Basic guide to APA referencing
Academic Writing: Citing, Quoting and Referencing
Overview
The key purposes for referencing source materials
Paraphrasing — within the main body of your text (in-text)
Quotations — within the main body of your text (in-text)
Referencing — after the main body of your text (post-text)
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The key purposes of referencing
Thepurposeofreferencingisthree‐fold:1. Togivecreditto(acknowledge)thosewhosewordsorideasyouareusing
2. Toavoidplagiarismandtomakeyourargumentmorecredibleandvalid
3. Allowsreaderstocross‐reference yoursources(toeasilyfindtheoriginal)
Cross‐referencing: allows readers to locate the publication information of source material (the original source). This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.
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Plagiarismisaveryseriousviolationofacademicintegrity.
Ifyoudonotacknowledgethosewhoseworkyoucite,youareplagiarising
Avoiding plagiarism
Youavoidplagiarismbycitingandreferencing everysourceyouuse.
Paraphrasing Paraphrase(orsummarise)fromagivensource,usingyourownwords
Name|Year|Pageno. e.g. AccordingtoHartandSmith(2014,p.66),sometext…
Directquotations Originalpassagecopieddirectlyfromthesource
“…”+Name|Year|Pageno. e.g.“sometext”(Hart&Smith,2014,pp.72–73).
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Citing and referencing source materials
in-text Paraphrasing
in-text Quoting
post-text Referencing
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Consider these points...
Beforeincorporatingacitation,considerthefollowing:
Citedsourcesshouldsupportyourpoint,notmakeyourpoint.
Ifyoudocite,doyouneedtodirectlyquotethefullsentenceorcanyoujustparaphrasethepartofthesentencethatismostrelevanttoyourownresearch?
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Sample citation (in-text):
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Sample reference list (post-text):
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in-text Paraphrasing
Ifyouparaphrasefromasource(i.e.rewriteitinyourownwords),givetheauthor/screditfortheirideasasfollows:
(Thisissometimescalledan“indirectquotation”)
According to Jones and Smith (2002), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis. More text, more text…
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in-text Direct Quotations
Ifyouuseadirectquotationfromanoriginalsource,givetheauthor/screditfortheirideas(words)
Includethepagenumber/sfromwherethewordsweretaken– asthiswillenableyourreaderstofindit.
Some text here, some text here… “Cognitive therapy is more effective than psychoanalysis in the treatments of phobias” (Jones & Smith, 2002, p. 44). More text, more text…
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in-text note the difference
According to Hart (2011), those who write with paper and pencil tend to be more creative. More text, more text…
Some text here, some text here… “the sample who preferred to edit using a word processing program were found to be less creative” (Hart, 2011, p. 167). More text, more text…
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in-text Paraphrasing “Secondary Sources”
Youmustcreatethefollowingtypeofcitation.:
According to Jones (as cited in Smith 2005), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis. More text, more text…
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References (post-text)
Yourreferencelistmustalphabeticallylistevery sourcecitedinyourpaper.
Itprovidestheinformationnecessaryforreaderstolocateandretrieveanysourcescitedinyourpaper.
References
Hart, J. (2011). The semantic web. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Smith, T. (2005). The Five Rules of Setting up an Internet Giant. London: Routledge.
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Eachandeveryretrievablesourcecitedinyourpapermustappearinyourreferencelistand,viceversa.
References need to be detailed
Howdoesyourlistofreferenceshelpthosewhoreadyourwork?
e.g.Youtakesourceinformationfromthisbook(eitherintermsofsomedirectquotesorparaphrasedpoints)
Whatarethepiecesofinformationyouwillneedtoprovide?
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Obtaining details for reference lists
InformationRequired: Title
InternationalHumanResourceManagement:AMultinationalCompanyPerspective
AuthorNameMonir H.Tayeb Tayeb,M.
Published(year)27Jan2005 (2005)
Published(by)OxfordUniversityPress
Published(location)USA
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Referencing: Books
Basic:
Author,A.(2012).Titleofbook.City:Publisher.
Twoauthors,secondedition:
Author,A.,&Author,B.(1972).Titleofbook(3rd ed.).City:Publisher.
Chapterinabook:
Author,C.(2004).Titleofchapter.InA.Editor(Ed.),Titleof
book (edition,pp.87‐124).City:Publisher.
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Referencing: Newspapers & Websites
Newspaperarticle:
Author,A.(Year,MonthDay).Titleofarticle. TitleofNewspaper.
Retrieved,MonthDay,Yearfromhttp://www.site.com/full/url/
Websitearticle:
Author,A.(Year,MonthDay).Titleofarticle.Retrieved,MonthDay,
Yearfromhttp://www.site.com/full/url/
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Referencing: Journal articles
Basic:
Author,A.(2008).Titleofarticle.NameofJournal,7(2),265–298.
Twoauthors,accesseddigitally:
Author,A.,&Author,D.(2004).Titleofarticle.NameofJournal,
32(4),875–922.doi:0000000/000000000000
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DigitalObjectIdentifier(DOI)provideapermanentanddirectlinktothegivenarticle.
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Practice: APA Citation and Referencing Workshop
General APA style guidelines
Fonts and document formatting
Document organisation
Title conventions
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Reference: APA formatting & organisation guidelines
FontsandFormat Yourdoctoralthesisshouldbetyped,double‐spacedonA4paper
Itshouldhave1inch(2.54cm)marginsonallsides
Youshoulduseaclearfontthatishighlyreadable.
Asarule,Times New Roman font isusedin12ptsize.
Alltextinyourdocumentshouldbedoublespaced.
Title Typeyourtitleinupperandlowercaseletters
Itshouldnotcontainanyabbreviationsorwordsthatservenopurpose.
Beneaththetitle,typeyourfirstname,middleinitial(s),andlastname.
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www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx
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Reference: resources online
Interviews,Email,andOtherPersonalCommunication:
Sometexthere(Y.Lin,personalcommunication,May6,2010).
Y.Linalsoarguedthatbusinessisalwayspleasure(personalcommunication,May6,2010)
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Reference: how to cite other types of source material
Nopersonalcommunicationisincludedinyourreferencelist
Onlycitetheirname,thephrase“personalcommunication,”andthedateofthecommunicationinyourtext
InadditiontoAPA,therearemanyotherreferencingstyles
APAusesHarvardreferencingwithinthetext,listingtheauthor'snameandyearofpublication,keyedtoanalphabeticallistofsourcesattheendofthepaper(Hart,2012).
Universitiesandacademicjournalswillstatewhichstyletheyexpectwrittensubmissionstofollow.
Seeaquascript’sChicagoStyledocumentation
http://aquascript.com/chicago-style/
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Reference: other referencing styles
IfyouuseasoftwarepackagelikeEndNote™tomanageyourreferences,itcanautomaticallyconvertthemfromonereferencingformattoanother.