Basic IP Knowledge and Route Technology

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Huawei Confidential

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Lou Sheng 52739

Basic IP Knowledge and

Route Technology

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

Preface

This course is developed on the basic IP knowledge and route technology. By learning this course, you can understand the TCP/IP model and the principles at IP layer.You will know the network hierarchy model and the method of dividing subnet too.


Guidelines

This course describes basic IP knowledge and route technology. Before learning this course, you should have basic understanding on data communications network by learning the Data Characteristics Principle.

This course focuses on TCP/IP model and principles at IP layer.

The difficulty of this course lies in the understanding of network hierarchy model and the method of dividing subnet.


References

Data characteristics principle

Topics on data characteristics

Topic on network technology

Topic on basic principles of data

network


Objectives

After completing this course, you should be able to: Know network hierarchy model

Describe TCP/IP basis

Describe subnet division and route technology

Know relevant network equipment


Contents

Network Hierarchy Model The Basic TCP/IP Knowledge The Method of Dividing

Subnet and The basic Route Technology

Relevant Network Equipment


Network Hierarchy Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Datalink

Physical

OSI 7 Layer Model


Network Communication Model

The connections between the different layers

ApplicationPresentatio

nSessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical

ApplicationPresentatio

nSessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical

NetworkData LinkPhysical

Data LinkPhysical

End System End SystemRouter Bridge


Questions

Q1: What is the purpose of network hierarchy?


Summary

In this chapter, you have learned:

Network Hierarchy Model


Contents





TCP/IP Protocol and OSI Reference Model Compared with OSI, TCP/IP technology comes from

practice. TCP/IP is simple and efficient.

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

OSI Model TCP/IP


Encapsulation Process of TCP/IP Protocol Stack

User data

User dataAppl Head

Application dataTcp Head

Ip Head

Application dataTcp Head

Eth Head Application dataTcp Head

Ip Head

Eth Head

TCP Section

IP Data Message

14 20 20 4Ethernet Frame

46-1500 Byte

Application

TCP

IP

Drive for Ethernet


Data Encapsulation Mode of TCP/IP Protocol

TELNET23

FTP20/21

SMTP25

TFTP69

SEGMENT

IP PACKETS

FRAMES

BITS


TCP/IP Protocol Stack

HTTP,Telnet,FTP,TFTP,Ping,etc

TCP/UDP

ARP/RARPIP IGMP ICMP

Ethernet,802.3,PPP,HDLC,FR,etc

Interface and cable

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Supply the NNI For application

Create the End to End Connect

addressing and route select

Physical Medium Access

Data flow by binary system Physical


Protocols at the Application Layer

File transfer FTP and TFTP

Mail service SMTP and POP3

Network Management SNMP, Telnet, Ping and Tracert

Network Service HTTP, DNS and WINS


Overview on Protocols at the Transmission Layer

Application

Transport

Network

TCP

UDP

Data Link

LAYERS Protocols


Port Number

Protocols at the transmission layer use port numbers to identify various upper layer applications.

HTTP FTP Telnet SMTP DNS TFTP SNMP

TCP UDP

IP Data Package

socket 80 20/21 23 25 53 69 161


TCP Connection

clientserver

SYN(seq=a)

SYN(seq=b,ack=a+1)

ACK(seq=b+1)


TCP Disonnection

clientserver

FIN(seq=a)

ACK(seq=a+1)

FIN(seq=b,ack=a+1 ）ACK(seq=b+1)


Slide Window

OK,I will reduce size of slide

window

So fast! I can’t

make it

len 1024 win4096len 1024 win4096len 1024 win4096

ack 4097 win2048

len 1024 win4096len 1024 win4096

ack 6145 win2048

len 1024 win4096len 1024 win4096

len 1024 win4096


Overview on Protocol at the Network Layer

Data Link

Application

Transport

Network

IP

ARP

RARP ICMP

LAYERS Protocols


IP Packet Format

VersionHead length TOS Flag TTL Destination IP address Source IP address variable-length option DATA

...

priority D T R C reservation

bit0 4 8 16 19 24 31

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

The form of IP Packet

20 bytes fixed size

Total lengthIdentification

Protocol Packet head checksum

offset

Padding


ARP-Address Resolution Protocol

Need the MAC address for 10.0.0.2

IP:10.0.0.1/24MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-

11IP:10.0.0.2/24

MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-12

ARP Request?

ARP Reply

MAC address for 10.0.0.2 :00-E0-FC-00-00-12

①

② ②

③


RARP-Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

IP Address?

Workstation without Disk RARP Server

RARP Request?

RARP Reply

IP Address 10.0.0.1

①

② ②

③


ICMP Protocol

Can B be accessed?

ICMP Echo Request

ICMP Echo Reply

Yes, I amA B

①

②


Data Link Layer

Data link layer is the second layer of OSI reference model and provides

services to the network layer on the basis of the physical layer.

Data link layer provides reliable data transmission for the physical link.

The protocols at the data link layer in a LAN include Ethernet and

Token-Ring network.

The protocols at the data link layer in a WAN include PPP, HDLC, and

Frame Relay.


Functions of Data Link Layer

•Frame synchronization •Flow Control•Link Management Data Link

Application

Transport

Network

LAYERS Function


Frame Synchronization

Frame synchronization is a function that you can specify the start and

stop places of a data frame from the received bit stream.

General methods of frame synchronization are as follow: Byte count method

Character-Stuffing delimiter method

Bit-Stuffing delimiter method

Illegal Coding Method


Flow Control and Link Management

Flow control is provided at the data link layer and other layers.

Flow control can control the rate of transmitting data by the transmitter.

Link management indicates connection creation, maintenance and

release at the data link layer.


Standards at LAN Data Link Layer

IEEE 802: LAN series standards IEEE802.3: Ethernet standards

IEEE802.4: Token bus standards

IEEE802.5: Token-ring standards

IEEE802.11: Wireless LAN

IEEE 802 covers standards at the physical layer and data link layer.


Standards at WAN Data Link Layer

WAN services are usually provided by telecom operators.

Standards at WAN Data Link Layer are as follows: HDLC

PPP

X.25

Frame Relay


Physical Layer

Physical layer is at the lowest layer of the OSI reference model and

directly faces physical media or channel that transmits data. The

transmission unit at the physical layer is bit. Physical layer provides an

original bit stream physical connection on a physical channel for the data

link layer. Protocols at the physical layer specify mechanical, electrical,

functional and procedural features needed for creating, maintaining and

disconnecting physical channels. The physical layer ensures bit stream to

transmit on the physical channel.


Functions at the Physical Layer

The physical layer provides channels for data equipment to transmit data. A data channel can be a physical medium or the connection of multiple physical media. A complete data transmission process includes: activating physical connection, transmitting data and terminating physical connection.

The physical layer should have the entity for data transmission to transmit data. The physical layer should: (1) ensure that data can correctly pass through the physical layer; (2) provide enough bandwidth (a bandwidth indicates the bit number passing through the channel within a second) to decrease channel blocking. The data transmission modes should meet all kinds of needs: point to point, point to multi-point, serial or concurrent, half-duplex or full duplex, and synchronization or asynchronization


General Interfaces at the Physical Layer

10M Ethernet interface





10Base-T One of the most widely used LAN standards currently

The twisted-pair cable is used as physical transmission media.

10Base5 10Base5 was widely used in backbone LANs.

The coarse coaxial cable is used as the physical transmission media.

10Base2 The thin coaxial cable is used as the physical transmission media.


Physical Media of 10Base-T

Category 3 twisted-pair cable



Super category 5 twisted-pair cable



Wire Assignments of Category 5 Twisted-Pair Cable

Straight-through network cable

Crossover network cable

Side 1

Side 2

Side 1

12345678

12345678 1=white&orange2=orange3=white&green4=blue5=white&blue6=green7=white/brown8=brown

Side 2

Side 1 Side 2Side 1

Side 2

12345678

12345678

1=white&orange2=orange3=white&green4=blue5=white/blue6=green7=white/brown8=brown

1=white&orange2=orange3=white&green4=blue5=white&blue6=green7=white/brown8=brown

1=white&green2=green3=white&orange4=blue5=white&blue6=orange7=white/brown8=brown



100Base-TX The physical medium is category 5 twisted-pair cable or higher.

The longest network segment is 100m.

100Base-FX The physical medium is single-mode fiber and the network segment can

reach 10 kilometers.

The physical medium is multi-mode fiber and the longest network

segment is 2000m.

Fast Ethernet is defined by IEEE 802.3u.


1000M Ethernet interface 1000Base-T

The physical medium is category 5 twisted-pair cable or higher. The longest network segment is 100m.

1000Base-F The physical medium is multi-mode fiber and the longest network segment is

500m. 1000Base-SX

The physical medium is multi-mode fiber and the longest network segment is 2000m.

1000Base-LX The physical medium is single-mode fiber.

1000Base-ZX The physical medium is single-mode fiber. The length of the network segment can

be 25, 40, or 70 kilometers (extra-long).


Questions

Q1: Describe the functions of all layers in TCP/IP protocol stack. Q2: Describe two kinds of technologies at the transmission layer. Q3: which layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack does the IP protocol work

in?


Summary


The functions of each layers in TCP/IP

protocol stack.


Contents





Basis of Subnet PlanningPurpose of subnet planning

MAN and WAM cannot adopt the broadcast technology, so rational routing is mandatory.The irregularity and fixedness of the MAC addresses bring difficulty in WAN routing.The logic address (IP address) is flexible and can be planned.Subnet division can decrease the address number and ease route pressure.

Methods of Subnet DivisionThe scheme on the IP address divided IP addresses into subnet address and NE address. The mask is used to differentiate two kinds of addresses.Based on the preceding method, the global networks can be divided regularly into flexible and adjustable subnets. In addition, rational routing can be performed.Network management can benefit from further division of subnets.

Example:Telephone number of PSTN: Country code + area code + local telephone number. PSTN is also a kind of subnet division.


Introduction to IP Address

An IP address is a unique label of a network computer.

Private IP address 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255

10.110.192.111 20.130.188.144


0

1 0

1 1 0

1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 0

Network(7bit)

Network(14bit)

Network(21bit)

× é ² ¥ µØÖ·

± £ Áô

Host (24bit)

Host(16bit)

Host(8bit)

AÀà µØÖ·

BÀà µØÖ·

CÀà µ ØÖ·

DÀà µ ØÖ·

EÀà µØÖ·

128.0.0.0~191.255.255.255

192.0.0.0~223.255.255.255

224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255

240.0.0.0~255.255.255.255

Classification of IP Address

1.0.0.0~126.255.255.255Class A

Class B

Class C

Class D

Class E

Multicast

reservation


Special IP Addressnetworks Host Address type purpose

127 any

all“0”

all“1”

Any

all“0”Any

all“1”

subnet address Indicate a network identifier

Broadcast address Indicate all hosts in a network

Loopback address

Loopback test

All hosts

Unknown network The default route in router

Broadcast address


Introduction to Subnet Mask

The network equipment uses the subnet mask to determine which part of

the IP address belongs to the network part and which part belongs to the

NE part.

The format of a subnet mask is the same as that of an IP address. The

network part and subnet part of a subnet mask are 1 and NE part is 0. If

subnet division is not performed, the subnet mask of class A network is

255.0.0.0, that of class B network is 255.255.0.0, and that of class C network

is 255.255.255.0 by default. The subnet can make the network address more

effective. A network is divided into different subnets internally, but is a

complete network externally.


Networks Address and Subnet Mask

IP address ：

192 . 168 . 1. 100

subnetMask ：

subnet address ：192 . 168 . 1. 0

255.255.255. 0


IP address:

subnet mask:

Bit sum of Mask :

Expression of IP Address:

255 . 255 . 255 . 240255 . 255 . 255 . 24011111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

192 . 168 . 1 . 7192 . 168 . 1 . 711000000 10101000 00000001 00000111

8 + 8 + 8+ 4 = 28

192.168.1.7/28192.168.1.7/28

Subnet Address and Subnet Mask


IP address

Subnet mask

subnet address(binary )

192.168.1.16/28192.168.1.16/28

255 . 255 . 255 . 240255 . 255 . 255 . 24011111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

192 . 168 . 1 . 23192 . 168 . 1 . 2311000000 10101000 00000001 00010111

11000000 10101000 00000001 00010000

IP address is : 192.168.1.23/28

Calculation of Subnet Address

subnet address(decimal )


Host sum ： 2n

Usable host sum : 2n - 2

Subnet mask

n

subnet bitmapsubnet bitmap Host bitmap

11 1 111 1 111 1 111 000 0 000000 000 0

Calculation of Host Number


IP address ： 192.168.1.100/28 /28 = 255.255.255.240

The binary code of the subnet mask is:11111111 ， 11111111 ， 11111111 ， 11110000

28bits subnet

bitmap

4bitsHost bitmap

The subnet sum ： 28-4

The usable subnet sum : 28-4-2

Example:Calculation of Subnet Address


Ip address ： 192.168.1.100/28 /28=255.255.255.240

28bitsnetwork

bitmap

4bitsHost

bitmapThe host sum ： 24

The usalbe host sum: 24 -2

Example:Calculation of Host Count

The binary code of the subnet mask is:11111111 ， 11111111 ， 11111111 ， 11110000


Cases of Subnet Planning For example, a company is assigned with the class-C address

201.222.5.0. If 20 subnets are needed and each subnet is accessed with

five computers, how can the subnet be divided?

201.222.5.0

255.255.255.0201.222.5.8

255.255.255.248

201.222.5.16255.255.255.248

201.222.5.24

255.255.255.248

201.222.5.32

255.255.255.248

201.222.5.9255.255.255.248

201.222.5.17255.255.255.248

201.222.5.25255.255.255.248

201.222.5.33255.255.255.248


Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

192.168.1.32/27

192.168.1.64/27

192.168.1.96/27

192.168.1.128/27

192.168.1.160/30

192.168.1.164/30192.168.1.168/30

192.168.1.172/30

ISP notice192.168.1.0


Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

CIDR reduces the scale of the route table and adds the network

expandability.

Internet

198.168.1.0

198.168.2.0

198.168.3.0

ISP

route198.168.0.0/16


What is a route?

A route is a path message that guides the IP packet forwarding.

R1Destination

network

Other network

Interface M


Classification of Route

Static route manually configured (static route). Static route has no overhead and can be simply configured. However, manual

maintenance is needed. The static route is adaptable for simply topology networks.

Route discovered by dynamic route protocol (dynamic route) Dynamic route has big overheads and the configuration is complex. However,

manual maintenance is unneeded. The dynamic route is adaptable for complex topology networks.

Default route The default route has no overhead and can be simply configured. However, manual

maintenance is needed. The default route can be manually configured or generated by the route protocol.


Which are the necessary element in a route table?

Displaying Route Table Information

[Quidway]display ip routingRouting Tables:Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop Interface 0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0 8.0.0.0/8 RIP 100 3 120.0.0.2 Serial0 9.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 50 20.0.0.2 Ethernet0 9.1.0.0/1 RIP 100 4 120.0.0.2 Serial0 11.0.0.0/8 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0 20.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 20.0.0.1 Ethernet0 20.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 LoopBack0 ......


Basic Principle of Dynamic Route Protocol

Functions of dynamic route protocol Route calculation and discovery

Obtain the route from the router to other network segment in the

network by certain means.

How can the dynamic route protocol make it? Each router sends the known route-related information to the adjacent

router. Finally, all routers can receive all routing information in the

network. Then the ultimate route can be calculated by using certain

algorithm (the next hop and cost are needed to be calculated).


Position of Dynamic Route Protocol in Protocol Stack

BGP

TCP

Network layer （ IP ） DataLink Layer

Physical Layer

UDP

RIP

EIGRPIGRP IS-ISOSPFTransport Layer


Classification of Dynamic Route Protocol

According to the running scope of the protocol IGP (EIGRP proprietary by RIP and Cisco, IGRP, OSPF as well as IS-IS)

EGP (BGP)

According to the routing algorithm of the route protocol Distance vector (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and BGP)

Link status (OSPF and IS-IS)

According to the data stream Unicast route protocol

Multicast route protocol (DVMRP, PIM-SM, and PIM-DM)


Questions

Q1: Among class A, class B and class C addresses, which network segment belongs to private addresses?

Q2: Which network segment does this IP address belong to: 202.96.128.235/28?

Q3: If there are multiple routes to the same destination network, how can the equipment choose the best route?


Summary


The structure of IP address The Method of Dividing Subnet The basic Route Technology


Contents





Classification of Common Network Equipment

According to the network layers where the network equipment functions are implemented

Equipment at the physical layer Equipment at the data link layer Equipment at the network layer

According to the network positions of the network equipment Access layer equipment Convergence layer equipment Core layer equipment

Following describe the network equipment according to the network layers where the network equipment functions are implemented.


Equipment at the Physical Layer (Hub/Repeater)

Working at the physical layer, providing signal regeneration and repeat functions, expanding network distance and network topology

Repeater Original and currently rare network equipment, providing signal

regeneration and repeat and expanding network distance

HUB Working at the physical layer, like a multi-port repeater, regenerating

and retiming bit signals, similar to a high speed bus When a port receives data, the port forwards the data to all ports. A HUB is a star structure physically and a bus structure logically.


Equipment at the Data Link Layer (L2) Works at the physical layer and data link layer

Introduces the routing technology, so communication no longer relies on broadcast technology only.

Solves the collision domain problem and effectively isolates the network segments.

Supports full duplex mode. Supports other new technologies, such as VLAN, STP

and flow control. Suppresses the broadcast packets. Supports interconnection between heterogeneous

networks. The inside of L2 switch consists of XC matrix and

multiple concurrent data buses exist. Frame exchange is implemented by ASIC. Line speed forwarding can be implemented with low cost.


Equipment at the Network Layer (Router) Works at the network layer (IP and IPX), and

implements routing and data forwarding. Maintains L3 protocol based route table. Forwards data based on route table. Supports multiple ports and protocols. Interconnects between VLANs. Interconnects between heterogeneous networks. Features the function of a gateway and implements

isolation between NAT and subnet. Ensures network security and enables access control

to some extent (firewall). The difference between the router and switch lies in

routing. The routing of a router adopts CPU and software algorithm, so the efficiency is lower, compared with hardware.


L3 Switch (L3) A network needs both L2 and L3 switches. Traditionally, the

network consists of routers and L2 switches. As a result, a large number of equipment exists, which increases the cost and reduces the efficiency.

Solution: Integrate the functions of the router and L2 switch: L3 switch can feature L2 switching and L3 routing functions.

L3 is based on hardware ASIC, so has higher efficiency that the router.

Optimize Ethernet specially. Preliminary BAS function is implemented. Some new features are introduced, such as ARP agency and

VLAN convergence (L2 switch and the router do not feature these functions).

Catalyst 6500


Router Vs L3 Switch

Topic Router L3Port type Multiform,

including :Erthernet/POS/ATM

Simple,including erthernet only

Port number Less MoreRoute rule The longest prefix

matching All prefix matching

Forward efficiency

Low Hight

cost Hight lowL2 switch No support support


Questions

Q1: Describe network equipment according to network layers? Q2: What are the main differences between a HUB and a L2 switch? Q3: Can L3 switch replace the router?


Summary



The function of each Network Equipment


This course describes:This course describes: Network Hierarchy Model Network Hierarchy Model The Basic TCP/IP Knowledge The Basic TCP/IP Knowledge The Method of Dividing Subnet The Method of Dividing Subnet

and The basic Route Technologyand The basic Route Technology Relevant Network EquipmentRelevant Network Equipment

Sum-up

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Basic IP Knowledge and Route Technology

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