectonic Design
Contractor : Advance Contech Sdn. Bhd.
House Type : 3 Storey Bungalow
SITE B2
Location : Bandar Mahkota Cheras, Mukim Cheras, Daerah Hulu
Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
House Type : 3 Storey Terrace House
SITE B
SITE A
1
2.0 Site and safety Safety signs that commonly found in construction site.
Dress code
Closed toe shoes only. Work boots are preferred but thick-soled tennis shoes are allowed.
Due to the nature of the construction work involved, long pants are preferred. However, shorts are permitted, but
cannot be shorter than mid-thigh. No overly baggy pants should be worn.
Shirts are required at all times. No tank tops, tube tops, spaghetti string tops, or halter tops are allowed. All
undergarments must be covered.
Protective glasses are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers. A
worker must wear protective glasses any time he or she is operating a power tool or when instructed by a Habitat
construction site crew chief or safety officer.
Dust mask are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers installing
insulation, sanding, or when instructed by a Habitat construction site crew chief or safety officer.
Ear plugs are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers using a power
tool or when instructed by a Habitat construction site crew chief or safety officer
Prepared By: TEO KEAN HUI
SITE AND SAFETY 2
2.0 Site and safety
Worker safety series
Safety nets must be used by every construction which is more than one floor to prevent thing falling down and hit people below it.
Scaffolding must be used for every construction site for many purposes such as plastering, painting and so on. It must be equip
properly and strong enough to prevent collapse.
Personal fall arrest systems must be used on every worker that work on the high ground so that he/she can be saved from falling
to the ground.
Ladder must be checked and ensure that is save before using it to avoid anything that is unpleasant happened. Besides, ladders
are required to place at the place that needed so that workers can use it all the time when they need it.
First aid kits are important for every construction site and it must be placed in spot that easily seen so that everyone can find and
use it when needed.
Fire extinguisher must be place in each corner of construction site in case any fire or burning happened can be put out.
Water storage tanks that store clean water is important as a source of drinking water for worker.
Portable toilet must be installed in construction site so that business can be done in a proper place for everyone in construction
site.
Prepared By: TEO KEAN HUI
Scaffolding
Personal fall arrest system
Safety nets
Ladder Fire extinguisher Water storage tank
Portable toilet
SITE AND SAFETY 3
2.0 Site and safety
Electrical equipment
An electrical equipment must be used according to propel instruction and sequences. All the workers are advice to go for training and instruction should be done by a qualified
person but not do-it-yourself. Workers are advice to operate any electrical with the presence of instructor until the instructor satisfies with workers way of operating electrical
equipment in proper way.
Clean the electrical equipment daily and it should be checked for defective switches, cords, plugs, and proper grounding to avoid any accident happen.
Any electrical equipment that has problem must be report to the Site Safety Officer so that it can be repair or replace.
To avoid from electric shock,
A proper and licenced plug must be used on all the electrical equipment.
Extension wire that used must not have frayed insulation and should not simply wrap it with tapes but to change it or repair it by qualified person.
All the lights used in construction site must equip with the nonconductive guard.
Attitude
Think before you do your work or task.
Ask a Construction Crew Chief or Safety Officer for assistance if you are uncertain about how to do a task or how to operate a power tool.
Concentrate on your task and eliminate distractions.
Know the location of the first-aid kit and how to get emergency help.
Inspect all tools on a daily basis including power tools, hand tools, ladders, and scaffolding.
Advise a Construction Crew Chief or Safety Officer immediately of any unsafe condition or hazard.
The worker get the right to rest to rest 30 minutes for each 3 hours.
Prepared By: TEO KEAN HUI
SITE AND SAFETY 4
PLANTS AND MACHINERY
2.1 Plants and machinery Backhoe loader, digger, JCB
A big bucket on the front and a small bucker at the back.
Commonly used in urban engineering and small construction projects.
Light transportation of building materials.
Digging holes, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads.
The buckets attach on it can be remove and replace with another machine to perform other task such as
pneumatic.
Truck, tipper
Mainly function as vehicle that carries sand and stones for construction site.
In Malaysia, the called it lori hantu. The bucket behind it can be change to become other useful vehicle in construction site such as transit mixer
and many more.
Telescoping boom truck mounted mobile crane
Cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers.
There are also hydraulic-powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as self-
propelled models.
Mainly used as a machine to carry different types of load such as steel bars, concrete by using concrete
pouring bucket with little or no setup or assembly.
Transit Mixers
A machine that that used to combines cement, aggregate and water to form concrete in big amount.
Vehicle that carries a big revolving drum to mix the components.
Normally concrete are pour into concrete pouring bucket from transit mixer to use.
Gets cement mixing materials from cement plants.
Plate compactor
Used to compact soil or road surface.
Only for small scale project.
Compacted soil can free from shifts and settles that cause by the exposure to water, freezing and thawing
cycles thus pressure from above due to vehicles or foot traffic that can lead to unstable and uneven surface.
Prepared By: TEO KEAN HUI 5
2.1 Plants and machinery Concrete mixer A machine that that used to combines cement, aggregate and water to form concrete in small amount. Uses a revolving drum to mix the components Concrete pouring bucket Work together with Telescoping boom truck mounted mobile crane to carry concrete from transit mixer. Operate manually by worker. Pneumatic Pavement Breakers A tool that used commonly to break down solid such as stones, harden concrete and bricks. Uses the vibrating system to break down the particle of solid things. Power generator Function as a machine to generate power for other machine that not so big by using fuel. Bar bending machine This machine used to shape steel bar for reinforcement of the buildings parts such as piles and wall. Normally uses power generator to operate. Light lifting machine Used to carry limited amount of load in construction site. Operate physically and manually. Loader Digging holes, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads. Commonly used in urban engineering. Only one bucket at the front.
Prepared By: TEO KEAN HUI
PLANTS AND MACHINERY 6
EXTERNAL WORK
3.1 Fencing
Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE
Galvanized Chain-Link Fence
(used in construction)
Introduction to Chain-Link Fence
A chain-link fence (also referred to as wire netting, wire-mesh fence, chain-wire fence, cyclone fence,
hurricane fence, or diamond-mesh fence) is a type of woven fence usually made from galvanized or
LLDPE-coated steel wire. The wires run vertically and are bent into a zig-zag pattern so that each "zig"
hooks with the wire immediately on one side and each "zag" with the wire immediately on the other.
This forms the characteristic diamond pattern seen in this type of fence.
Types of Link
Knuckle - Knuckle
The wire is knuckled at both ends & is
abbrievated as KK
Knuckle - Barbed
The wire is knuckled at the bottom &
twisted into a barbed selvedge at
the top & is abbrievated as KB
Barbed - Barbed
The wire is twisted into a
barbed selvedge at both
ends & is abbrievated as
BB
7
EXTERNAL WORK
3.1 Fencing
Galvanized Chain-Link Fence
(used in construction)
Terminal
Post Cap
Rail End Band Tension
Band
Terminal
Post
Fence Tie Top Rail
Line
Post
Bottom
Tension Wire
Gate Fork
Latch
Gate Post
Hinge Gate Frame
Hinge
Chain-Link Fence & Gate
(Parts & Lists)
Examples of Chain-Link Fence at Construction Site
Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE 8
EXTERNAL WORK
3.2 Setting Out
Setting Out Building Outline (Process)
1. Set out the building line
Centre of the road
Peg
Building Line
Kerb Peg
Boundary Distance determined
by the authority
2. Set out the base (frontage line)
Centre of the road
Kerb
Building Line
Frontage Line
A B
First corner peg set to the distance
"D" from the boundary
D
Second peg set the distance of the
width of the building to determine
the frontage line Boundary
3. Set out the first right
angle to the frontage line
B A Frontage Line
90
Squared Line
C
Peg set well outside the
proposed building's position
4. Set out the second right
angle to the frontage line
Frontage Line B A
90
Squared Line
C D
Peg set well outside the
proposed building's position
Distance set from peg C to
ped D is to be the same as
for A - B; this will ensure
that the lines are parallel
5. Set out the final (Back) line
B A Frontage Line
C D
Peg set well outside the
proposed building's position
E F G H
Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE 9
EXTERNAL WORK
3.2 Setting Out
Setting Trenches & Profiles
Typical Trenches Layout
Foundation & Trench
Profile Boards
Wall
Typical Profile Boards
Painted Band
Saw Cuts
50 X 50 Posts
150 X 38
Crossboard
Concrete Strip
Foundation
Trench width markd
with a line/ dots of
dry lime powder for
hand excavation Centre line of trench
marked with dry
lime powder for
machin e
excavationusing
trench width bucket
Profile Boards Cords between
Profiles
When the building has been set outand proved by checking the diagonals,
profiles can be erected to enable the corner points to be easily located after
the trenches had been excavated:
The prole is marked with the wall position by saw cut or nail.
This is particularly
important when the
excavation is to be
carried out by
means of a
mechanical digger.
Positioning of Profiles
Proles must be positioned well away from the proposed excavations to allow an adequate working space.
Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE 10
EXTERNAL WORK
3.2 Setting Out
Setting Profiles Level
Level is transferred from
datum to corner peg
Corner profile set to the
required finished floor level
Temporary datum mark is
protected with concrete
Boning Rods
Boning Rod Line of Sight
Line of Excevation/ Depth Required Fixed Level Fixed Level
Site Datum 1 3 2
When setting up profiles, it is essential that they are as level as possible.
This ensures that lines cross very closely at intersections Avoids inaccuracies when re-measuring walls and diagonals before commencing the brickwork.
The pro le can be levelled using an optical or laser level, and is most conveniently levelled to the DPC level of the
proposed building.
Function:
Used to transfer levels between two known points.
Speed up the transference of levels. Eye sight is used instead of a spirit level.
A simple device used to quickly position levelling
pegs.
Consists of two pieces of timber nailed together at right
angles
Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE 11
EXTERNAL WORK
3.3 Earthwork
Types of Earthworks
Earthworks can be calssified based on the tyoe of excavated material:
Topsoil Excavation:
Removal of the exposed layer
of the earths surface, including vegetation. Since the
topsoil, or mantle soil,
supports growth of trees and
other vegetation, this layer
contains more moisture than
that underneath.
Earth Excavation:
Removal of the layer of soil
immediately under the topsoil
and on top of rock. Used to
construct embankments and
foundations, earth usually is
easy to move with scrapers or
other types of earthmoving
equipment.
Rock Excavation:
Muck Excavation:
Removal of a formation that
cannot be excavated
without drilling and blasting.
Any boulder larger than 12 yd3 generally is classified
as rock.
Removal of material that
contains an excessive amount
of water and undesirable soil.
Its consistency is determined
by the percentage of water
contained. Because of lack of
stability under load, muck
seldom can be used in an
embankment.
Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE 12
FOUNDATION
4.1 Introduction to Foundation
Prepared By: CHRISTIODY
Foundation is the lowest part of the building. The
first function is to support the building and
anchor the superstructure above and transmit its
loads safely into the earth.
Foundation system must anchor the
superstructure to prevent the wind- induced
sliding, uplift and overturning withstands the
sudden ground movements of an earthquake
then resist the pressure imposed by the
surrounding soil mass and ground water.
As the building is constructed, some settlement
is to be expected as the load on the foundation
increases and causes a reduction in the volume
of soil voids containing air or water
Differential settlement
Proper designed construct foundation
Substructure
Anchorage to
resist sliding,
uplift and
overturning
Foundation
13
FOUNDATION
4.1 Types of Foundation systems
Prepared By: CHRISTIODY
Foundation have a lot of combination
of bearing walls, columns and piers to
transmit building loads directly to the
earth.
There are some structural elements
can form various types of
substructures, such as, basement
wholly , crawl spaces, concrete slabs
on grade and a grid of independent.
Two types of foundation systems are
Shallow foundation and deep
foundation.
Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
Shallow Foundation
Basement
wholly
Crawl
spaces
Concrete slabs
on grade
A grid of
independent
14
FOUNDATION
4.2 Foundation Site Process
Prepared By: CHRISTIODY
1
2
3 4
5 1. Back holder excavating the soil to create the mold for foundation.
2. The foundation mold has been applied and
ready for pouring cement.
3. Add the steel bar inside the mold that going to
pour by cement to stronger the foundation.
4. Cement Mixer car start pouring cement and the
worker help to spruce up the cement so that the
cement is poured by cement mixer car does not
spill out of the mold.
5. Concrete Foundation wall.
15
FOUNDATION
4.3 Foundation General Process (Underpinning and Footings)
Prepared By: CHRISTIODY
Underpinning means the process of rebuilding the
foundation of an existing building .
Alternative to extend a new foundation wall and placing
new footing
Raft
Foundation
Grid of Ribs
Temporary support while
an existing foundation is
repaired
Support/alternative to
extend new foundation
16
FOUNDATION
4.3 Foundation General Process (Footings)
Prepared By: CHRISTIODY
Isolated Footings Continuous Footing
A cantilever Footings Combined Footings
Column Footings
Wood Post Steel Column
Reinforced Concrete Column
Verticcal reinforcement
Lateral
reinforcement
Steel dowels
Steel base plate
A variety of proprietary
bases are available
17
FOUNDATION
4.3 Foundation General Process ( Foundation walls )
Prepared By: CHRISTIODY
Foundation wall Concrete Foundation Wall Concrete Masonry Foundation
Foundation wall
18
FOUNDATION
4.3 Foundation General process ( Foundation on sloping Ground and Pole foundation)
Prepared By: CHRISTIODY
Pole Foundation means an elevate timber structures
above the ground plane, require minimal excavation
and preserve the natural features and existing drainage
patterns of site.
Foundation on sloping Ground can cause overlapping
soil stress and ground surface should not encroach on
bearing prism of soil rock
Spaced wood beams
(solid)
Poles
19
5.1 Column & Beam
Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Column
A supporting pillar consisting of a base, a shaft and a capital.
A structural element that transmits, through compression , the weight of the
structure above to other structure below.
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper
parts of walls or ceilings.
Types of Column
In ancient, there are three types of columns been used to construct the support of the
building in Greek and Roman. They are Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian.
Nowadays, to construct columns, there are few materials been used such as reinforced
concrete, steel bar and etc.
Materials Used to Construct Column and Beam
on Site
Reinforced concrete- cement and steel bar
Beam
A structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
bending.
20
5.1 Column & Beam
000
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2
Diagram 1.3
Diagram 1.1 : Diagram shows that
the steel bar was tied
to the foundations rebar to construct
columns.
Diagram 1.2 : Wooden panels were
set up around the steel
bars.
Diagram 1.3 : 1. Wooden panels
were set up to form
the shape of the
columns.
2. Cement is poured
into the set up wooden panels to
form columns.
3. Remove the wooden
panels after the
cement form
concrete shape and
it takes time around
two weeks.
4. Concrete columns
were completely dry
up in 28 days in
normal weather
without raining.
Step to Construct Column
Rebar
Wooden
panel
Cement
1 2 3 4
Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT 21
5.1 Column & Beam
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Cement
Step to Construct Column
Diagram 1.4
Diagram 1.4 : 1. Wooden panels are
set-up as the
formwork to construct
the reinforced
concrete beam.
2. Cement is poured
into the formwork to
form concrete beam.
3. Wooden formwork are
removed after 28 days
when it dry.
1 2 3
Pictures shown on the left are the
beams of the site we visited.
Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT 22
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 Column & Beam Advantage of Reinforced Concrete Column: It has a relatively high compressive strength;
It has better resistance to fire than steel;
It has a long service life with low maintenance cost; In some types
of structures, such as dams, piers, and footings, it is the most
economical structural material;
It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in
precast structural components. It yields rigid members with
minimum apparent deflection.
Disadvantage of Reinforced Concrete Column:
It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its compressive
strength;
It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which affect the final
strength of concrete;
The cost of the forms used to cast of concrete placed in the forms;
It has a low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio
is about 1:10, depending on materials), which leads to large
sections in columns of multistory buildings;
Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application
of live loads.
Pictures shot during site visit
Advantage and Disadvantage of Reinforced Concrete Column
Other Basic Structural of Column and Beam
1. I Beam
2. Steel C Channel 3. Hollow section
1. 2 3.
Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT 23
5.2 Slab
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Slab
A common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, are most
often used to construct floors and ceilings , while
thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.
Concrete Slab
Gravel
Concrete
Ground Slab
Two way
Concrete Ceiling
Slab
Materials Used to Construct Slab on Site
Reinforced concrete- cement and steel bar
Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT 24
5.2 Slab
SUPERSTRUCTURE
1 2
3 4
Rebar
Cement
Wooden
panel
Diagram 1.5 : 1. Wooden panels were set
up to form the shape of
the slab. Besides that,
the rebar is placed on the
gravel to withstand more
force.
2. Cement is poured into the
wooden formwork to form
reinforced concrete slab.
3. Remove the wooden
panels after the cement
form slab shape and it
takes time around two
weeks.
4. Reinforced concrete slab
is totally dried up around
28 days.
Step to Construct Column
Wooden
panel
Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT 25
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.2 Slab
Advantage of Reinforced Concrete :
Reduced project time & Improved Cash Flow
Shorter start to finish time
Reason of concrete crack: Shrinkage, Rapid Drying of the
concrete, Improper strength concrete
poured on the job.
Prevent slab from crack : Know the allowable water for the mix the
contractor is pouring- or be very sure you
have chosen a reputable contractor who will
make sure the proper mix is poured. It is
more expensive to do it right- it simply takes
more manpower to pour stiffer mixes.
Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT 26
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.3 Wall
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG
A wall is a vertical structure, usually solid, that defines and sometimes
protects an area. Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and
supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into sections,
or protects or delineates a space in the open air.
Constructing a concrete brick wall:-
Brickwork bond used on site:
Stretcher bond (Running bond)
Types of bricks used on site:-
Clay brick and Cement sand brick
Features:-
Most common bond Easy to build Produces very little waste Use for interior setting because of its thin wall
Step 1: Foundation
Pour a concrete foundation if you do not have an existing slab, brick
ledge, or footing to work on.
Concrete footing
Soil
Wood board
(formwork)
Aggregate
s
Perspective
view
27
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.3 Wall
Step 2: Measure the brick
Step 5: Next level brick
Always start at each end then fill in the middle till you get to your destined
height. Remember to adjust your hook line every level you goes.
For example if your brick is 9 5/8 inches long, then you may want to
mark 10 inches intervals for each brick. The remaining 3/8 inch gap
you can fill them with mortar.
Start by putting a brick down at each end of where you want the wall to
go. Measure the size of your brick because bricks come in variety of
sizes; long, short, wide, skinny, etc.
get the length of your wall
9 5/8 3/8
10
Set up the line Fill the middle
Step 3: Set up the line
Hook a line at both ends so it lines up with the very top of the two bricks.
Then fill up the middle.
Keep the height of all bricks the same by using a spirit level or
carpenters level. Check them once in a while to be safe.
Spirit level
Step 4: Consistency
Half size brick
Full size brick
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG 28
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.3 Wall
Step 6: Wiring and piping
After constructing the brick till the top, you have to get all kinds of piping ready
depending on what you need: wire, air conditioner, water and etc. Then, you
need to craft a cylindrical-like space on the wall vertically or horizontally
depending on your piping system. Then, you can start setting up your pipes.
Step 7: Laying the mortar
Before you start to lay the mortar, construct a small flat-topped pyramid with mortar
at every corner and side end (make sure they are all same height). This method is
use to make sure the mortar is laid perpendicularly.
After the flat-topped pyramid mortar has dried, you can now finish off by laying the
rest mortar on the wall.
Constructing a drywall partition wall
Advantages:-
Easy and fast installation Fire resistant (contains gypsum) Superior in terms of insulation Environmental-friendly
Step 1: Mark and record
Determine where you want to place your partition wall and on the
spot, put a mark on the ceiling. From the mark, drop a plumb bob
and mark the floor. Repeat it on the other side where the partition
wall going to end.
Plumb bob Flat-topped pyramid
mortar
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG
Cylindrical-like space
for pipes
29
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.3 Wall
Step 2: Measure and cut
Prepare studwork timber to make the frame of the partition wall. Using
measuring tape, measure and dimension the size of the wall you want it to
be. Note that the distance between every stud has to be in 16 inches
because:-
The standard dimension of heat and sound insulations are 16 inches as it could fit exactly into it.
By the time it comes to time, you might want to put things outside the plasterboards such as baseboard, crown mold, cabinets and etc. It is
good to know where the studs are for nailing and screwing purposes.
Cut the studwork timbers using a saw into the dimension (according to the
size of your wall) shown below:-
Step 3: Assembling the pieces
Lay the cut studwork timber on the floor first then proceed by joining
them together. Drive two 16d nails into each edge at 45 degree angle.
This method is to make sure the studworks are firmly attached.
Step 4: Screw the plasterboards
Cut the plasterboard of that size of the outer frame. Screw the
plasterboard in, at only one side of the frame.
Top plate
Studs
Noggings
Base plate
16
Maximum
1350 mm
Nail at 45 degree
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG 30
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.3 Wall
Step 5: Install insulations
Leave the other side of the wall empty so that you can place the
insulation in. Make sure you install the right type of insulation
depending on what you need: heat, sound, or both. Measure and
cut the insulation into the right size so that it fits exactly.
Step 6: Finish the plasterboards
After inserting all the insulations you want, cover them with plasterboards.
Again, cut the plasterboard of that size of the outer frame and screw the
plasterboard in.
Pre-cast wall
Advantages:-
Rapid construction Good quality control Minimal wastage
Disadvantages:-
Limited building design flexibility Skilled workmanship is required on the site Connections are difficult
Step 1: Plotting the wall element
Mark the outline of the wall with the dimensions you want.
Step 2: Moulding and placing electric/water installations
Place the electric and water pipes on the mark (depending on what you
need).
Heat/sound
insulation
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG 31
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.3 Wall
Step 4: Concrete filling
Pour mortar onto the iron bar.
Step 3: Inserting reinforcement (ironing)
Insert iron bars within the outline of the wall.
Step 5: Vibration and rotation (double wall formation)
After the mortar has dried, rotate the dried mortar and stack it with
another prepared wall.
Step 6: Storing the walls
Hook the wall off to a side as it is available to be cast to
construction
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG 32
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.3 Wall
Reinforced concrete wall
Features:-
Higher relative strength Used in skyscrapers and bridges Have expansion joints to prevent cracking in response to
changes of temperature
Step 1: Setting steel and inspection
Step 3: Removing forms
Step 2: Formwork and mortar
Set up the skeletal structure with steel bars.
Set up the formwork and pour mortar into the formwork.
After the mortar has completely dried, remove the formwork.
Glass block wall
Advantages:-
Transmit light in both direction Distorting image to create privacy Resistance in heat, sound and impact Cost effectiveness (minimal maintenance)
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG 33
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.3 Wall
Step 1: Determine the number of blocks
Measure and plan your project as glass
block cannot be cut. Do not forget the
thickness of mortar joints.
Step 2: Prepare mortar
Mix an amount of glass mortar depending
on your usage.
Step 3: First row
Lay a bed of mortar and start placing the
glass blocks. The spaces between the
end of the block will be filled with
expansion strip instead of mortar due to
climate changes.
Step 4: Second row
Repeat step 3. After filling the second
row, place panel anchors on the glass
blocks and screw them into the side wall
of both ends.
Step 5: Complete wall
Continue laying the glass blocks until the
top. Remember to add panel anchors in
every two rows to increase its endurance.
Expansion strip
Panel anchors
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG 34
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.4 Staircase
Stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by
dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be
straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at
angles.
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG
Staircase terminology
35
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.4 Staircase
Step 2: Determine the foundations dimension
The dimensions of the staircases foundation are the total length of run and total width of staircase as you have measured in step 1.
Step 3: Build the form
Use either plywood or framing lumber to build the form. Cut the
side forms according to the tread and riser calculations.
Constructing a stairs
Step 1: Calculate the stairs dimension
Standard measurement of:
Rise (7 inches) Tread (11 inches)
Measure the height of one floor to the other. (to get the total number of rise)
Divide the height with 7.25 inches to see how many steps you will need.
Measure the horizontal distance the staircase will span (total run) and measure the
width of staircase from left to right (total staircase width).
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG
Vertical face
Rise
Run
Total rise
Total run
36
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.4 Staircase
Step 6: Add finishing touches
Step 7: Leave and wait
Use a simple wood float to clean and smooth the surface of
the mortars.
Spray the stairs with curing compound and cover it with
burlap. After a week, you can remove the form lumber.
Step 5: Pour the mortar
Step 4: Prepare the concrete
You might need a portable cement mixer to produce sufficient
and well-mixed mortar.
Start at the bottom; pour one step at a time. Make sure the mortars are
spread evenly. Use a spade to remove the trapped air bubbles.
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG
Filled with mortar
Wood float
37
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.4 Staircase
Constructing timber staircase
Step 1: Calculate rise and run
Find the total length of your rise and run. Also, measure the
width of your staircase. Divide your total rise by 7 inches then
you will get your number of steps.
Step 2: Cutting stringers
Mark the tread notches using a framing square
fitted with stair gauges. Cut the notches using a
circular saw. Screw each stringer to the deck-frame
blocking, which was spaced 16 in. on centre. With
the stringers in place, check that each step is level,
and use a block plane to shave down high spots
Step 3: Install treads and risers
Cut the risers to the length and fasten
them to the stringers. Cut the risers and
treads to overhang the outer stringer by
1 . Leaving 1 space is for nailing purposes.
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG
The volume of the stairs
Stringers
38
SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.4 Staircase
Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG
Types of staircase
Straight staircase
Circular staircase
Quarter landing staircase
Spiral staircase
Dog-legged or half landing staircase
Winder staircase
39
OPENING
6.1 Window
Prepared By: HO LEON
Window Introduction
There are varies types and sizes of windows, the choices of windows not only affect the physical look of a building, but also the natural lighting, ventilation,
potential view and interior spaces spatial quality of a building. Throughout the site visits, I found out there are several types of windows used in the construction project which provide a good spatial quality.
Basic Window Elements
Window frame
In our visited site, the window
frame used is all metal window
frames .
Jamb
Head
Sill
Rough opening
Exterior casing
Not necessary
used, normally is
drip cap or head
casing.
Casing trim/ Architrave
Sash and Glazing
Window Operation in our visited site
Fixed window
0% ventilation Sliding window
50% ventilation
40
OPENING
Installation methods of aluminium window frame
1. Cast-in window System
2. Sub frame System
3. Lug System
Cast-in window System
Throughout the fabrication and construction
process, the window frame must be protected.
Window frame setting on the precast wall panel
casting mould.
Sub frame system
1. Position the sub frame using
aluminium plate and ride up
blocks.
Ride up block
Aluminium plate
Ride up block
Aluminium plate
Sub frame
2. Check the alignment of the plumb and the
sub frame 3. Anchor the sub frame to the rough
opening.
4. Seal the anchor heads and the joints with the
wall with protection tape on the frame.
Wood
stiffener
Protection
tape
Joint
with wall
Anchor
head
5. Placing main frame on to the sub
frame. Millet is use to knock the
finishing trim.
Millet
Prepared By: HO LEON
6.1 Window
41
OPENING
Lug system
This is the window frame installation method used
in the site we visited. This installation method
straight away use main frame but no sub frame.
V-shaped timber
wedge
Metal straps
Aluminium
frame
1. Clean and wet the
rough opening.
2. Use straps and V-shaped
timber wedge to position the
frame.
Some use
broken ceramic
tiles to position
Metal
straps
Aluminium
frame Mortar plastering
after setting the
frame.
3. Lastly, check the
alignment of the frame with
the wall and prepare to
anchor the straps and start
plastering.
Level peg
Plaster finished
level
Prepared By: HO LEON
6.1 Window
42
OPENING
6.2 Door
Door Introduction
Doors and doorways always provide access from the outside into the interior of a building as well as passage between interior
space. Exterior doors provide weathertight seal and maintain the thermal insulation value. Whereas interior doors should offer
visual and acoustical privacy to the owner.
Basic Doorframe Elements
Door types
In the construction we visited, the client had
demanded to use both wood doors and
metal doors.
Head
Jamb
Stop
Act a stop when the door
closes.
Rough opening
A wall opening to fit a
doorframe.
Casing/ Architrave
A trim which provide finishing to
the joint between door frame and
rough opening
Threshold
Sill of doorway. Providing weather
protection and covers joints of two
flooring materials. It can be replaced
by door mat
Door hardware
Prepared By: HO LEON 43
OPENING
In terms of door operation, the
construction we visited had planned to
use three types of it. Which are the
swinging, surface sliding and
bypass sliding and the folding
doors.
Swinging Surface sliding
Bypass sliding Folding
The client of this construction project demanded wood panel door with sash
to be the entrance door. Wood panel door with sash is one of the design of
wood rail and stile doors.
Possible design of the wood panel door with sash
to be used.
Basic Panel Door Design
Head
Top rail
Frieze rail
Lock rail
Panel
Bottom rail
Frame
Style
Prepared By: HO LEON
6.2 Door
44
OPENING
Installation methods of Wooden Door frame
There are three methods I had researched on the wooden doorframe
installation. Which are:
1. Traditional System
2. Rebated and lift-up door system
3. Sub frame System
Traditional System
The installation of doorframe was done before the
plastering the wall or installing the wall tiles.
Door frame may shrink, damaged or stained due to
movement, tension, moisture condition and temperature
during plastering.
Architrave
Main frame
Wall
Door panel
Traditional System
Rebated and lift-up door system
It provide a gap between door and frame. It cause a better acoustic effect. Make
user easier to uplift door panel with the use of lift up hinges.
Architrave
Main frame
Sub frame
Lift up hinge
Door panel
Rebated and lift-up door
System
Sub frame system
This is the method they used during the installation of wooden door frame during
our site visit.
Door panel
Architrave
Sub frame
Main frame
Wall
Sub frame System
Prepared By: HO LEON
6.2 Door
45
OPENING
Sub frame system process
1. Verify and confirm the door location and the
dimension of the rough opening.
2. Measure the sub frame too make sure the
dimension to be more accurate. 3. Ensure proper alignment between sub frame
and the setting out line.
Plumb bob
To ensure the
doorframe is
straight
Measuring
tape
Metal
Straps
4. After aligned the frame, position the frame
using metal straps. 5. Grout the gap between the sub
frame and the rough opening
6. Measure the dimension of sub
frame in order to install the main
doorframe.
Prepared By: HO LEON
6.2 Door
46
OPENING
7. Apply bonding agent on the main frame and the
sub frame. Apply silicon on the edges of the frame
too.
Silicon
To resist water
8. Install the main frame to the sub
frame using wave nails.
Cylinder Lock Lever Handles
Mortise Lock
9. Install the door panel, hinges and the door
hardwares which use in our visited site.
10. Clean the unwanted material around the architrave area. Mark
down the angle and the distance alignment between the architrave and
the main door frame.
11. Saw the marked architrave and apply
bonding agent.
12. Lastly, hit the nail slant to
achieve stable structure.
Prepared By: HO LEON
6.2 Door
47
ROOF
7.0 Roof
Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG
Roofing Introduction
A roof shape which has two surfaces that rise from the center to the eaves with
a valley in the center; resembles the wings of a butterfly.
The butterfly roof design is not only meant for the good looks but also have
some advantages, the interiors of the house feels very airy and fresh. It also
allows more sunlight to enter the house due to increased height of walls.
Besides, it forms a v shaped valley so the roof is capable of storing rainfall.
However, leakage problem makes the butterfly design less comfortable, it
requires a little bit extra maintenance than other roofing, which is the main
reason why butterfly roof is less popular.
Introduction to Butterfly Roof
A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the
building and its contents from the effects of weather and the invasion of
animals. In most countries, the roof protects primarily against rain, heat,
sunlight, wind, cold and snow.
48
ROOF
7.1 Butterfly Roof and Shed Roof (on site)
Modern Construction Method Step by step
Roof Truss: Sloping Top Chord
These metal trusses are pre-fabricated in a factory and
delivered to site ready for fixing, much simpler than
traditional roofing carried out entirely on site.
Roof Framing
The purpose of a roof frame is to provide a structure that spans the walls of
the building and supports the roof covering. The slope of pitch is to allow rain
water to run off and be drained away from the dwelling. The roof frame also
assists in bracing the structure from wind forces from various directions.
Install Acoustic Insulation Panel on top of Roof Framing
Roofing insulators that prevent heat flux through the roof,
they are set below water proof roofing materials.
Flashing: Install Corrugated Galvanised Steel Roofing on top of
Insulation Panel
pieces of sheet metal usually lead, attached around the joints and
angles of a roof to protect against leakage
1 2
3 4
Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG 49
ROOF
7.1 Butterfly Roof
Basic Rules and Gutter
BASIC RULES OF CONSTRUCTING BUTTERFLY ROOF
LOW END OF
BUTTERFLY
ROOF MAXIMUM 3 ABOVE
HEIGHT LIMIT
MAXIMUM 4 ABOVE
HEIGHT LIMIT
HEIGHT LIMIT
EXTERIOR WALL
CENTRAL GALVANISED GUTTER
FALLING TO RAINWATER HEAD
GUTTER BOARDS ON
FRAIMING TO FALLS BUTTERFLY ROOF GUTTER
Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG 50
ROOF
7.2 Steel Framing and Terms of Roof Truss
The roof trusses are made of C-channel steel bars
These steel bars then form roof trusses in the factory, and
the roof trusses were brought to the site, during installation,
they were connected using steel gussets.
Steel Gusset
Terms of Roof Truss Members
Web
Leg
Ret
C Channel Steel
Web Tie
Roofing Webs
Pitch Pitching Point
Top Chord Roof Batten
Fascia
Overhang
Nail Plates
Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord Tie
Overall Length
Normal Span
Ceiling Batten
Cantilever Web
Ceiling
Cantilever Overhang
Pitching Point
Steel Framing
A truss is a frame that supports loads by efficiently
transferring its forces to end supports.
Roof Truss
Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG 51
ROOF
7.2 Types of Roofs
The gable roof has two sloping sides
that meet at the top to form a gable
at each end.
It is the most common type of roof.
GABLE ROOF
The gambrel roof is the variation of a
gable roof. It has a steep slope on
two sides , a second slope begins
partway up and continues to the top.
This type of roof is commonly used
on barns.
GAMBREL ROOF
The gable roof has two sloping sides
that meet at the top to form a gable
at each end.
It is the most common type of roof.
MANSARD ROOF HIP ROOF
The hip roof slopes at all sides,
results in an even overhang all
around the building.
It is a very strong roof and is
commonly found in regions where
have severe storms.
This roof is very popular due to its
low maintenance needed.
Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG 52
ROOF
7.2 Types of Roofs
CURVED PANEL ROOF A-FRAME ROOF
FLAT ROOF SHED ROOF
Curved roof is known for their
aesthetic appeal. Other than that, it
may allow for greater indoor areas or
extra floors where height restrictions
are a concern. In addition, a curved
roof may also help to reduce
resistance to wind.
A-Frame Roof is normally used in
countries which have snowfalls, the
steep slope allows the snow slides to
the ground instead of remaining on
top. A-Frame house have limited
space and are usually built as
vacation cottages.
The flat roof is not perfectly flat, the
rafters are laid at a slight angle to
allow rain water to flow. Sheathing
and roofing are applied to the top of
the rafters.
Shed roof, also called a lean-to roof,
the shed roof is often used for an
addition to an existing building. A
shed roof is similar to a flat roof but
has more pitch.
Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG 53
8.0 Summary
Although both site A and site B are three-storeys building, but we found that the construction process of site B is much efficient. In
our opinion, site B uses more advanced machines and the land area is operated by developer. From our observation, the workers
in site B are more skilled and attentive compared to site A. The superstructure of site B can be pre-casted because it required less
design flexibility.
SITE A (Bungalow house) SITE B (Shop houses)
54
9.0 References
1. Ching, F.D.K., 2008. Building Construction Illustrated. Fourth Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Willey & Sons, Inc.
2. Allen, E. and Iano, J., 2009. Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. Fifth Edition. Hobeken, New Jersey: John
Willey & Sons, Inc.
3. Varghese, P.C., 2007. Building Construction. New Delhi: Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited.
4. Anonymous, n.y.. Design. [online] Available at: [Accessed 16 October
2013].
5. Anonymous, n.y.. Installation. [online] Available at:
[Accessed 16 October 2013].
6. Anonymous, n.y.. Installation. [online] Available at: [Accessed 16
October 2013].
7. Civil Engineering: Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://bahkalimantap.blogspot.com/2011/10/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html
8. Ching, F. K. (2010). Building Construction Illustrated. John Wiley & Sons.
9. Retrieved from http://bernardcustom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/construction-phase-cantilevered-foundation-wall-awaiting-soil-to-
protect-wall.jpg
10. Construction stages of precast wall [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jenYP9Acivg
11. How to build concrete stairs the easy way [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpdMrbRHBLU
12. How to Create and Install a Glass Block Wall : How-To : DIY Network. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/how-to-
create-and-install-a-glass-block-wall/index.html
13. How to Build Stairs - Easy Steps Building Stairs - Popular Mechanics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-
to-plans/woodworking/4224738
55
14. How To Build A Brick Wall - Channel4 - 4Homes. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.channel4.com/4homes/how-to/diy/how-to-build-a-brick-
wall
15. How to Quickly Build Small Partition Dry Wall ( Wood Framing ) Inside for Your House. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.wikihow.com/Quickly-Build-Small-Partition-Dry-Wall-%28-Wood-Framing-%29--Inside-for-Your-House
16. Homemag, NY Mag, designingyourperfecthouse.com, Sheetmoss (2010, July). staircase terminology. Retrieved from
http://www.atticmag.com/2011/06/staircase-sensibilities/
17. Types of Excavation ~ Engineers Daily. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.engineersdaily.com/2011/04/types-of-excavation.html
18. Chain Link Fence Index - Chain link fence materials and supplies, free fenceinstallation manuals, calculators, and tips. Our chain link fence
index features links tofence fittings, fabric and mesh, free fence installation manuals and material calculator. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.hooverfence.com/chain.htm
19. Excavation in Construction from Construction Knowledge.net. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.constructionknowledge.net/sitework/sitework_excavation.php
9.0 References
56