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Click Here to Join Online Coaching Click Here www.upscportal.com Basic Numeracy
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Basic Numeracy
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A fraction is a part of the whole (object, thing, region). It forms the part of basic
aptitude of a person to have and idea of the parts of a population, group or
territory. Civil servants must have a feel of ‘fractional’ thinking. eg,5/12 , here ‘12’
is the nIn our day-to-day life, we get plenty of data in form of powers of numbers.
To have a feeling of what they measure we need to have an exact idea of indices
and surds. There may be some kit items in CSAT, specifically designed to test
proficiency of candidates in indices and surds.
Indices
In the expression xn, n is called the exponent or index and x is called the base
and xn is read as ‘x to the power of n’ or ‘x raised to the power n’.
Indices & Surds
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Laws of Indices
10. When the bases of two numbers are equal, then their powers are also equal.
eg, If 3n = 32, then, n = 2.
11. When the powers of two numbers are equal, then their bases are equal.
eg, If a3 = 43, then a = 4.
Where a is a positive real number and n is a rational number.
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Surds
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Laws of Radicals
Rationalisation of a Surd
If the product of two surds is rational, then each of the two surds is called a
rationalising factor of the other. In general if the surd is of type , then its
rationalising factor is a .
The rationalising factor of a surd is not unique. But it is always convenient to use
the simplest of all rationalising.
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Factors of a given Surd
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Comparison of Surds
Comparison of surds is possible only when they are of the same order. The
radicals can be compared.
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