Basic Pharma

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BASIC

PHARMACOLOGY BRYIANE P. MEDINA, RN,MAN

Instructor

St. Paul University PhilippinesTuguegarao City, Cagayan North

SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCESCollege of Medical Technology

DAY 1


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Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, thestudents will be able to:

Discuss the scope of the science of pharmacologyIdentify drug sources and provide anexample of each

Compare the significance of the drugnomenclatureIdentify controlled substances andpregnancy classificationsDescribe the physical and chemical


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What isPharmacology ???

It is the science that deals with themechanism of action, uses, adverseeffects and fate of drugs in animalsand humans.It is concerned with the effects of drugs on living systems or theirconstituent components such as

cells, cell membranes, cellor anelles, enz mes and even DNA.


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Medical

Pharmacology is the science dealing with substancesused to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases i.e. studying theirnature, pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics, therapeutic uses,

adverse reactions, preparations andadministration.


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Clinical Pharmacology

Study of drugs in humans

This discipline includes study of drugsin patients as well as in healthyvolunteers.


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Pharmacogenetics

This is the study of genetic influenceson responses to drugs e.g. Familialidiosyncratic drug reactions ( affectedindividuals show an abnormal adverseresponse to a class of drug.)

How each individual will respond tospecific drugs


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Pharmacogenomics

It is the use of genetic information toguide the choice of drug therapy on an

individual basis. On this principle,discovering which specific gene variationsare associated with a good or poortherapeutic response to a particular drugshould enable individual tailoring of therapeutic choices on the basis of anindividuals genotype.


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Pharmacoepidemiol

ogy This is the study of drug effects at thepopulation level.

It is concerned with the variability of drug effects between individuals in apopulation and between populations.Variability between individuals orpopulations has an adverse effect onthe utility of a drug, even though itsmean effect level may be satisfactory.


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Pharmacoeconomic

s This branch of health economics aims toquantify in economic terms the cost and

benefit of drugs used therapeutically.As with the pharmacoepidemiology,regulatory authorities are increasinglyrequiring economic analysis, as well asevidence of individual benefit, whenmaking decisions on licensing.


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Pharmacodynamics

Study of the biochemical andphysiological effects of drugs

Study of drugs mechanisms of action


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Pharmacokinetics

Study of the fate of a drugabsorption,

distribution,biotransformation (metabolism) andexcretion of drugs


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Pharmacotherapy

It is the use of drug treatment to curea disease, delay a disease progression,alleviate the sign and / or symptoms of adisease, or facilitate non-pharmacologictherapeutic intervention as the use of general anesthesia prior and during majorsurgery.


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Pharmacognosy

study of poisons and poisoningsDeals with the toxic effects of substanceson the living organisms

Toxicology

Study of drugs derived from herbal andother natural sources


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Drugs

Any chemical substance that affects livingsystems by changing their structure orfunction.


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HistoryEarly Civilizations

Disease was viewed with great superstitionPrevention and treatment often directed todriving away evil spirits and invokingmagical powersPrimitive cultures began to experimentplantsDiscovery of the first medicinal agents(alcohol and opium)Poisons to coat the tips of arrows andspears of ancient warriors (CURARE)


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HistoryAncient Egypt

Cradle of pharmacologyEBES PAPYRUS (written more than 3,000years ago) listed more than 700 differentremedies used to treat specific ailmentsHIPPOCRATES declared in Greece thatknowledge about health and disease couldonly come through the study of naturallaws leading to first systematic dissectionsof the human body.


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HistoryFirst Century

DIOSCORIDES prepared De Materica Medica which scientifically described 600 different plants

and classified them16th Century

PARACELSUS Swiss scientist who firstadvocated the use of single drugs ratherthan mixturesAll things are poisons, for there is nothingwithout poisonous qualities. It is only thedose which makes a thing a poison. FATHER OF PHARMACOLOGY


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History17th Century

WILLIAM HARVEY English Physiologist firstbegan to explain how drugs exert their beneficialor harmful effectsFirst demonstrated the circulation of blood in thebody and introduced a new way of administration- INTRAVENOUS

19th CenturyFrancois Magendie and ClaudeBernard (French Physiologists) -demonstrated that certain drugs work at

specific sites of action within the body


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HistoryGolden Age of Pharmacolog

Ehrlichs Discovery of Antibiotics

Banting and Bests Discovery of Insulin

THOUSANDS OF DRUGSDeveloped in the 20th Centuryand to the present


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Major Uses of Drugs

1Symptomatic:Relieve disease symptoms e.g. Aspirin...

2Preventative:To avoid getting a disease e.g. Hepatitis Bvaccine, Flu vaccine.

3Diagnostic:Help determine disease presence e.g.Radioactive dyes.

4Curative:Eliminate the cause of the disease e.g.antibiotics.

5Health Maintenance:Drugs for weight control.

6Contraceptive:


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we usually consider thefollowing*

EffectivenessIndications

ActionSafetyContraindicationsAdverse drug reactionsinteractions with other

drugs & foodRoute & dosage

OtherCostavailability of the drugPatient compliance

Rational use of drugs

nAll members of

health care teammust exercise care topromote therapeuticeffects and minimizedrug induced harm


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Concept no 1

Almost ALL DRUGS AREPOISONS

The only thing that determines

if a drug provides a benefit orkills a patient is how weadminister it


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Therapeutic Classification

Is based on what the drug does clinically For example:

Anticoagulants Antidepressants

AntineoplasticsPharmacologic Classification More specific than therapeutic classification Requires understanding of biochemistry and

physiology Based on how the drug produces its effect at

molecular , tissue, or body-systems level e.g.Calcium-channel blockers

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE)

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Classification of Drugs


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Further Classification of drugs

Therapeuticaction

e.g: Antibiotics

sub class. in

view of

Mechanism

Cell - wall inhibitors

Chemistry

B-lactam antibioticso Pencillinso Cephalosporins

Spectrum Cephalosporin's areclassified as


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Sources of DrugsI-Natural: either A- Organic:Plants: alkaloids, glycosides, oils(fixed or volatile),..

Animals : e.g. hormones, vitamins,vaccines and heparin.Micro-organisms: e.g. antibioticsas penicillin.

B-Inorganic:minerals as iron, calcium &antacids.


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Some drug characteristics

Physicochemical characteristics:-Dosage form : Solid ; Liquid & Gaseous drugs

-Solubility: Hydrophilic , lipophilic

-Chemical structure : most are weak acids or bases.

-Drug Size & Mol. Wt: Some are small simple molecules, others complex

structures , Most drugs have molecular weightsbetween 100 and 1,000some drugs are chairal : L or D isomers .


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Drug Nomenclature

Chemical Name - describe chemicalstructure (rarely seen in medicalliterature)Code Name - short letter-numbercombination used for experimentaldrugs

Generic Name - a name assigned todrug that can be used by anyone (notproprietary)

Trade Name - Proprietary name


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Example:

Chemical name: 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b.f]-azepin-5-yl) propyldimethylamine.

Generic name : imipramine .Brand name : tofranil.


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Drug Nomenclature (Names)

Chemical Name

Generic Name Trade Name

7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5 phenyl 2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin 2-one

diazepam Valium

Ethyl 1-methyl 4-pheyli-sonipecotatehydrochloride

meperidine Demerol

acetylsalicyclic aspirin Ecotrin


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Schedules of ControlledSubstances


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Schedules of ControlledSubstances (cont.)


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Pregnancy Classifications ANo risk demonstrated to the fetus in any trimester BNo adverse effects in animalsno humanstudies

C-Only given after risks to the fetus areconsidered animal studies show adversereactionsDDefinite fetal risks. Only given in lifethreatening situationsXAbsolute fetal abnormalities


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Drug Administration Routes


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Parenteral Administration


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Others


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Others


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Properties of an IdealDrug


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Basic Pharma

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