Basic Genetic StuffA. CHROMOSOMES- CYTOGENETICS

Metaphase Spread Metaphase was first observed in

1956. Chromosomes are visible in this

stage of cell division. The chromosome number in all

humans is 46. The metaphase spread procedure

is used in DNA analysis.

Metaphase Spread Used for scientists to examine

chromosomes. It is used during metaphase

because chromosomes are visible. This can be used for different

types of studies. Helpful for cancer research as

well.

Karyotype It is used to identify the length,

shape, and number of chromosomes in a certain cell.

The chromosomes are cut and arranged by their size.

They are arranged from tallest to shortest.

Autosomes Humans have 22 autosomes. The autosomes are from

chromosome number 1 to 22. They are organized in number by

their different size. They control the hereditary genes

of humans besides the sex gene.

Sex Chromosomes The sex chromosome is

chromosome number 23. Males have XY Females Have XX Mother passes down an X, and

males can pass down an X or Y gene.

Chromosome Anatomy-Chromosome #5Centromere- Constriction

The centromere is the center of the chromosome.

It holds the chromosome together. It is constricted and it helps form

the p and q arm.

P-arm The p-arm is the short arm of the

chromosome. It is called the p-arm because it is

petite. It is up on the karotype.

Q-Arm The q-arm is the long arm of the

chromosome. It is called the q- arm because q is

right after p. It is down on the karyotype.

Telomeres Telomeres are repetitive strands

of DNA. They are at the top and bottom of

every chromosome. Protects the chromosome from

breaking down.

Chromatids They are the arms of a

chromosome. They have to be duplicated to

become chromosomes. They fuse and become diploids.

Homo Sapiens Chromosome #5

Chromosome is one of the largest chromosomes.

It has a low gene density though.

Chromosome IdentificationIn three easy steps:

1: size 2: Binding pattern3: Centromere position

Chromosome Banding There are sets of strips on all the

chromosomes and all of the strips are unique

Each Strip contains DNA information that connects with other strips to make working functions throughout the body

Staining methods help identify specific bands/ chromosome segments

Permits individual chromosome identification

This is also known as the Bar Code

It is a way of identifying one or more short gene sequences that is used to identify species through reference to DNA sequence libraries or databases

International systems of Stripes and Numbers

It is standard, used internationally, to identify groups of chromosomes

And based on the groups of chromosomes the particular meanings and uses of each group of chromosomes are indicated

Ideogram- Idealized Diagram of banded chromosomes

Idealized diagrams of G- banded chromosomes are publish also as reference points for Chromosome banding.

Pinpoint Break Points This is used in many ways especially

cloning chromosomes. It is when there are break points in a

chromosome, and they are pinpointed for results.

Pinpoint Gene Locus It is when groups of chromosomes that

make up a gene are pinpointed. It is used for research and maybe even

for cloning.

Highest Resolution Banding

High resolution banding techniques enable detection of chromosome rearrangements even within major bands

This allows people to analyze and pinpoint specific chromosomes

Sources Cited "Metaphase Spread - Medaphile." Metaphase Spread - Medaphile. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. From this site, I learned that metaphase spread is used for research, especially for cancer. I also learned that they use chromosomes in metaphase because they are clearly visible.

"Karyotype Test." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. I learned that karyotypes are used to identify the different sizes, shapes, and lengths of chromosomes, and that they are cut and lined up in order from tallest to shortest.

"Autosome." - Glossary Entry. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. I learned that there are 22 autosomes. They are chromosomes number 1-25. They are lined up in order from tallest to shortest.

"Centromere." About.com Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. I learned that the centromere is a constricted site that connects the two sister chromatids together.

"P Arm of a Chromosome Definition - Medical Dictionary Definitions of Popular Medical Terms Easily Defined on MedTerms." Medterms. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.I learned that the p arm is the short arm of the chromosome, and that it is on the up side of the chromosome.

"Q Arm of a Chromosome Definition - Medical Dictionary Definitions of Popular Medical Terms Easily Defined on MedTerms." Medterms. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.I learned that the q arm is the long arm of the chromosome and that it is on the down side of the chromosome.

"Telomere - What Are Telomeres?" Telomere - What Are Telomeres? N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. I learned that the telomeres are repetitive strands of DNA, and they are on both sides of the chromosome, and they protect the chromosome from breaking down.

"Chromatids." - Definition from Biology-Online.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.I learned that the chromatids are the arms of a chromosome and they have to become duplicated to become chromosomes, and they fuse to form diploids.

"Homo Sapiens - Home." Homo Sapiens - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.I learned that the homo sapien chromosome number 5 is one of the largest, but it has a low gene density.

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"Chromosome banding - Glossary Entry - Genetics Home Reference." Genetics Home Reference - Your guide to understanding genetic conditions. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. <http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=chromosomebanding>. –this cite was used to obtain the information on Chromosome banding

"DNA Barcodes - Methods and Protocols."Springer - International Publisher Science, Technology, Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. <http://www.springer.com/biomed/human+genetics/book/978-1-61779-590-9>.- this cite was used to obtain the information on DNA barcodes

"How Do Scientists Read Chromosomes?." Learn.Genetics™. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. <http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/scientists/>.- this cite was used to understand how chromosomes are identification

"unkown." unkown. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2016. <web.udl.es/usuaris/e4650869/docencia/s- this cite was used to obtain the information on Highest Resolution Banding