Basic Electrical Electronics & Comp.skill

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BASIC

ELECTRICAL,ELECTRONICS

& COMP. SKILL

BASIC ELECTRICITY & FUNDAMENTAL

TERMS



Atomic Charges

Charge - the characteristic of a material that enables it to

exert for ce on another material.

Neutrons-

found at the center of an atom, possess nocharge and are said to be neutral.

Protons - found at the center of an atom along with

neutr ons, carry a positive charge.

Electrons - orbit the center of an atom and carry a

negative charge



Atomic Charges



Static Electricity

Static electricity - the release of an

accumulated charge in some material or object.

Because the charges inherent in electr ons and

pr otons are bound to balance each other

thr ough static electricity, these charges are also

called electrostatic charges.



Electric Current

Electric current - the contr olled movement of

an electrical charge (or electr ons) along the

atoms of a conductor .

Circuit - a closed connection between an

electric sour ce (such as a battery) and a load

(such as a lamp) over which current may f low.

Signal - occurs when current manipulated to

transmit infor mation.



Electric Current

Voltage - the pressure that the electric current

exerts on its conductor is known. It is commonly

equated to the strength of the electric current, and is

measured in volts

Amperes - the amount of current (or charge f lowing

thr ough a wire each second ) is measured in

amperes, abbreviated as amps.

Resistance - a material¶s opposition to electric

current.



Electric Current



Conductors and Insulators

Conductor - a material over which electric current readily

f lows.

Grounding-the use of a conductor (such as a wire) to

divert unused or potentially har mful charges to an

insulator , where they will be stopped or absorbed.

Insulators - materials that do not allow electric current to

f low easily.

Semiconductor - conducts electricity better than an

insulator , but not as well as a conductor .



Conductors and Insulators



Resistance



Calculating Voltage, Amps, and

Resistance with Ohm¶s Law



Direct and Alternating Current

Direct current

(DC) - an electrical

charge f lows

steadily in one

direction over the

conductor .




Alternating current

(AC) - the electrical

charge f lows in one

direction f irst, then in

the opposite

direction, then back

in the f irst direction,

and so on, in an alternating f ashion

over the conductor .









Capacitance

The ability for an electric cir cuit or component to

accumulate or store a charge.

Capacitance is measured in Farads

(abbreviated as F), a unit named af ter English

chemist and physicist Michael Faraday, who

experimented with electricity in the early 1800s.

Capacitor - a device that stores electrical

charge (as the tank stores water).



Capacitance



Capacitance



Capacitance



Capacitance



Inductance



Inductance



Inductance



Inductance



Inductance



Inductance



Electrical Power



Electrical Power



Measuring Electricity









Passive Electronic Devices

Passive device - a component that contributes nopower gain to a cir cuit.

Resistor - a component inserted into a cir cuit to

pr ovide a specif icamount of resistance



Diodes



Diodes



Transistors



Integrated Circuits

Cir cuits that combine

the conductor and

the attached

components of a cir cuit in one small

unit.



Analog Transmission

Analog -

electr omagnetic

signals that

continuously vary in

their strength and

speed.



Transmission Flaws

Noise - unwanted inter f erence f r om external sour ces, which can

degrade or distort a signal.

Attenuation - the loss of a signal¶s strength as it travels away f r om its

sour ce.

Amplifier - an electr onic device that increases the voltage, or power , of

the signals.

Regeneration-

when digital signals are repeated, they are actually retransmitted in their original, pure for m, without any noise.

Repeater - a device that regenerates a digital signal.



Transmission Flaws



Transmission Flaws



Encoding and the Numbering

System

Encoding - the pr ocess of modif ying data so

that it can be inter preted by the receiver .

Methods for encoding data include:

The Decimal System

The Binary System

Hexadecimal System

EBCDIC ASCII

UNICODE



Measuring Data



Throughput and Bandwidth

Throughput - the amount of data that a

communications channel can carry during a

given period of time.

The physical nature of every communications channel deter mines its potential thr oughput.

Bandwidth - a measure of the diff erence

between the highest and lowest f requencies that a media can transmit.



Summary

Electricity may exist as either static electricity, the

imbalance of charges, or as current electricity, the f low of

charge along a conductor .

The three main characteristics of a cir cuit are voltage,

current, and resistance. If two of these characteristics are

known, the third can be calculated using Ohm¶s Law.

Electr onic devices may be active or passive. Examples of passive devices are capacitors and inductors. Examples

of active devices are transistors and diodes.

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