Basic Guidlines in Mountaineering

8/3/2019 Basic Guidlines in Mountaineering

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Part 1: Climb Preparation

In preparing for a climb, several factors have to be taken into

consideration by the prospective climber. No backpacker-

beginner or expert-can ignore physical fitness in preparing

for a climb. A certain level of fitness is required for a pleasant

and safe climb. In order to enjoy the scenery and the

company of fellow backpackers, one must be fit to keep up

with them. The lack of preparation has made a lot of

potentially great climbs end in total disaster.

Physical FitnessTo help you in preparing for a climb, we have listed down

some guidelines:

All participants of the climb must be physically fit. The

best type of fitness program involves continuousendurance training through aerobic sports such as

running, swimming, cycling and walking.

Weight training is the perfect supplement to an aerobic

program. This will help you develop your muscularstrength and endurance.

Any participant in a climb who gets sick before theclimb should forego his participation. A sick climber

becomes a liability to the group.

An old adage says that the best exercise for

mountaineering is mountaineering. The hardiest hikersand climbers are those who spend a great deal of their

time hiking, backpacking and climbing.


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Being fit gives you the confidence to tackle climbs,

such that psyching up come almost naturally.

Part 2: The Pre-Climb MeetPlanning A Climb

The success of an expedition depends largely upon the

amount of planning given to the activity. The different

components that make up a climb are discussed during the

pre-climb meeting. In preparing for a climb, a plan to climb

must first be submitted and approved by the officers of the

organization in order to be a designated as an official climb.

The organizers of the climb should serve notice to the

members at least one week beforehand. This is to ensure

that the participants have enough time to prepare for the

climb. Announcements should include the objective, nature,

requirements and itinerary of the climb. These

announcements are to be posted at the organizations

Bulletin Board and in emails.

Organizational regulations require that all the participants of

the climb conduct a pre-climb meeting at least three (3) days

before the start of the climb. The pre-climb is a

comprehensive study, presentation and discussion of the

essential parts of conducting a climb. Its format should

include the following items:

The Objectives of the Climb

Talking about the nature of the climb is organizing the trips

into specific categories.

Minor Climbs - these are mountains that could be easily

trekked within a four or six hour peroid. Basically the trek is


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simple, light and easy. Because of this, they are also called

fun climbs or overnight climbs. These climbs are most

favored by urbanites for their recreational purposes.

Major Climbs - these are mountains with a higher degree of

difficulty. The trip could take three or more days with an

average trekking time of seven or more hours per day. These

climbs are more favored by full time mountaineers because it

tests their abilities and skills to survive and to discover more

of mother natures secrets.

The next categories can be engaged on

either minoror majorclimbs:

Training Climbs - the primary purpose of these climbs is to

meet the training requirements of the applicants of the club.

The organizers provides its applicants with a progressive

climbing program which gradually trains and prepares them

for harder ascents.

Guideship Climbs - these are climbs where you have paying

clients that are guided up a mountian of their choice. LNT are

also taught in every participants.

Clean-Up Climbs - the primary purpose of these climbs is to

help preserve and maintain highly impacted mountains and

campsites. This means bringing down garbage left by

indiscriminate climbers, tree planting on barren slopes and

trail maintinance work to prevent further soil erosion.

Exploratory Climbs - these are climbs wherein no routes

exists and are established and ascended for the first time.

These are the type of climbs that demand a great deal of


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planning and preparation. Exploratory Climbs are further

discussed in U.P. Mountaineers Advance Mountaineering

Courses (AMC)

Making Courtesy CallsBefore heading off into the backcountry, its important to

make your intentions known to the nearest Barangay or local

government official. This way the town folk will not be

alarmed by the presence of strangers in their area.

Remember that diplomacy can go a long way. You will also

be oriented by the locals about the general security of the

area and general condition of the route that you will be

taking. Find out if theres any park fee that needs to beaddresses before going up the area.

Route Planning

Route planning basicaly tackles all the aspects involved in

bringing the team safely and efficiently to and from the

backcountry. The route plan has two areas of concern.

Trip to the jump-off point: Is the process of getting the

team and their gear from the city to the area at the foot of

the mountain where the actual trekking begins. This topic is

further discussed in BMC1 Part 3

Climb Proper: It is how will the team move about thru the

backcountry to fulfill their objectives and back down again,

safely and efficiently. You will learn this in detail when you

take up your lessons in UPM BMC 3 Land Navigation. Whilemaking the route plan you will also be able to develop and

identify the following concerns of the planning and

preparation phase. These are: The itinerary.

Transportation to be used to and from the expedition.


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Possible lodging.

The budget of the whole trip.

The amount of food to prepare and bring.

The type of equipment that must be brought along.

All of these will also be further discussed in detail as you go

along thru the lessons. To help you out while developing the

route plan, you can get the necessary information from the

following sources. The information that you acquire during

this stage of the planning process is fully utilized most

especially during first time trips by the team to untravelled

sitios, barrios and local regions.

Notes from the scribes of previous expeditions.

Interviews from mountaineers and guides who haveclimbed the area.

Guidebooks, tourbooks, and other similar text, e.G.-The Lonely Planet

Topographic maps, road maps, and such. These areusually used with the help of a compass.

Acquired notes made from an ocular trip made by oneor two members of the team to the possible jump off

point a few weeks or months earlier than the givenschedule for the trip.

In this day and age, you could try going thru theinternet and check out various local web sites offering

adventure tours and alike.

You can try making an inquiry to the department of

tourism, department of environment and naturalresources or similar regional, local and non government

offices.

The value of the compass and the topographic maps is

limitless especially when it comes to establishing new


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routes and first ascents on unexplored areas of the

mountains.

With such information at hand the team can familiarize

themselves with most aspects of the expedition even before

leaving the city. The team can then move efficiently and

safely through the trip.

The Itinerary of the ClimbThe itineraryis basically a detailed breakdown plan of the

journey to be undertaken. It should contain all the vital

information and contact numbers of every person involved in

the team and local contacts. The value of having an itineraryis realized in keeping up with schedules to avoid unnecessary

discomforts such as being forced to do late treks or to set up

camp in the dark.

Programming activities maximizes efficient use of time. In

multi-day ascents or exploratory climbs, the *itinerary is

usually formulated based on the study of the map which

provides an approximation of the distances to travel. The

amount of gear and provisions required is determined by theestablished itinerary.

Climb OrganizationThe Team Leader: The team leader is selected according to

his/her familiarity with the mountain and his/her leadership

potential. He /She is given an almost absolute role in

decision making on that climb. However, he/she should also

be open-minded enough to accept suggestions, especially ondecisions involving the safety of the party. The Team leader

is responsible to select the teams Contact Person.

The Medic: The medic should have a thorough knowledge of
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first aid techniques. The medic is responsible to bring most of

the needed first aid kit.

The Scribe: The scribe has the duty of documenting the

details of the climb.

The Tail: Also known as the sweeper who is responsible of

bringing up the rear. This person must possess the patience

and ability to motivate people and is familiar with the area.

The Contact Person: The contact person should be present

during the pre-climb and has a copy of the itinerary. Is also

responsible for activating a search and rescue team if the

team is not contacted within twenty-four (24) hours of the

estimated date/time of arrival.

Subdividing a team into smaller groups

Subdividing into smaller groups of five to seven members

increases the safety factor during a climb. It also facilitates

the sharing of shelter and other equipment. It is easier to

plan and prepare meals for smaller groups. Large groupsrequire large and heavy cooking utensils. Small groups shall

have a group leader who is responsible for the management

of his/her members.

Budgeting

An essential part of climbing is determining the approximate

cost of transportation, possible lodging, meals and other

expenses. Each member usually pays for his/her

transportation fare. Each member of a group is assigned with

a certain meal to prepare.

A certain individual may be assigned to prepare a certain


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meal during the climb. The cost of all the meals is summed

up and payments are settled later (usually in the post-climb

meeting). Other expenses like spare batteries, trail food, etc.

are for the account of the individual mountaineer, unless

discussed otherwise by the group members.

Meal Planning

The amount of food to be carried on an expedition is

determined by the length of stay in the wild plus extra

rations in case of emergencies. All the members of the team

must avoid buying meal requirements at the jump-off point

because the presence of ingredients, stores or markets in the

area is uncertain. The type and amount of food to be usedand brought can be determined by the following guidelines.

Nutritional value - Meals should be able to provide andreplenish the energy requirements of the climber. This

means packing a lot of carbohydrates with protein and fatrich food. It also must be easy to digest to facilitate faster

replenishment of lost energy

Multi-day ascents require meals that will not spoileasily. Food can be preserved through drying, pickling and

salting. Food treated with spices and vinegar usually lastsfor days. There are also meals which cant spoil quickly

(See Appendix for details)

Meals should not be limited to pre-packaged food or

canned goods. The creative outdoorsman can come upwith a hundred different ways of preparing nutritious anddelicious meals in the wild. Keep in mind however that the

wise backpacker will design menus which will use lightingredients and easy to prepare with a minimal amount of

cooking time involved. Canned tomato sauce may be


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replaced by powdered tomato paste. Soup mixes are

lighter than their canned versions. By using lightingredients, you will be able to lessen your load.

Consider the food preference if any of your teammembers has dietary needs, allergic reaction and religious

limits.

A kilo of rice would be the standard amount for 6

people in every meal.

Design your meal which uses minimal amounts of

water, cooking oil, cooking time and waste products.

Let the food cool first before packing it this prevents

the food from spoiling quickly.

Moisture is one of the reason vegetables rot easily. If

you are bringing one, have it is covered with paper toprolong it's life.

Trail Food

Trail meals are helpful in eliminating hunger and exhaustion

during trekking. It can even act as your main meal if you fail

to eat during meal time due to delayed itineraries. Trail food

should meet 3 requirements:

It should not induce thirst, since it would induce the

climber to consume more water.

Nutritious and must satisfy your bodys energy

requirements. Sweets in general, meet the criteria butmay require some catabolic conversions before your body

can use it as a fuel.


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Easy to prepare and should require little or no cooking

at all. Time and fuel constraints must be considered.Samples of trail food: Crackers, nuts, candies, chocolates,

fresh or dried fruits, corn flakes, pre-packed gelatins andthe eternal G.O.R.P. (Good Old Raisins and Peanuts).

Part 3: Trip to the jump-off point

In every trip, it is important to know the means of

transportation the team will be utilizing to get a basic idea of

how much the budget will be allotted for an expedition.

Always consider the number of participants and their

backpacks.

Here are general guidelines to keep you abreast:

If youre susceptible to motion sickness, do bring and

take the necessary medication an hour or two before theride. Prepare yourself of the discomforts of third world

traveling. Its usually bumpy and dirty and anything can

happen.

Avoid wearing any jewelry or flashy wristwatches, itattracts crime. Keep your jacket accessible instead.

If possible, make a reservation or buy your ticketsbeforehand. Inquire about cargo fees and excess baggage

fees. Some liners charge fees for bikes and backpacks.

Assign a member to be the load master or watcher

to manage the loading and unloading of gear. This alsoheightens the security of all equipment.


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At every station, be considerate that chairs and tables

are meant for people and not your backpack.

It is always an advantage arriving at a station early so

you can reserve (only If it is allowed) seating spaces.

Basic rule in loading: always prioritize the large packs

first. Smaller packs are easier to mount just in case spaceis not available anymore.

Whether the team is a small group or large one,always seat yourselves together.

Some transports will load your packs on a roof rack.Make sure your packs are waterproofed. All cash and

valuables should be hand-carried in one bag. Someclimbers bring elastic cords for extra securing.

When renting out any means of transport, check if it isin top form to bring you to the jump off point. Having a

roof rack is always a plus. Make sure that you agreed on areasonable price before moving on. Most drivers allow you

to pay the other half when you get to your destination.

Buses Utilize the bottom carriage for your pack only if is freeof holes and leaks on the floor.

If the bottom compartment is already full and youhave no choice but to bring the pack into the bus, headtowards the very back of the bus. Most buses have ample

space for your pack either in front of your seat or behindit.


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The team can also utilize the isle for pack space just

make sure that you leave enough space for otherpassengers to pass through

Jeepneys There are provincial jeep rides that allow passengers to

ride on top of roof racks, given the chance, make sureyou wont fall during the experience.

Tricycles, Habal-habal and Sky Lab Motorbikes that are interesting to use if it is the only

transport available. Keep in mind that your packs can alsoconsume another seat.

Airplanes Place rock climbing equipment and hardware at the topsection of your pack for easy access because it is always

subjected to inspection.

All kinds of stove fuel, pressurized containers, lighters,

nail cutters, pocket knives are subject to confiscation.

If applicable, disassemble stoves and let it dry andleave the cap open before you pack it so no fuel odor

will emit lessening the inspection hassles.

If you can manage, try to hand-carry most of yourequipment (other than stoves) to lessen an overweight

pack. Most air liners allow up to 7 kilos as long its notbulky.
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Ship Liners, Ferry Boats and Pump Boats Know before hand how long the trip is going to be so

you can bring some creature comforts to pass the timeaway.

Inquire if your ticket includes meals and beddings forthe duration of the trip. If meals are not included, bring

your own meals. ship meals are usually expensive.

Some shipping lines confiscate stove fuel, pressurized

containers, lighters and pocket knives.

Its an advantage to travel at least in pairs. If your

traveling alone and you need to leave your pack, hide itwhere it is hard to reach or clip it to a beddings bar and

cover with a malong or ground sheet. Always bring mostof your cash and valuables with you.

Bringing a hammock is a plus just in case you ran outof a seat or bed.

Keep your jacket and sleeping bag accessible assometimes a ships airconditioning can really get cold.

Smaller boats are generally more vulnerable to strongmotion sickness so prepare.

During bad weather, be advised that small boats are

kept docked by local officials.

When renting out a pump boat, having a tarp roof is aplus so you wont get toasted under the sun.


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If your gear gets wet, wash it with fresh water as soon

as possible. Salt stains when it dries up.

Part 4: Climb Proper

Group FormationDuring the trek, there are some conventions followed

regarding group formation. Some are listed below:

The lead man is always in front and is responsible for

pacing the group, while the Tail is responsible for bringingup the rear.

Formation on narrow trails should be single file.Overtaking should be avoided but if a need arises,

inform the climber in front of you that you need toovertake in a courteous way.

The ideal distance between two climbers isapproximately two (2) meters. This gap will give climbers

some space in which to negotiate the trail and proceedalong the groups pace.

Large groups can do compression stops to close longgaps between fellow climbers. Trekking together

heightens the safety factor. Compression stops are notrest stops.

Trail Signals The signal for stopping is one long whistle blasts - andto commence trekking, two short whistle blasts.

The lead and tail men are the only persons who can

give orders to stop or proceed.


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The international mountaineering distress signal is six

(6) blasts to a minute. To signal aid is on the way, give(3) blasts to a minute.

Pacing Always start with a slow pace to slowly warm up your

muscles. Then gradually change your pace to the groupsdesired pace.

Maintain a steady rhythm while trekking. Whennegotiating steep slopes, keep the rhythm (pace) by

shortening your strides. On level ground, maintain the

rhythm by taking longer strides.

Do not allow anyone to lag behind. An isolated climberheightens the risk factor in an expedition.

Should there be a need to stop, inform the lead or tailman so that he or she can give the appropriate order to

stop.

The pace of the group should be that of the slowestmember or the person who has the heaviest load. This

prevents a large team spread along the trail in very longgaps. In some cases, a struggling or an injured climber

can be deployed at the rear part ONLY if he/she will trekwith his/her groupmates.

Trekking Techniques

In negotiating the trail, some techniques must be kept in

mind in order to provide the safest and least difficult route to

the summit or objective. Some guidelines are mentioned

here.


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The ridge line is preferred in route finding. Avoid

waterways and gullies since water always takes thesteepest route down the mountain.

Prevent muddy spots from turning into 10-20 foot widemud highways. Be sure to stay on the trail if it is muddy

or wet. If you walk around the mud the trail will widenand become even muddier in the future. Mud is part of

the backcountry challenge. Expect it. Hike through it. It isnot that difficult. You can even use a stick, walking staff

or trek pole to help gauge the depth of the mud and tohelp you with balance.
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Source: Chris Conway, Yosemite Falls

Foot prints will also tell you how deep a mud is. Its

faster to step on someones foot print than exploring analternative path. On steep trails, boot skid marks also tells

you that someone already slipped here so avoid it if youcan. If your boot got stuck on the mud, just step

backwards to let it free.
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Logs are generally slippery especially when wet so theoption of walking on the ground beside the log lessens thechances for you to have an accident.
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If a log or a fallen tree is blocking the trail: check if it

is safe to pass, either crawl under or walk over bystepping on joints of branches. If it is not pasable, make a

detour.

If a log is quite high to step on, you can sit on the log

and make a pivoting move by moving your both legs overthe log, these lessens the strain on your legs.

File:High log.jpg

Descending Reposition heavy items (mostly wet clothes or tent) at

the bottom part of your pack prevents pushing your headfirst to the ground when you lose balance.

To maintain balance and traction during descent, learnto dig first with your heel or the side of your foot.
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When there is a need to hold on roots or vines, first

test if they are sturdy enough to carry your weight andthat they do not have any thorns.

If the terrain is too steep and slippery, face the wall

and step downwards as if you are going down a ladder.River Crossing

River crossings can be dangerous. Depth and strength of the

current will affect your movement in the water. It is therefore

important to assess the need to cross the river before

proceeding. Check the area for other avenues to get safely

across like natural bridges or shallower portions. If you are in

any doubt as to the safety of a river, you should not attempta crossing. Certain precautions can be taken when crossing a

river becomes necessary:

Loosen shoulder strap, unfasten your hipbelt andsternum strap when crossing rivers and streams -
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whether a log bridge, over rocks or through the water

itself. This will allow you to remove your backpack quicklyin case you fall into the water. Backpacks tend to float

and will trap your body which is less bouyant (forcing

you) under the water.

Bend your knees and face the incoming current forbetter balance. Cross in a diagonal line of the river so you

are able to see any approaching debris.

Wet and mossy rocks (usually green) are very slippyso AVOID stepping directly on top of it. Set your foot in

between rocks instead for better grip. In case your foot

got stuck in between rocks, pull it by stepping backwards.
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Face the current. Water carries floating debris

downstream which may hit you if you are unaware or notpaying attention.

When crossing alone in knee-deep water, it isadvisable to make use of a stick. This will help you

maintain your balance by acting as your third leg and willalso function as a prod to check what is under the water.

When crossing in groups, hold hands and cross in a

triangular formation in threes. This will help you maintain

balance and deflect the current. Again loosen shoulderstrap, unfasten your hipbelt and sternum strap as thegroup crosses.

When the water exceeds waist level, the use of a rope

is recommended. A rope is strung across the body of the
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water diagonally downstream and used as a guide for the

members crossing. Climbers should stay on thedownstream side.

When strung perpendicularly to the current, ropes tendto sag in the middle when loaded which will hinder

movement. It is also advisable to remove your backpackbefore crossing, to lessen the drag. It will be easier and

safer to pull it across later, after crossing.

Flash Floods - Flash floods are lethal. Do not attempt

to cross during a flashflood. The water current can turn

deadly very quickly and often without any warning. Thestrong and fast current often carry large debris that cansweep you into the river even if you are crossing with the

assistance of a rope line, trekking poles or locked armswith a fellow trekker. It is best to be cautious and wait on

higher ground for the flash flood to subside as it does notlast for very long. Flash floods are often preceded by a

sudden heavy downpour or a long spell of rain. The color

of the water may turn from clear to the color of light teaor beer to coffee. There are no observable audible signsas they may be drowned out by the sound of rain, and

they are observable visually only when they are full-blownand thus already Deadly. (The occurrence of flash floods

may intensify in frequency due to denudation of mountainslopes, quarrying, river silting, obstructions to the normal

flow of waterways and the increasing intensity andfrequency of storms due to Global Warming and Climate

Change.)

Rests

The interval between different stops will usually depend on

the difficulty of the terrain encountered. Some guidelines are

listed below:


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Treks on level ground - five (5) minutes rest for every

hour of hiking.

Ascents - five (5) minutes rest for every thirty (30)minutes of hiking; on steep slopes - five (5) minutes restfor every fifteen (15) minutes of hiking.

Descents - five (5) minutes of rest for every hour ofhiking.

During rest periods, do not sit or lie down at once.

Keep standing at least thirty (30) seconds to allow yourpulse to normalize before sitting down. Drinking too muchtoo quickly will induce an abrupt lowering of your body

temperature. When the Team Leader signals for theresumption of the trek check your equipment and

immediate surroundings before packing-up and heed thesignal of the lead man promptly.

Trail Signs

There will be times when you have to communicate with

other members of your team or even other teams during a

climb through the use of natural materials to make trail

signs. The use of colored ribbons and straws are easily seen

but it is discouraged because of its visual impact on the

environment.

Go this way:Rocks Grass Twigs


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Dont go this way:"Block the wrong trail with twigs or grass

only.

Danger:Rocks Grass Twigs

Its confusing placing trails signs in the middle of the fork,

instead place it where it is easily seen towards the desired

direction. Trail signs should be ideally placed on every bend

so it would be also visible for night trekking.No Yes
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Trail Etiquette

When trailblazing, avoid the indiscriminate cutting of vegetation. Do not

leave hack marks as trail signs on trees. Keep trailblazing to a minimum to

preserve the natural state of the wilderness. Inform the person behind you

of imminent obstacles or dangers along the path.

When the group is unsure of the proper path toward the objective, the team

should take a break to allow several members scout for the right trail or

path.

Side trails not in use should be closed off to prevent others from using

them. This can be done by blocking the path with sticks or branches.

"Short-cutting" a switchback is bad trail etiquette because it kills vegetation

and loosens soil creating a new trail straight up and down the hill, which

will in time get large and hollowed out from erosion. Do your part to keep

our trails beautiful and control erosion.
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Do not litter. If you find litter on the trail, pick it up.

Smoking on the trail or during short rests is strictly prohibited.

Inform the person in front of you if they dropped anything on the trail or if

you notice loose straps, flaps, belts and knots on their clothes, packs or

shoes that may have come loose during the trek.

If you get lost, do not panic. Asses your position and then take the

necessary steps to find the correct route. Remember S.T.O.P. means: Stop,

Think, Observe and Plan. More on land navigation are taught in the U.P.

Mountaineers BMC 3 Lecture.

In the event of an accident, keep the victim comfortable and relaxed.

Administer first-aid and if possible, transfer the person to the nearest clinic

or hospital.

Part 5: The Post-Climb Meet
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An essential part of the climbing experience is the climbs

assessment. This is where the participants of the climb give

their personal feedback on the climb. The team should meet

within five (5) days after the climb to review the strong and

weak points of the climb to allow for tempers to cool to have

an objective and accurate analysis during the assessment. All

the participants of the climb are required to attend the post-

climb meeting.

The team leader presides at the meeting while the scribe

takes down the notes. For future reference, the scribe fills up

the Climb Report Form and submit it to the secretariat forfilling within two (2) days after the assessment. As a rule, all

group equipment must be returned during the post-climb

meeting.

The whole discussion will begin from the time the climb was

announced, to the conducting of the pre-climb meeting, trip

to the jump-off, climb proper, descent and the trip home.The most important aspect should be discussed are those

incidents that went wrong during the whole activity. The

team must identify the factors that contributed to the

occurrence of the incident. The team must also discuss on

how and what needs to be done to prevent it from happening

again. Always remember to have an open mind and an

attitude to improve yourself.

Part 6: Leave No Trace Principle (LNT)Plan Ahead and Prepare:

Know the area and what to expect.

Repackage food to minimize waste.

Select appropriate equipment.


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Respect other visitors desire for solitude.

Learn about local habitats and what it takes to protectthem.

Camp and Travel on Durable Surfaces:

Concentrate use in resistance areas. Avoid placeswhere impact is just beginning.

Camp away from existing water. Conserve water.Avoid polluting water sources.

Dispose of waste properly:

Bring out inorganic and organic waste, including food

scraps. Carry out litter left by others. Dispose of human wasteresponsibly.

Minimize soap and food scraps in wastewater.

Leave What You Find:

Protect cultural resources, including archaeologicalartifacts.

Avoid damaging live trees and plants. Leave naturalobjects.

Minimize Campfire Impacts: Fires are sometimes appropriate, but firewood

selection, gathering and use, as well as careful campfiresite selection and fire tending are critical to minimizing

impact.

Respect Wildlife: Enjoy Wildlife at a Distance, Never Feed Wildlife, Store

Food Securely, Minimize Noise, Avoid Sensitive Habitat,Avoid disturbing wildlife.


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Be considerate of other visitors: Avoid Conflicts

Minimize Crowding

Respect the Privacy of Other Visitors

Let Natures Sounds Prevail.

Part 7: Water Management

Ideally this should be the standard amount of water to bring

for an overnight climb. Each individual is required to bring 5

liters of water. The breakdown is as follows:

1 Liter trail water

2 liters personal use

2 liters group use

Water Discipline

There are times when you are tempted from sneek drinks

from the assigned group water and later ending short of a

pint or two to finish off cooking your rice and for your groups

consumption.

Make sure you are fully hydrated before starting the

trek.


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Avoid drinking in huge gulps but in sips instead also

learn to tolerate a certain period of hours without anywater intake, two hours at best.

It will be your responsibility to bring extra load ofwater if its in your nature to consume a lot of water.

When you do run out of water, look for a water source;this will be discussed further on U.P. Mountaineers Basic

Mountaineering Course 3 Land Navigation.

Water Treatment

When water sources are suspicious and needs

precautionary measures to be done, these are the options

that you can do:

Filter murky or colored water through clean cloths or allow it to settle. It is

better to both settle and filter.

Boiling is the surest method to make water safe to drink and kill disease-

causing microorganisms like Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium, which

are frequently found in rivers and lakes.
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Boil filtered and settled water vigorously for one minute, at altitudes above

one mile, boil for three minutes.

Tincture of iodine. For cloudy water add ten drops for every liter and let thesolution stand for at least 30 minutes.

To improve the flat taste of boiled water, aerate it by pouring it back and

forth from one container to another and allow it to stand for a few hours, (or

add a pinch of salt for each quart or liter of water boiled.)

You can use tincture of iodine or Betadine to disinfect filtered and settled

water. Common household iodine from the medicine chest or first aid kit

may be used to disinfect water (Remember, 1/8 teaspoon and 8 drops are

about the same quantity.) Treated water has medicinal after taste so you can

add powdered juice to overwhelm it.

Water Filters. There are a number of devices on the market that filter out

microorganisms. A water filter pumps water through a microscopic filter

that is rated for a certain-size organism. The standard size rating is the

micron (the period at the end of this sentence is about 600 microns).

Depending on the micron rating of the filter, smaller organisms (like

viruses) can pass through so be cautious when selecting a filter.

Sources:

Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water-U.S. Environmental Protection Committee

Outdoor Action Program Guide to Water Purification The Backpacker's Field Manual by Rick Curtis first edition published by

Random House March, 1998

Part 8: Garbage ManagementTrash at jump-off points
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Trash of any kind should not be left at jump-off points.

It should be brought back to the city for proper disposal.In some rural areas, the usual mode of disposing trash is

by burning, burying and even dumping in waterways. It is

better that we know where our trash goes.

We also do not want to reinforce the locals behavior ofcollecting trash from climbers. If the locals keep on

collecting trash from visitors, sooner or later, theirdumping pits would not be able hold the garbage that

climbers bring. Politely refuse if a local asks you to leaveyour trash in their pits. But if they tell you that they

intend to recycle the plastic containers and tin cans, giveyour recyclabes to them. Giving them these items is

better than bringing these back home and just throwingthese away.

Individual Trash Individual trash is better than group trash. Small

amount of trash is easier to carry than large ones. Sinceyou will be bringing your trash back home, it would be

unfair for the individual who is in charge of the groupstrash to bring it home with him/her.

Every member of the group should be responsible forhis/her own garbage. We want to instill responsibilty for

our own trash among our members.

Other climbing team's trash Pick up trash you see along the way.

When you see trash left by other climbers on the

campsite, bring them with you for proper disposal. Informappropriate barangay officials of the misconduct you

noted so that in the future, they will be more stringent inchecking if climbers brought down their trash with them.


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Garbage Segregation Practice garbage segregation even in the outdoors.This is one small step we can easily do for the

environment.

Do not bury your garbage in the outdoors even if some

of it is biodegradable. Food items left in campsite wouldattract animals and ants. You would not want to pitch

your tent near an ant hill the next time you camp out inthat same place.

Part 9: Climbing Checklist

Familiarity with the equipment used in mountaineering is a

requirement for any serious outdoorsman. Bringing the right

equipment will spell the difference between a comfortable

nights rest and a miserable, sometimes disastrous, night in

the wild. For this course, we will discuss the items that

should go into your backpack for a comfortable and safe stay

in the wild. We will also discuss attire for trekking and the

proper care and maintenance of equipment. Bringing

military-issued equipment is discouraged.

Here is a suggested checklist format but remember that

what works for you might not work for others. You can

make your own version of checklist in due time. Climbing

items has 9 categories: Essentials, Group Equipment,

Clothing and Sleeping Gear, Food Provisions, Survival Kit or

Emergency Rations, First Aid Kit, Repair Kit, Toiletries, andOptional Items. They are as follows:

Essentials


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Money

Ideally bring extra cash or an ATM card as back up for the trip. Always

bring it with you during transit. Be discreet counting cash in public places.

Leave all the unnecessary items inside your wallet.

Cellular phone and other means of communication

Bring extra batteries for multi day trips.

Identification Card

Any kind of identification you can carry during a climb is helpful.

Dog Tag and Whistle

Your name tag (with your blood type) and whistle should always be worn

during a climb for emergency use.

Hiking Boots

Some trekkers consider their boots as being their most essential piece ofpersonal equipment. Trekking sandals are extremely light, but they are not

going to give you good support or protect your feet. A good pair of boots is:

Ankle-high to prevent sprains

Cleated for traction
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Sturdy enough to withstand heavy use and exposure to the

elements.

There are two types of materials or fabrics used to fabricate boots used intropical climates, the all-leather boot and the lightweight boot. The all

leather boot is usually sturdier, more supportive and water repellant, but is

warm and heavy. The lightweight boot is lighter and cooler but less water

resistant and provides less ankle support. A boot with a low impact sole is

to be preferred to a boot an aggressive sole. These new soles provide good

traction while helping minimize your impact upon the trail and help prevent

erosion.

Backpack

An ideal backpack would be large enough to contain all the gear and

provisions you will need for a certain trip. Since backpacks come in design

and several sizes, make sure your backpack should also be sturdy enough to

endure for rough handling and carrying heavy loads.

The Internal Frame Pack: Are designed to hug the body more closely andgive the arms room to move. They provide good balance on steep ascents

and ease of movement when moving along narrow trails. Features like

lumbar pads increase comfort and compression straps help balance the load

in the sack. Since an internal frame pack is supported only by two parallel

stays, you must balance your load with more care than you would when

using an external.

See Parts of an Internal Frame Pack
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Lighter and Matches

Bring at lest 3 lighters or match boxes and waterproofed it individually.

Placing it in different locations inside the pack heightens the chances of still

having a dry one just in case the backpack gets soaking wet.

Flash Light and Batteries

Always bring extra bulbs and batteries. You can add a thin layer of

petroleum jelly on joints that you think water will sip through. Pushing it

further, bring an extra unit as back- up.

Folding Knife

This is a small and compact knife which can be folded into its handle for

convenience and protection

An example is the Swiss Army Knife. It often has other accessories such as

a can opener, a saw, a screwdriver and other useful tools. The blade is used

for cutting rope, cooking, whittling and other camp chores.

See Care of the folding knife

Trail Water

Must be accessible during trekking. It can be a Lexan plastic, Polyethylene

Terephthalate bottle (PET) or hydration bladder that has a hose and a bite

valve that most backpacks today provide. Tuck your hose inside the pack

while in transit avoiding damage.

Wind Breaker / Rain Gear / Poncho

Tropical mountaineering is always wet so its mandatory to bring one.
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Water Containers

Pack it OUTSIDE the waterproofing so when it accidentally leaks or bursts

during transit, your gear will stay dry.

Mess kit with spoon and fork

Preferably aluminum because its light, easy to clean and have a higher

melting point that can also be used for cooking. You can also bring a

Spork which is a hybrid of spoon and fork to lessen the weight of your

load.

Notebook and Pencil

One can document the climb and keep important notes that will be of good

use someday. This should be also be waterproofed.

Plastic Bags and Trash Bags

Bring extra for other purposes. Prefer the clear" cellophanes because its

easier to look for a gear when it is fully stuffed.

Sandals / Slippers

Wearing a pair of slippers is a good way of relieving the swelling and is

also convenient and a low impact way of moving around the campsitebecause of its mild traction.

Group Equipment
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The group equipment is divided among the members of the

group. Each is assigned a specific equipment to bring. If a

climber fails to participate in the climb because he/she got

sick, it is his/her responsibility to bring his/her assigned

group equipments and group food to the assembly place

before the climb.

Tent

Includes: poles, tent body, flysheet and pegs. Ideally, the tent sack and

especially the poles must be inside the pack during transit to avoid losing it.

Tents are further discussed in the U.P. Mountaineers BMC2 lecture.

Stove

If you dont have a stove case, roll it with any cloth or synthetic material to

cushion it inside the pack. Operating the stove is discussed in the U.P.

Mountaineers BMC 2 lecture.

Groundsheet

The ground sheet serves as a waterproof barrier between the ground and the

tent floor. It is usually made of plastic.

Bolo with Sheath and Whet Stone

This implement is usually made of carbon or stainless steel and is about 12

inches in length. It should have a textured handle to ensure a good grip. It isuseful for trailblazing and digging cat holes. For safety, this tool should be

kept in locking sheaths. A whet stone would be useful in case the bolo

would require sharpening. During transit,the Bolo must be inside the pack.

This topic shall be discussed more lengthily in the in the U.P. Mountaineers

BMC 2 lecture.
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Map and Compass

Must be waterproofed and accessible at all times. A topographic map (scale

1: 50,000) of the area to be climbed is available at the National Mapping

and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA). The compass may be the

lensatic type or protractor type. The latter is more convenient when used in

conjunction with the map. This topic shall be discussed more lengthily in

the U.P. Mountaineers BMC 3 lecture.

Rope with rope bag or plastic for waterproofing

A Hauser or Kernmantle rope of about 100-150 feet in length with a

diameter of 11 mm. is ideal. This topic shall be discussed more lengthily inthe U.P. Mountaineers BMC 2 Lecture.

U.P. Mountaineers Flag

Camping Lamp

Make sure that your team will be bringing extra fuel and mantle.

Hardware (Rock climbing equipment)
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Trowel

Since trowels are made primarily for gardening, it comes in various sizes

and weight so choose the lightest one.

Clothing and Sleeping Gear

The type and amount of clothing to bring on a trek depends

on the length of the trek and the conditions you expect to

encounter. Outdoor clothing should be able to provide

protection against the elements.

Avoid wearing or using neon colored clothing and equipment.

Studies show that because it isnt a natural color, some

species of fauna become stressed just by seeing it and can

disturb their natural behavioral pattern.

No of days + 1 - Mountaineers follow this rule to avoid

excessive clothes. Bundle it per day on separate ziplock

plastic bags.

Layering

Layering is the process of wearing several thin layers of clothing to help regulate the heat around

your body that is better than wearing one thick layer. Layering works by heating the dead air

spaces around your body, thus creating better insulation. In extremely wet conditions, its warmer

to wear layers of wet clothes than frequently change into one dry clothing.

Base Layer

Its the clothing next to skin. Perspiration is a natural component of

exertion, and a base layer helps regulate your body's microclimate by

wicking moisture away from your skin so that it can evaporate or be passed

through the other layers.

Samples: synthetic, mid-weight, long underwear (top and bottom) synthetic

or wool gloves
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Insulation Layer

Known also as mid layer, it minimizes conductive heat loss.

Samples: fleece jacket / down / wool sweater fleece pants

Outer Layer

Also known as "Shell" that shields from rain and wind. It also available in

Hardshell and Softshell hybrid.

Samples: poncho or waterproof/windproof breathable suit

Sleeping Pad

Made of synthetic material which should be large enough to accommodate

your whole upper body. This serves as your barrier from water and the cold

ground.

Sleeping Bag

The ideal tropical sleeping bag is light, compact and quick drying but warm

enough to provide protection. Three-season sleeping bags are more than

adequate for tropical climbing. Filling materials for sleeping bags include

foam, fiber baffling, polyester, cotton and down. These materials determine

the suitability of the bag for certain conditions, as some filling material

provide more protection than others.

See Proper care of sleeping bag

Food Provisions Trail Food
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Packed Lunch: A climber can avoid cooking food at the

early stages of hiking due to time constraints. It weighslighter if it is placed in a resealable plastic bag than in a

hard plastic case.

Fuel for the stove: For an overnight climb, every

person must bring the standard amount of fuel. You canbring extra amount of liquid fuel into the stove if you need

to be extra sure.

Liquid Type Fuel- Gas, Kerosene, White Gas, Watch Cleanerand Lighter Fluid = 11 fl. oz. or 325 ml. or roughly 2

containers e.g. Fuji

Cartridge Type Fuel- Bluette, Camping Gaz etc= 2

containers

Cooking Oil: Used cooking oil will be brought down by

using a PET bottle.

Group Food: Take advantage of using re-sealableplastic bags and containers to minimize trash but label

your plastic containers for multi-day trips so that youwont forget whats inside. Remove paper labels from cansand use a marker to write down the brand.

Rice and Eggs:The rice placed inside a plastic containercushions the eggs in your pack. Waterproof the eggs

individually before putting it inside the container so if theeggs crack, it will not spill.


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Cooksets: Varies in forms and sizes. It is also made of

aluminum, stainless steel or titaium. Some cooksetsalready have Teflon coating (non-stick surface) for easier

frying and cleaning.

Survival Kit / Emergency Ration

The survival kit should be put into a compact and waterproof

container which can be carried by the person during short

hikes without a backpack. Survival kits are usually placed in

a packs top compartment for easy access and portability.

The contents include: extra trail food, waterproofed matches,

a plastic tarp, a surgical rubber tube and a signal mirror.

First Aid Kit

This kit contains essential supplies such as Personal Medicine,

Triangular or Elastic bandages, Forceps, medication for fever,

diarhea, Anti -allergies, skin irritation, other illnesses,

Puritabs, alcohol or Betadine, insect repellent and

disinfectant. This kit should always be checked before every

climb and is to be placed in a waterproofed container.

Repair Kit

Contains: Tying string, duct tape, tent seam sealer, extra

buckle, needle and nylon string, etc.

Toiletries

Bring only a suitable amount you need based on the numberof days of the trip.

Toilet Paper: Mountaineers should also refarin from

using non biodegradable moist towelletes.


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Toothbrush and toothpaste: Lessen the bulk and

weight by stuffing the toothpaste in mini ziplocks

Dental Floss: It can be used also as a thread in your

repair kit.

Sun Block: Waterproof and water-resistant sunscreens

are best since effectiveness is not reduced byperspiration.

Biodegradable Soap: All soaps, unfortunately evenbiodegradable ones, can contaminate fresh water sources.

Using a biodegradable soap doesn't reduce its immediateenvironmental impact... it just means that the soap will

biodegrade in time. If you feel you must use soap: Do all washing,bathing, or cleaning at least 200 feet from any water sources. Dispose of soapy

wash and rinse water in a cat hole 6 inches deep to allow bacteria in the soil to

completely biodegrade the soap.

Other personal hygienic needs

Optional ItemsBringing most of the items mentioned below means you have

to endure an extra load for the extra convenience in the

campsite. Its up to the climbers needs if he/she is willing to

make sacrifices. Weigh your pack loaded with water before

leaving your home so you have an idea how heavy your load

will be.

Rubber Bands / Garters Camera and tripod

Umbrella

Stool

Face Towel

Tarp Shelter and Strings


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Hammock with tree hugger

Safety Pins

Pack Cover

Walking Sticks

Part 10: Packing Of EquipmentMaximum Carrying Load

The maximum carrying load should not exceed one-third (1/3

or 33%) of your body weight. Maximum pack weight is 25%

All equipment which may be affected or damaged by water

should be wrapped and sealed in durable plastic bags. Use a

large plastic bag as the inner lining for the backpack toprovide additional protection.

Accessibility, Balance and Compressibility(ABC)

Light items should be packed at the bottom and away from

the frame while heavy items should be placed close to the

back. The goal is to have a balanced pack. Things which will

be needed often or will require quick access (e.g., rain gear,first-aid, Swiss Knife, trail food, trail water, etc.) should be

placed in the top compartment or on the other side pockets

for accessibility.


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Water Proofing

All equipment which may be affected or damaged by water

should be wrapped and sealed in durable plastic bags. Use a

large plastic bag as the inner lining for the backpack to

provide additional protection. Watch out for those pointed

gears while packing!

Twist plastic Seal it Pull to open

AppendixFood Preservation

Equipment Checklist
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Sample Itinerary With Meal Planning

Parts of an Internal Frame Pack

Proper care of sleeping bag

Care of the folding knife

Running tips

Index:

Sky Lab n. a motorbike fitted with a horizontal board at

back that can seat several passengers across.

"Switchback" is a trail up a steep hill or mountain that is like

a zig-zag pattern instead of a straight trail. The zig-zagpattern protects the hill and the trail from excessive erosion.

Trails that go straight up and down steep hills don't stay nice

trails for long. Erosion turns them into gullies because water

moves faster down steep straight-aways and it hollows out

the trail and washes all the soil and vegetation down hill.
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Basic Guidlines in Mountaineering

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