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| Date post: | 20-Jan-2015 |
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The next slide is a quick promo for my books after which the presentation will begin
Thanks for your patience!Walt S.
[email protected] stuff at: www.wsautter.com
Books available at:www.smashwords.com
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Walt’s Books for Free!
All organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen.
Many also contain oxygen and nitrogen
Other elements may also be present.Phosphorous, halogens and/or metals
Most compounds are composed of carbon chains bonded with hydrogen
H H H H H | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C – C – H| | | | |
H H H H H
A carbon / hydrogen chain (organic)
H H H H H | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C – C – O - H| | | | |
H H H H H
A carbon / hydrogen chain containing oxygen
Carbon can make four (4) bondsHydrogen can make one (1) bondOxygen can make two (2) bonds
Nitrogen can make three (3) bondsSulfur can make two (2) bonds
Halogens can make one (1) bond
| – C – |
H –
- O -
– N – |
- S –
Cl -
| – C – H |
– C = O
|
C N
Carbon can make single, double or triplebondsHydrogen can make only single bonds
Oxygen can make single or double bonds
– C = O
|
| |C – O - C
| |
Nitrogen can make single, double or triplebonds
Sulfur can make single or double bonds
Halogens can make only single bonds
H– N – H |
H
– C = N |
C N
| | - C – S – C -
| |
– C = S |
| - C - Br
|
Naming Organic Compounds
Meth = 1 CEth = 2 C
Prop = 3 CBut = 4 CPent = 5 CHex = 6 CHept = 7 COct = 8 CNon = 9 CDec = 10 C
Study thisSlide and
then click hereTo continue
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Alkanes – All single bond between carbons
(name ends in “ane”)
Alkenes – contains double bonds between carbons
(name ends in “ene”)
Alkynes – contains triple bonds between carbons
(name ends in “yne”)
Naming hydrocarbons starts with selecting the longestChain (even around corners).
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H
| | | | |
H H H H H - C - H
|
H - C – H
|
H
7 Cchain
Not 5 C chain
Name starts with “hept” (7C)
All single bondsName ends with
“ane”
Heptane
|H
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H
| | | | |
H H H H H - C - H
|
H - C – H
|
H
|H
Naming the Side Chain
Side Chain
H- C- C -C -
H H H | | |
H H H | | |
H H H H | | | |
H H H H | | | | H- C- C -C -C -
-C -
H
H H |
|
-C -
H
H H |
| CH- -H|
MethylCH3
EthylC2 H5
PropylC3 H7
ButylC4 H9
Some Common Side Chains
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H
| | | | |
H H H H H - C - H
|
H - C – H
|
H
|H
-C -
H
H H |
|
Methyl
Methyl Heptane
But where is the methylGroup attached?
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H
| | | | |
H H H H H - C - H
|
H - C – H
|
H
Count from the Short end of
The chain
Methyl group isattached to the
third carbon thus3 methyl heptane
3 methyl heptane
|H
H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H
| | | | |
H H H H H - C - H
|
H - C – H
|
H
-C -
H
H H |
|
|H
Two side chains
The first methylgroup is onthe second
Carbon countingfrom the short
end!
The second methylgroup is on
the fifth Carbon countingfrom the short
end!
2, 5 dimethylheptane
Alkenes (Double bonds)
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C = C – C - H
| | | |
H H H H
|H
A six Carbon chain – “hex”
Alkene – ends in “ene”
Double bond on second CarbonFrom shortest end of chain
2 hexene
H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C = C – C – C – C – C - H
| | |
H H H - C - H
|
H - C – H
|
H
-C -
H
H H |
|
|H
2, 5 dimethyl 1 heptene
Alkene with two side groups
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C – C – C – C – C – C – C C-H
| | | | |
H H H H H - C - H
|
H - C – H
|
H
|H
Longest chain8 Carbons
(oct)
2 Carbon Side chain(ethyl) onC atom 4
Triple bondon C atom 1
(“yne”)
Alkynes (triple bond)
4 ethyl 1 octyne
Alkynes (triple bonds)
Alkenes (Double bonds)
Alkanes (Single bonds) Cn H(2n +2)
Cn H2n
Cn H(2n -2)
General Formula
C3 H8
C3 H6
C3 H4
Propane
Propene
Propyne
|
O -H
– C = O |O |
Hydroxyl
Ester Linkage
– N – H |
HAmine
CommonOrganic Groups
– C = O
O -H
|
Carboxyl
– C = O |
Carbonyl
| |
- C – O – C -
| |
Ether Linkage
Amide
– C
= O
| N – H |
H
C
– C = O |
Carbonyl
| |
- C – O – C -
| |
Ether Linkage
+ =– C = O
|O |
Ester Linkage
Some functional groups are combinations of smallerfunctional groups
|
O -HHydroxyl
+– C = O
|
Carbonyl
=– C = O
O -H
|
Carboxyl
– N – H |
HAmine
– C = O |
Carbonyl
+ = – C
= O
|– N – H|
H
C
Amide
Compounds Containing Functional Groups
Alcohols-O-H
End in “ol” -C -
H
H H |
| CH- -H|
EthylC2 H5
O-H
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethanol
Common nameGrain alcohol
R –OHR = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain
ketones– C = O
|
End in “one”
Methyl ethyl ketone
Butanone
2 butanone is incorrectSince counting from eitherend would put the carbonyl
On the second Carbon
R– C = O | R
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain
-C -
H
H H |
| C = O -C -
H H |
| CH- -H|
H
Compounds Containing Functional Groups
Aldehydes – C = O
| H
End in “al”
-C -
H
H H |
| C=OH -
Ethyl Aldehyde
Ethanal
Common nameAcetaldehyde
R – C = O |
H R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain
Compounds Containing Functional Groups
Acids– C = O
| O -H
End in “oic”
-C -
H
H H |
|
|
Acetic Acid
Ethanoic Acid
Common nameVinegar
R– C = O | O -H
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain
C = O
O -H
Compounds Containing Functional Groups
Structural Isomers
Same formula but different arrangement of atoms
H H H H | | | |
H H H H | | | | H- C- C -C -C -H
ButaneC4 H10
H H H | | |
H | H | | |
H- C- C -C -H
Methyl PropaneC4 H10
H – C – H|
H
Propanone Propanal
Chiral Carbons
Mirror Image molecules
Out of screen Into screen
Molecules Cannot be Superimposed!
Cis and Trans Isomers
cis-butenedioic acid (maleic acid)
trans-butenedioic acid (fumaric acid)
Double bond
“cis” like scissors (next to) “trans” across form
Aromatics
Aromatics are compounds that contain a benzene ring as part of their structure
C6 H6
DelocalizedElectron
cloud
Resonance structure
Different symbols for the Benzene Ring
Aspirin
Some Common Aromatics
Cyclics and Aromatics
At first glance they look the same but aren’t
C6 H6
