Basic First Basic First AidAid
Securing the sceneSecuring the scene
1. Electrical hazards 2. Chemical hazards 3. Noxious & Toxic gases 4. Ground hazards 5. Fire 6. Unstable equipment
Before performing any First Aid,
Check for:
Chain of Survival
Early Access”911”
Early CPR or First Aid
You
Early Defibrillation
EMS on scene
Early Advanced Care
Hospital
In order for a person to survive:
Pay attention to:Pay attention to:
HISTORY; HISTORY; what happened; from the casualty or bystanderswhat happened; from the casualty or bystanders
SYMPTOMS; SYMPTOMS; what only the casualty can tell youwhat only the casualty can tell you
SIGNS; SIGNS; what you can see for yourselfwhat you can see for yourself
Universal Precautions for Airborne Universal Precautions for Airborne & Bloodborn Pathogens& Bloodborn Pathogens
HIV & Hepatitis
Tuberculosis
Gloves & Respiratory Gloves & Respiratory Barrier devise are a Barrier devise are a must to prevent must to prevent transmission of transmission of diseasesdiseases
DURING TREATMENTDURING TREATMENTavoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the avoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the wound wound avoid contact with body fluids avoid contact with body fluids use a face shield or mask with one-way-valve use a face shield or mask with one-way-valve when doing active resuscitation when doing active resuscitation use only clean bandages and dressings use only clean bandages and dressings avoid treating more than one casualty without avoid treating more than one casualty without washing hands and changing gloveswashing hands and changing gloves
AFTER TREATMENTAFTER TREATMENTclean up both casualty and yourself clean up both casualty and yourself clean up the immediate vicinity clean up the immediate vicinity dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and soiled clothing correctly soiled clothing correctly wash hands with soap and waterwash hands with soap and water
Fundamentals of First AidFundamentals of First Aid
Activate EMS SystemActivate EMS System
1. ABC (airway-breathing-circulation) 2. Control bleeding 3. Treat for Shock (medical emergencies) 4. Open wounds & Burns 5. Fractures & Dislocations 6. Transportation
ABC’sABC’s Causes of Respiratory/Cardiac Arrest
Electrical
Drowning
Toxic - Noxious gases
Suffocation
Heart Attack Trauma
Drugs Allergic reactions
Reaction TimeReaction Time
If CPR/Artificial respiration is administered Chance of brain damage
0 to 4 minutes - minimal4 to 6 minutes – possible6 to 10 minutes- probable10 minutes + - likely
Oxygenated blood flow must get to brain
A-B-C’sA-B-C’s
Use chin lift/head tilt
Look.-listen-feel for breathing
Attempt to VentilateVentilate Every 5 seconds
Establish responsiveness
Check pulse Recovery position
Cardio Pulmonary Cardio Pulmonary ResuscitationResuscitation Should be certified to perform this procedure
If done improperly, could harm victim
Airway ObstructionsAirway Obstructions
openopen
closedclosed
obstructedobstructed
Tongue
Heimlich ManeuverHeimlich Maneuverfor for Conscious Airway ObstructionConscious Airway Obstruction
Types of BleedingTypes of Bleeding
•Veins
•Capillary
SpurtinSpurtingg
Steady Steady flowflow
OozingOozing
Artery
Internal Injuries
Types of WoundsTypes of Wounds
Control of BleedingControl of Bleeding
Direct PressureElevation
Cold ApplicationsPressure bandage
Pressure PointsPressure Points Where the artery passes over a
bone close to the skin
Temporal
Facial
Carotid
Sub-clavian
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Femoral
Popliteal
Pedal
TourniquetTourniquet
AbsoluteAbsolute last resort in last resort in controlling controlling bleeding,Rememberbleeding,Remember Life or Life or the limbthe limb
Once a tourniquet is Once a tourniquet is applied, it is not to be applied, it is not to be removed , only by a removed , only by a doctordoctor
ShockShock
Shock affects are major Shock affects are major functions of the bodyfunctions of the body
loss of blood flow to the loss of blood flow to the tissues and organstissues and organs
Shock must be treated Shock must be treated for in all accident casesfor in all accident cases
Treatment for ShockTreatment for Shock
•Lie victim down if possibleLie victim down if possible
•Face is pale-raise the tailFace is pale-raise the tail
•Face is red-raise the headFace is red-raise the head
•Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing
•Keep victim warm and dryKeep victim warm and dry
•Do not give anything by mouthDo not give anything by mouth
•No stimulantsNo stimulants
HEAT EXHAUSTIONHEAT EXHAUSTIONHEAT EXHAUSTION is caused by exertion accompanied by heat and HEAT EXHAUSTION is caused by exertion accompanied by heat and high humidity. It particularly affects the very young and the elderly.high humidity. It particularly affects the very young and the elderly.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSpale, clammy skin pale, clammy skin profuse and prolonged sweating profuse and prolonged sweating cramps in the limbs and/or abdomen cramps in the limbs and/or abdomen nausea and/or vomiting nausea and/or vomiting headache headache lethargy lethargy
CARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENTcomplete rest in the shade, no further exertion complete rest in the shade, no further exertion cool casualty by sponging with tepid water cool casualty by sponging with tepid water when nausea passes, give cool water to drink when nausea passes, give cool water to drink (cautiously) (cautiously) ensure casualty has assistance when recoveredensure casualty has assistance when recovered
HEAT STROKEHEAT STROKEHeat stroke is potentially fatal. In this condition, the body's temperature regulation Heat stroke is potentially fatal. In this condition, the body's temperature regulation center in the brain has been rendered inoperable, and the temperature continually center in the brain has been rendered inoperable, and the temperature continually rises, causing eventual brain damage. Immediate active intervention is necessary to rises, causing eventual brain damage. Immediate active intervention is necessary to avoid coma and death.avoid coma and death.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
flushed, hot, dry skin the casualty has ceased sweating flushed, hot, dry skin the casualty has ceased sweating
rapid, strong pulse (sometimes irregular) rapid, strong pulse (sometimes irregular)
irrational or aggressive behavior staggering gait irrational or aggressive behavior staggering gait
visual disturbances vomiting visual disturbances vomiting
collapse and seizures coma - death collapse and seizures coma - death
CARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT
urgent ambulance transport complete rest in shade urgent ambulance transport complete rest in shade
remove casualty's clothing remove casualty's clothing
cool casualty with any means possible cool casualty with any means possible
be prepared to resuscitate as required be prepared to resuscitate as required
nothing by mouth - rehydration is by intravenous fluidnothing by mouth - rehydration is by intravenous fluid
HYPOTHERMIAHYPOTHERMIA
HYPOTHERMIA is a potentially fatal condition that especially affects the elderly. The HYPOTHERMIA is a potentially fatal condition that especially affects the elderly. The body's core temperature has been lowered to the extent that the brain function is impaired body's core temperature has been lowered to the extent that the brain function is impaired and the heart's activity is about to be compromised. Urgent first aid intervention is and the heart's activity is about to be compromised. Urgent first aid intervention is required.required.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
pale, cold skin - no capillary return when fingernails are pressed pale, cold skin - no capillary return when fingernails are pressed
slow pulse, sometimes skipping a beat slow pulse, sometimes skipping a beat
slow, shallow respirations blurred, or double, vision slow, shallow respirations blurred, or double, vision
casualty is silent, appears asleep, difficult to rouse; may be unconscious casualty is silent, appears asleep, difficult to rouse; may be unconscious
casualty experiences a sense of 'wellbeing' absence of shivering casualty experiences a sense of 'wellbeing' absence of shivering
If very cold, may have non-reacting pupils and appear 'death-like' If very cold, may have non-reacting pupils and appear 'death-like'
CARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT
urgent ambulance transport urgent ambulance transport
warm casualty slowly, wrap in 'space blanket' or similar warm casualty slowly, wrap in 'space blanket' or similar
if wet, leave less bulky clothing on and warm slowly if wet, leave less bulky clothing on and warm slowly
once casualty commences shivering, reassess heating once casualty commences shivering, reassess heating
nothing by mouth until fully recovered nothing by mouth until fully recovered
be prepared for sudden collapse and resuscitationbe prepared for sudden collapse and resuscitation
Diabetic emergenciesDiabetic emergencies
Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)Result of insufficient sugar- Fast onsetResult of insufficient sugar- Fast onset•Cold clammy skin, pale, rapid respiration's and pulse, incoherent
•Treat by giving sugar bases products
Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)Too much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onsetToo much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onset
•Warm, dry skin, slow respirations, smell of rotten fruit on breath
•True medical emergency, activate EMS system immediately
Find out if victim has past diabetic historyFind out if victim has past diabetic history
Snake & Spider bitesSnake & Spider bitesRattlesnake Copperhead Black Widow Brown Recluse
Limit activity
Constricting bandage above
Cold application
Advanced medical attention
BurnsBurnsThermal burnsThermal burns
Cool applicationCool application
Don’t break blistersDry sterile dressing, treat for shock
Severe Burns and ScaldsSevere Burns and Scalds Treatment:
Cool the burn area with water for 10 to 20 minutes. Or use Burn Jel.
Lay the casualty down and make him as comfortable as possible, protecting burn area from ground contact.
Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting clothing from the injured area before it begins to swell.
Cover the injured area loosely with sterile unmediated dressing or similar non fluffy material and bandage.
Don't remove anything that is sticking to the burn.
Don't apply lotions, ointments, butter or fat to the injury.
Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere with the injured area.
Don't over-cool the patient and cause shivering.
If breathing and heartbeat stop, begin resuscitation immediately,
If casualty is unconscious but breathing normally, place in the recovery position.
Treat for shock.
Send for medical attention.
Minor Burns and ScaldsMinor Burns and Scalds Treatment: Treatment:
Place the injured part under slowly running water, Place the injured part under slowly running water, or soak in cold water for 10 minutes or as long as or soak in cold water for 10 minutes or as long as pain persists. pain persists. Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, and Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, and shoes from the injured area before it starts to shoes from the injured area before it starts to swell. swell. Dress with clean, sterile, non fluffy material. Dress with clean, sterile, non fluffy material. Don't Don't use adhesive dressings. use adhesive dressings. Don'tDon't apply lotions, ointments or fat to burn/ apply lotions, ointments or fat to burn/ scald. scald. Don'tDon't break blisters or otherwise interfere. break blisters or otherwise interfere. If in doubt, seek medical aid. If in doubt, seek medical aid.
Chemical BurnsChemical Burns
Treatment: Flood the area with slowly running Flood the area with slowly running water for at least ten minutes. water for at least ten minutes. Gently remove contaminated clothing Gently remove contaminated clothing while flooding injured area, taking care while flooding injured area, taking care not to contaminate yourself. not to contaminate yourself. Continue treatment for SEVERE Continue treatment for SEVERE BURNS BURNS Remove to hospital. Remove to hospital.
Fractures & DislocationsFractures & Dislocations
Must treat for bleeding first
Do not push bones back into place
Don’t straighten break Treat the way you found it
IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back 3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back into its socket.into its socket.
The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, finger, or thumb.finger, or thumb.
DislocationsDislocations
LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:1. swelling1. swelling2. deformed look2. deformed look3. pain and tenderness3. pain and tenderness4. possible discoloration of the affected area4. possible discoloration of the affected area
SplintsSplintsMust be a straight line break Can be formed to shape of
deformity
Be careful of temperature change
PROPER CARE:1. While waiting on help to arrive, keep the victim lying down in the recovery position2. Control any bleeding, and be sure that he is breathing properly.3. Do not give the victim any liquids to drink.4. If the victim becomes unconscious for any amount of time, keep track of this information so that you can report it when medical help arrives.
HeadHead InjuriesInjuriesA sharp blow to the head could result in a concussion, a jostling of the brain inside its protective, bony covering. A more serious head injury
may result in contusions, or bruises to the brain.
OTHER SYMPTOMS TO LOOK FOR IF YOU SUSPECT A VICTIM MAY HAVE A BRAIN INJURY:1. clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose, or mouth2. difficulty in speaking3. headache4. unequal size of pupils5. pale skin6. paralysis of an arm or leg (opposite side of the injury) or face (same side of the injury)
Neck & Spinal InjuriesNeck & Spinal InjuriesCARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT
ABC ABC extreme care in initial extreme care in initial examination — minimal examination — minimal movement movement urgent ambulance transport urgent ambulance transport apply cervical collar apply cervical collar treat for shock treat for shock treat any other injuries treat any other injuries maintain body heat maintain body heat if movement required, 'log if movement required, 'log roll' and use assistants roll' and use assistants always maintain casualty's always maintain casualty's head in line with the shouldershead in line with the shoulders
Lifting Lifting techniquestechniques
Two person carryTwo person carry
Lift & rollLift & roll
4 person straddle4 person straddle
Thank You!!
Questions ?