BASIC DESIGN STUDY REPORTON

THE PROJECTFOR

IMPROVEMENT OF TRUNK ROAD BETWEEN KABUL AND KANDAHAR

INAFGHANISTAN

FEBRUARY 2004

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.AND

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT CONSULTANTS,INC.

04 - 058

No.

G R 3J R

PREFACE In response to a request from the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan, the

Government of Japan decided to conduct a basic design study on the Project for Improvement of Trunk Road Between Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan and entrusted the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

JICA sent a study team to Afghanistan from February 15 to March 19, 2003 and from

June 12 to August 10, 2003. The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Transitional

Administration of Afghanistan and conducted a field study of the study area. After the team returned to Japan, further studies were made. Additional missions were sent to Afghanistan from May 24 to June 4, 2003 to discuss the interim report and from August 30 to September 11, 2003 to discuss the draft basic design. As a result, the present report was finalized.

I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the

enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned from the

Transitional Administration of Afghanistan for the close cooperation they extended to the teams.

February, 2004

Kunimitsu Yoshinaga Vice-President Japan International Cooperation Agency

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

We are pleased to submit to you the basic design study report on the Project for Improvement of Trunk Road Between Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan.

This study was conducted as a joint venture between Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. and

Construction Project Consultants, Inc. under a contract with JICA during the period from February, 2003 to February, 2004. In the study we examined the feasibility and rationale of the project with due consideration of the prevailing conditions in Afghanistan and formulated the most appropriate basic design for the project under Japan’s grant aid scheme.

We hope that this report will contribute to further promotion of the project.

February, 2004

Hiroki Shinkai Project Manager Basic Design Study Team on The Project for Improvement of Trunk Road Between Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan Joint Venture between Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. and Construction Project Consultants, Inc.

AFGHANISTAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

IRAN PAKISTAN

TAJIKISTANCHINA

Peshawar

AFGHANISTAN

Qalat

Ghazni

Kabul

Kandahar

Herat

Quetta

Islamabad

Bengali Gulf

Arabian Sea

Indian Ocean

Caspian SeaNational Capital

City, Town

International Boundary

Provincial Boundary

Covered Section of the Project

Main road

LEGEND

㎞100 1000 200

Scale　1：3,500,000

LOCATION MAP

Covered Section of the Project

N

Photo-1

Kandahar Gate

(Station 0+000 km)

Conditions of Road

(Potholes)

Conditions of Road

(Damaged Shoulders)

Conditions of Road

(Pavement Surface Vanished)

Conditions of Road

(Alligator Cracks)

Conditions of Road

(Base Course Vanished)

Photo-2

Conditions of Crossing Drainage Culvert

(Destruction of Shoulder)

Conditions of Causeway

Conditions of Bridge

(Main Girder damaged by Shells)

Temporary Rehabilitation of Existing Surface

by DBST and Seal Coat

Repair of Crossing Drainage Culverts

Repair of Shoulders

List of Figure

Figure 2.1 (1) Contents of Works of Project-I................................................................................ 4

Figure 2.1 (2) Contents of Works of Project-II .............................................................................. 5

Figure 2.2 Procedure for Project Implementation under the Road Sector Programme Grant Aid System .............................................................................. 8

Figure 2.3 Organization Chart ................................................................................................ 9

Figure 2.4 Schedule of Basic Design Study and Relationship between Study and Construction.................................................................................................. 10

Figure 3.1 Tentative Implementation Schedule................................................................... 33

Figure 4.1 Surface Condition and IRI................................................................................... 38

Figure 4.2 Methodology of Estimation of Future Traffic Volume ....................................... 40

Figure 4.3 AASHTO Procedures for Pavement Design ....................................................... 49

Figure 4.4 Nomogram for Calculation of Pavement Design................................................ 50

Figure 4.5 Relationship between LL and PI......................................................................... 53

Figure 4.6 Relationship between CBR and FWD................................................................. 54

Figure 4.7 Distribution of Sub-grade CBR values by Station............................................. 54

Figure 4.8 SN for Sub-grade CBR and Design Period......................................................... 58

Figure 4.9 Typical cross sections of pavement ..................................................................... 61

Figure 4.10 Cross-section of Shoulder .................................................................................... 61

Figure 4.11 Typical Cross-section of Side Ditch..................................................................... 63

Figure 4.12 Typical Plan of Enlargement of Inlets and Outlets ........................................... 65

Figure 4.13 Typical Cross-section of Bridge at STA. 50km ................................................... 68

Figure 4.14 Tentative Implementation Schedule................................................................. 101

List of Table

Table 3.1 The damage type and its ratio on the existing pavement between 20 km to 50 km point from Kandahar ..................................................................... 12

Table 3.2 Area ratio with potholes of less than 30%.......................................................... 13

Table 3.3 The ratios of the damaged pavement of more than 30%................................... 15

Table 3.4 Proportion of Sections Requiring Differing Depths of Supplementary Material...................................................................................... 15

Table 3.5 Quality Control Plan............................................................................................ 31

Table 4.1 Comparison of Geometrical Design Standard.................................................... 34

Table 4.2 Categories of Damaged Road Conditions ........................................................... 37

Table 4.3 Results of Visual Survey—km of road in each class for each 10 km section between STA 0 and 150 km..................................................................... 38

Table 4.4 Reinstatement Methods for Damage .................................................................. 39

Table 4.5 Estimation of Daily Traffic on the Project Road ................................................ 41

Table 4.6 Travel Time between Kabul and Kandahar ....................................................... 42

Table 4.7 Estimate of Transportation Cost (USD per 500 km) ......................................... 42

Table 4.8 Estimation of the Increase rate of Traffic Volume (∆T/T) ................................. 43

Table 4.9 Estimate of Traffic Volume after the Project (base-year) .................................. 43

Table 4.10 Estimation of Annual Growth Rate of GDP (ADB)............................................ 43

Table 4.11 Setting of Traffic Growth Rate ............................................................................ 44

Table 4.12 Estimation of the Future Traffic Volume (Daily)............................................... 45

Table 4.13 Present Traffic Volumes along the Similar Highways....................................... 45

Table 4.14 Assumption of Composition of Single and Tandem Axle................................... 46

Table 4.15 Truck Factor (ESAL per vehicle) by Structural Number (SN).......................... 46

Table 4.16 Cumulative ESAL (One-way, Million) ................................................................ 46

Table 4.17 Design Period by AASHTO.................................................................................. 51

Table 4.18 Cumulative ESAL (one direction：million)........................................................ 52

Table 4.19 Test Numbers of CBR&FWD Tests ..................................................................... 52

Table 4.20 CBR Test Results of 60 km section ..................................................................... 52

Table 4.21 Unified Classification of Sub-grade Soil （Upper soil is more suitable as sub-grade） .................................................................................... 53

Table 4.22 Drainage Coefficient......................................................................................... 55

Table 4.23 Relations between Reliability Coefficients and Reliability Possibility(%).................................................................................................... 56

Table 4.24 Recommended Reliability Level R ................................................................... 56

Table 4.25 Total Standard Deviation S0............................................................................. 56

Table 4.26 Level of PSI ...................................................................................................... 56

Table 4.27 Terminal PSI .................................................................................................... 57

Table 4.28 Resilient Modulus MR and Layer Coefficient A of each Layer of Pavement.......................................................................................................... 57

Table 4.29 Calculation of Necessary Structural Number.................................................. 58

Table 4.30 Layer Coefficient of Existing Pavement........................................................... 59

Table 4.31 Necessary Structural Number SN （Upper） and Converted Thickness to Asphalt Pavement (Lower).......................................................... 59

Table 4.32 Minimum Required Thickness of each Layer (inch)........................................ 60

Table 4.33 Necessary Thickness for Asphalt Treated Base Course and Surface Course............................................................................................................... 60

Table 4.34 Applicable Pavement Thickness ...................................................................... 60

Table 4.35 Existing Cross-drainage Conditions ................................................................ 64

Table 4.36 Types of Countermeasure and it’s Number of Locations ................................. 64

Table 4.37 Conditions of Existing Causeways................................................................... 70

Table 4.38 Quality Control Plan ........................................................................................ 99

Table 4.39 Project Estimation Cost.................................................................................. 102

Table 4.40 Summary of the Detailed Work Quantities for the Project II........................ 103

AADT Annual Average Daily TrafficAASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsADB Asia Development BankADT Average Daily TrafficAMAC Afghanistan Mine Action CentreAIMS Afghanistan Information Management ServiceBS British StandardCBR California Bearing RatioDBST Double Bituminous Surface TreatmentE/N Exchange of NotesEC European CommissionEIA Environment Impact AssessmentEU European UnionESAL Equivalent Single Axle LoadFIDIC Federation Internationale Des Ingenieurs-ConseilsFWD Falling Weight DeflectometerGDP Gross Domestic ProductGNP Gross National ProductIEE Initial Environmental ExaminationIRI International Rouｇｈness IndexISAF International Security Assistance ForceJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyJICS Japan International Cooperation SystemJV Joint VentureLBG Louis　Berger　Group　Inc.NGO Non governmental　organizationMOPW Ministry of Pablic worksODA Official Development AssistanceOJT On the Job TrainingREFS The Afghanistan Rehabilitation of Economic Facilities and ServicesUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNMACA United Nations Mine Action Center for AfghanistanUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUSPI US Protection and InvestigationsUXO Unexploded OrdnanceWB World Bank

ABBREVIATIONS

i

SUMMARY Afghanistan has been devastated by internal conflict over the past 20 years and the people have been suffering many privations in their daily life. After the Bonn Agreement in December 2001 the Government of Japan organized and hosted the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan in January 2002. At the conference, the donor countries and international organizations, including Japan, committed to support peace and stability in Afghanistan and to provide aid for rehabilitation and reconstruction of the country. President H. E. Hamid Karzai was elected to the Emergency Loya Jirga on June 2002 and formed the cabinet and sought out assistance for the national reconstruction of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a landlocked country where transportation of goods is mainly dependent upon roads. Therefore, for secure reconstruction of the country, the role of the road network is quite important. However, since the road network of Afghanistan has been left without maintenance for more than 20 years, progressive deterioration of roads has caused a large decrease in the service level. Following the war, improvement of the national road network is an indispensable necessity for faster reconstruction of the devastated country. Particularly, the improvement of the Kabul-Kandahar-Herat road section, that is the main artery not only of Afghanistan but also of the Asian Highway Route No.A-1, was an issue of emergency because it will largely contribute to promoting the reconstruction of Afghanistan and to assuring an international road link for transportation. Therefore, President H. E. Hamid Karzai, considering that restoration of the national road network, particularly rehabilitation of the route that connects metropolitan areas, is an indispensable and very urgent issue, and as a political pledge, has been requesting Japanese high ranking officials who visited Afghanistan to provide Japanese assistance to reconstruct the country and to promote the resettlement of refugees and evacuees. The Government of Japan (GOJ), aiming to achieve the main objectives of the collaboration of Japan, USA and Saudi Arabia, has decided to cooperate in the provision of US$50 million for the rehabilitation of the highway section between Kandahar and Kabul. This decision was jointly announced on September 2002 by the Prime Minister of Japan Mr. Koizumi, the President of the U.S.A., Mr. G. Bush, and the Minister of

ii

Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), entrusted by GOJ with the execution of the basic design, dispatched a basic design study team for the Project for Improvement of the Trunk Road between Kabul and Kandahar from 15th February 2003 to 19th March 2003. The study team carried out field surveys on the road section of approximately 150 km from Kandahar towards Kabul for collection of field data required for the basic design. The Government of Japan discussed the implementation of the urgent restoration of the road between Kabul and Kandahar with the Government of the USA in April 2003. Both governments agreed that the GOJ will restore 50 km of the trunk road from Kandahar towards Kabul and execute the urgently required repair of the section by the end of December 2003. Based on the above agreement, GOJ decided to carry out the project under the Sector Programme Grant Aid System, with the Japan International Cooperation System (JICS) acting as an agent of MOPW, in accordance with the Agency Agreement between MOPW and JICS. GOJ exchanged a Note on 4th May 2003 with the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan on the provision of the Road Sector Programme and JICA proceeded, as an initial step, with the rehabilitation of the damaged road surface between the 5 km and 20 km points from Kandahar in the Emergency Development Study. Based on the above mentioned policy of GOJ, the study team has performed the main tasks aiming at urgent rehabilitation of the pavement surface of the 50 km road section from Kandahar (Project-I), and ensuring the continuity of pavement rehabilitation as the main objective (Project-II). The team adopted a step-wise implementation programme as the main strategy for completion of the works as described below: [Project-I]: To provide smooth road surface by the end of 2003. Project-I covers an approximately 50 km long road section from Kandahar towards Kabul, exclusive of the 20 km section from Kandahar that has already been improved by MOPW during the Taliban regime and under the Emergency Development Study in 2003. Project-I consists of the improvement of the existing road by filling potholes and sealing the paved surface and the reconstruction of damaged sections by providing a base course and double bituminous surface treatment and restoring the badly damaged shoulders.

iii

[Project –II]: To upgrade the Kabul-Kandahar Road by the end of 2004. Project-II covers the same road section as for the Project I. Project-II consists of the construction of a permanent asphalt concrete pavement designed with reference to the transport demand, reformation of road shoulders, repair and cleaning of drains and flumes, damaged bridges and installation of road safety facilities. Furthermore, considering the fact that the Project is urgent, and in order to expedite the procedure for procurement of the consultant and contractor, draft bidding documents and draft contract were prepared based on the results obtained by the basic design team and submitted to the Government of Afghanistan. Moreover, since the quantities of construction works were based on a preliminary and rough estimation, a lump sum-based contract was not applicable; therefore, it was decided to apply the contract based on a unit price basis for evaluation. Therefore, considering the above described situation, the originally planned 150 km for road rehabilitation was shortened to a 50 km section, and the contents of the “Basic Design Study” and “Road Sector Programme Grant Aid” were executed as follows:

Basic Design Study Road Sector Programme Grant Aid

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), dispatched to Afghanistan a basic design study team for the Project for Improvement of the Trunk Road between Kabul and Kandahar from 15th February 2003 to 19th March 2003

The Government of Japan discussed the implementation of the urgent restoration of the road between Kabul and Kandahar with the Government of USA in April 2003. Both governments agreed that the Government of Japan will restore 50 km of the trunk road from Kandahar towards Kabul

4th May 2003: Signing of the Exchange of Notes (E/N) between the Governments of Japan and Afghanistan for the Application of the Program for Grant Aid of Japan to the Road Sector.

iv

The basic design study team, on the basis of the results obtained during site investigation for the road section of 50 km from Kandahar, has prepared the draft report for Project-I composed of the basic design, implementation program and draft tender documents.

JICA dispatched a mission to explain the draft report to the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan during the period between May 24 and June 4, 2003. A basic agreement was signed after the contents of the draft report were verified and agreed by both parties.

Based on the contents of the summary of the Basic Design Study, the Japan International Cooperation System (JICS) was recommended as an agent of the Ministry of Public Works (MOPW) of the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan. On May 28, 2003, JICS as the agent of MOPW, started with the procedure for procurement of the Consultant and the Contractor for the Project-I based on the draft bidding and contract documents, prepared by the basic design study team. May 30, 2003: Signing of the Consulting

Agreement; and July 31, 2003: Signing of the Construction

Contract.

The basic design study team conducted the site investigation for the Project-II from June 12 to August 10, 2003. Complete topographic survey and soil-and-material investigations were performed for the detailed design level study.

After returning to Japan, the basic design study team prepared the draft bidding and contract documents and the basic design summary report for the Project-II based on the results obtained by the study.

v

JICA dispatched to Afghanistan an explanatory study team for the basic design of the Project-II from August 30 to September 12, 2003. The study team for report explanation and the Afghanistan government representatives prepared and signed the minutes of meeting agreeing with the contents of the Basic Design Summary Report -II.

In accordance with the agreed contents of the summary report of the basic design, JICS started the procedure for procurement of the Consultant and the Contractor for the Project-II based on the drafts of the bidding and contract documents, prepared by the basic design study team. September 22, 2003: Signing of the Consulting Agreement.

After returning to Japan, the basic design study team prepared the detailed drawings to be used during the construction period and calculated the detailed quantities for the Project-II. JICA as the agency for implementation has submitted the draft detailed design level study documents to the Government of Afghanistan. Moreover, the necessary technical assessment was advised to the Government of Afghanistan for proper monitoring of execution of both projects, Project-I and Project-II.

On the basis of the detailed quantities calculated for the project, JICS has conducted the negotiation with the bidders for construction of the Project II. Although, the negotiation was suspended due to the murder of a guard during Project-I, the contract was eventually signed on January 9, 2004. The Project-I was completed on December 14, 2003. The completion of Project-II has been scheduled for the end of October 2004.

Project-I was completed, and as a continuation of that, Project-II was promptly started in February 2004. The Basic Design Summary Report I, and II and all the results from monitoring activities of both projects were summarized as the final report on the basic design study upon the completion of the study.

This Project is a part of the commitment in the "International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan" to support the reconstruction of Afghanistan, and is considered an indispensable and urgent measure for the repatriation of refugees

vi

and evacuated population. Moreover, it is also considered that since the Project road comprises a section of the Asian Highway, Route A-1, the Project will contribute enormously to the activation of the regional economy, including all the neighboring countries, through a substantial reduction in travel time and, therefore, cost. Afghanistan has suffered from civil war during the last 20 years and has had no opportunities for proper human resource development in technical fields, and a well-skilled worker population that could otherwise participate in the reconstruction of the country is lacking. So in addition to the direct effects mentioned above, it is expected that local staff who might be employed for the execution of this project, once they have received construction technology transfer, will assure the instigation of training many more technicians and skilled workers who can become involved in the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Furthermore, it is also expected that the Project will support the ongoing Japan’s Regional Comprehensive Development Assistance to Afghanistan executed by GOJ in Kandahar area by providing many opportunities for employment. Since it is expected that the Project will make a great contribution to reconstruction of the peace and prosperity of the country as mentioned above, the execution of the Project by the Grant Aid from Japan can be justified on the grounds of effectiveness and necessity. However, groups of resistance against the Government of Afghanistan are still active in the Project area. Therefore, during the execution of this Project, it will be necessary to implement adequate safety measures and safety control. Furthermore, in the Project area, and around the section for general operation, many activated land mines, unexploded bombs, etc., still remain. Related institutions of the United Nations, supported by NGO cooperation for safety, are assuring the secure removal of such hazards and are endeavoring to assure security during the construction. Hence, complete and proper information interchange is indispensable.

BASIC DESIGN STUDY REPORT ON

THE PROJECT FOR

IMPROVEMENT OF TRUNK ROAD BETWEEN KABUL AND KANDAHAR

IN AFGHANISTAN

Table of Contents Preface Letter of Transmittal Location Map Photographs List of Figures and Tables Abbreviations Summary

CHAPTER 1 Background of the Project ..................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2 Basic Concept of Project Implementation ............................................................ 3

2.1. Project Implementation Policy......................................................................................... 3 2.2. Contents of the Projects.................................................................................................... 3 2.3. Implementation Method................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Implementation Organization.......................................................................................... 9 2.5. Relationship between the Basic Design Study (JICA) and the Sector

Programme Grant Aid ...................................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER 3 Basic Design of the Project I.................................................................................11

3.1. Design Policy ....................................................................................................................11 3.2. Basic Design .....................................................................................................................11

3.2.1. Existing Condition.....................................................................................................11 3.2.2. Treatment of the existing pavement affected by alligator cracks......................... 12 3.2.3. Repair of Potholes..................................................................................................... 13 3.2.4. Reinstatement of shoulders ..................................................................................... 14 3.2.5. Reinstatement of the damaged section of the pavement....................................... 15 3.2.6. Reinstatement of shoulders and slopes................................................................... 16

3.3. Drawings.......................................................................................................................... 19 3.4. Implementation Plan...................................................................................................... 25

3.4.1. Implementation Policy ............................................................................................. 25 3.4.2. Work Conditions around the Project Area .............................................................. 25 3.4.3. Construction Supervision......................................................................................... 30

3.4.4. Quality Control ......................................................................................................... 31 3.4.5. Procurement Plan..................................................................................................... 31 3.4.6. Implementing Schedule............................................................................................ 33

CHAPTER 4 Basic Design of the Project-II.............................................................................. 34

4.1. Design Policy ................................................................................................................... 34 4.2. Road Design..................................................................................................................... 35

4.2.1. Current Condition and Evaluation of Existing Roads ........................................... 35 4.2.2. Traffic Forecast ......................................................................................................... 40 4.2.3. Pavement Materials ................................................................................................. 46 4.2.4. Pavement Structure ................................................................................................. 48 4.2.5. Shoulders................................................................................................................... 61 4.2.6. Design of Side Ditch and Crossing Drainage Culvert............................................ 62

4.3. Design for Bridge Reconstruction .................................................................................. 66 4.3.1. Outline....................................................................................................................... 66 4.3.2. Conditions of Bridge................................................................................................. 66 4.3.3. Policy for Reconstruction.......................................................................................... 66 4.3.4. Design Criteria ......................................................................................................... 67

4.4. Restoration of Causeways .............................................................................................. 70 4.5. Design Policy of Incidental works.................................................................................. 72 4.6. Basic Design Drawings................................................................................................... 72 4.7. Implementation Plan...................................................................................................... 90

4.7.1. Implementation Policy ............................................................................................. 90 4.7.2. Work Conditions around the Project Area .............................................................. 90 4.7.3. Construction Supervision......................................................................................... 97 4.7.4. Quality Control ......................................................................................................... 98 4.7.5. Procurement Plan................................................................................................... 100 4.7.6. Implementing Schedule.......................................................................................... 101

4.8. Rough Estimation Cost for the Project..................................................................... 101 4.9. Detailed Design Level Study of the Project II ............................................................ 102

CHAPTER 5 Project Evaluation and Recommendations....................................................... 104

5.1. Project Effect ................................................................................................................. 104 5.2. Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 105