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Maastricht Science College

Basic Physics Laboratory

PRA 2007

Period 2

October – December 2012

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Contents

Part 1: General information

1.1 Course Coordinators

1.2 Schedule information

1.3 Educational Format and Course Structure

1.4 Course Objectives

1.5 Study Materials

Part 2: Preparation and experimentation

2.1 General information

2.2 Procedure

2.3 Personal preparation

2.4 s Schedule of a typical practicum day

2.5 Preparation of the experiment

2.5 Execution of the experiment

2.6 Preparation of the report

Part 3. Overview of experiments

I. MECHANICS

1. Newton's Laws Experiment

2. Conservation of momentum

3. Projectile Motion

4. Mechanical waves

II. THERMODYNAMICS

1. Thermal Energy, Equilibrium Temperature, Specific Heat,

2. Ideal Gas Law Experiment: Boyle's Law and Gay-Lussac's Law.

III. LIGHT and OPTICS

1. Reflection and Refraction,

IV. ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

1. Basic Electricity, electronics.

2. Digital/Analog Breadboard,

3. Electronics: LRC Resonance,

APPENDIX: THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SCIENCE LAB REPORT

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Part I: General Information

1.1 Course Coordinators

Course coordinator and supervisors of this course are:

Name Department Telephone Location Email

Ronald

Westra

coordinator

BioMathematics

Group,

Maastricht

University,

+31-43-

3883722 /

3883494

Room 1.017,

Bouillonstraat

8-10,

Maastricht

westra@maastrichtuniversity.nl

1.2 Information on location and transport

The course will last 7 weeks. During the first six weeks consists of one full day of

experimentation per week (the Friday). In the seventh week there is a written exam on topics

in “Experiments in Modern Physics”. The exact time table will be subject to change; please

check the intranet (Eleum) for the exact place and time of the tutorials and lectures.

The location of the practicum is:

High Tech Campus Chemelot

Geleen, Netherlands

Phone: 31 (0)45 400 60 60

Room: Physics Lab

The practicum at the location starts at 09:00 and ends at 17:00. Transport by bus between

Maastricht and HSZ is organized: the bus leaves at Maastricht opposite to the Vrijthof Theatre

at 08.15, and around 17:10 from the HSZ Heerlen. Check the Eleum intranet for the most

update detailed information! Mobile phone for bus only for emergency: 06-21895927.

The location is also easily reachable by public transport, check: http://www.9292ov.nl/en.

Attendance: Because of the unique nature of this practicum and your responsibility for your team-

partner(s), we have set the required attendance for this practicum at a full 100% !!!

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1.3 Educational Format and Course Structure

Students work in fixed teams of two (or in rare cases three) persons during the practicum. The

teams will be composed by the coordinators. Each week each team jointly studies a different

experiment, i. perform measurements, ii. process the experimental data, and iii. write a report.

The report receives a grade that is valid for both (all) students in the team. Moreover, each

student keeps an individual logbook “lab journal” which is regularly inspected by the

supervisors. Moreover, each practicum day contains a brief lecture on a selected topic in “An

Introduction to Experimental Physics” by Peter Scot. In the last week of the course a written

exam on these lectures determines an individual grade for the student.

Evaluation of student performance will be based on four different aspects that each will count

the final score:

1) A: the average score of the written reports on the six experiments by the teams (A= 0 – 10).

2) B: the score of an individual written examination on selected topics in “An Introduction to

Experimental Physics” by Peter Scot taken in week 7 (B = 0 – 10).

3) The quality of the plan of approach and documentation of the experiments in the individual

lab journals.

4) The student’s contribution to the team, as scored by the supervisor.

The final grade is composed of the above as follows: Final Grade = 0.8*A + 0.2*B.

1.4 Course Objectives

The aim of this course is understanding what physics means by performing instructive physical

experiments that reveal fundamental physical principles, and also to attain a level of dexterity

with experimental devices. Physics is an empirical science and not a mere collection of

mathematical laws. In this sense this practical is an appropriate counterpart for the more

theoretic and mathematical Physics courses. Moreover, the aim of this training is to train your

ability to report and summarize your experimental work in a few pages.

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1.5 Schedule and time tables

Supervisors: Student Teams: RW Ronald Westra T1, …, T11 : student teams, see team table

STUDENT TEAM TABLE

TEAM Student 1 Student 2

T1 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T2 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T3 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T4 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T5 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T6 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T7 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T8 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T9 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

T10 Surname 1st

name Surname 1st

name

EXPERIMENT TYPE SCHEDULE

nr Exp Name Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6

1 MEC-1 T1 T6 T9 T7 T11 T8

2 MEC-2 T2 T10 T11 T9 T3

3 MEC-3 T3 T7 T4 T8 T1 T5

4 MEC-4 T4 T5 T8 T6 T2 T1

5 THER-1 T5 T10 T6 T1 T7 T9

6 THER-2 T6 T3 T9 T8 T7

7 OPT-1 T7 T8 T1 T10 T3 T4

8 ELC-1 T8 T1 T6 T11

9 ELC-2 T9 T4 T7 T3

10 ELC-3 T10 T11 T3 T5 T4 T2

11 ELC-2 T5 T2 T10

12 THER-2 T2 T11 T4 T10

13 OPT-1 T11 T9 T2 T5 T6

* Shifts are possible in the same week within the same colour.

STUDENT TEAM SCHEDULE

Team Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6

T1 MEC-1 ELC-1 OPT-1 THER-1 MEC-3 MEC-4

T2 MEC-2 THER-2 OPT-1 ELC-2 MEC-4 ELC-3

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T3 MEC-3 THER-2 ELC-3 ELC-2 OPT-1 MEC-2

T4 MEC-4 ELC-2 MEC-3 THER-2 ELC-3 OPT-1

T5 THER-1 MEC-4 ELC-2 ELC-3 OPT-1 MEC-3

T6 THER-2 MEC-1 THER-1 MEC-4 ELC-1 OPT-1

T7 OPT-1 MEC-3 ELC-2 MEC-1 THER-1 THER-2

T8 ELC-1 OPT-1 MEC-4 MEC-3 THER-2 MEC-1

T9 ELC-2 OPT-1 MEC-1 THER-2 MEC-2 THER-1

T10 ELC-3 THER-1 MEC-2 OPT-1 ELC-2 THER-2

T11 OPT-1 ELC-3 THER-2 MEC-2 MEC-1 ELC-1

1.6 Study materials

Text book: There is no book directly associated to this course. Information on the individual experiments

is provided in this syllabus and in separate detailed experiment descriptions. Moreover, this

course relates to the introductory course Physics: Elements in Physics. The textbook for this

course is:University Physics with Modern Physics, H.D. Young & R. A. Freedman, Pearson

Education (US), 13th International edition, May 2011

For the underlying physical principles of the experiments we refer to this textbook.

Hand outs: During the course there will be brief lectures on topics in “An Introduction to Experimental

Physics” by Peter Scot. Material will be handed out in the course of these lectures.

Lab Journal: At the start of the course you will be provided with an individual lab journal (a.k.a. Experiment

Logbook; i.e. an A4 stapled cahier). On the first page of your journal please write your name,

the title and name of the course, and the date of the first entry. Also write down the location

and your fellow researcher (your team mate(s) and the supervisor(s) that helped you. For each

experiment you perform describe the experiment name and number and the date and even

exact time when you performed the measurement. Carefully describe what you are doing (this

will help you later remember when you write your report!) and neatly show the results – or

where you have stored the results. In your lab journal you can also paste or attach results from

your experiments, e.g. graph paper or digital photo’s etc. In your lab journal you carefully write

down your approach (see below), and describe your experiments, and results. We will check

your lab journal before you are allowed to conduct the experiment and also to conclude it and

start writing the report.

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2. Preparation and experimentation

2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION

The practicum consists of 6 weeks of performing 6 different experiments (on Friday). Note that

you are supposed to prepare the experiments (see below). The day also includes a brief lecture

on a topic on “Experiments in Modern Physics”. After the experiment (Friday) you have two

working days to prepare and submit the report by email to the associated supervisor: so latest

by the Tuesday after the experiment before midnight (23:59). In week 7 the practicum

concludes with a written exam on theory of in “Experiments in Modern Physics”.

The location of the practicum is:

High Tech Campus Chemelot

Geleen, Netherlands

Phone: 31 (0)45 400 60 60

Room: Physics Lab

2.2 PROCEDURE

The practicum consists of a collection of 12 different experiments. Students cooperate in

couples (of 2 students) and each week perform a different experiment.

Each experiment consists of a theoretical and methodological preparation: i. Reading about the

theory behind the experiment; ii. Determining what should be done and in what order; iii.

Writing a plan containing the required steps for carrying out the measurements.

2.3 PERSONAL PREPARATION

1. Use your individual lab journal and carefully write down your plan of approach for the

experiment(s) (see below), describe your measurements, and the results.

The supervisors will check your notes in your lab journal before you are allowed to

conclude the experiment and start writing the report.

2. You work in teams of two students (at most three in case of an odd number of

students).

2.4 SCHEDULE OF A TYPICAL PRACTICUM DAY

1. Bus to the location leaves from Maastricht at 8:20.

2. Start of practicum at the location: 9:00 AM at location.

3. General introduction of the day by practicum coordinator.

4. Start measurements by student teams. Practicum assistants: check progress, judge

whether the measurements are complete and report writing can start, discuss reports of

previous week.

5. lunch break 12:00 – 12:45

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6. 13:00 presentation of a topic in “Experiments in Modern Physics”. Note: these topics

will be examined in week 7.

7. wrap-up of measurements and –after consent of supervisor– start of report writing

8. End of practicum at 17:00.

9. Bus from the location back to Maastricht leaves at 17:10. Arrival in Maastricht +/- 18:00.

10. There are two working days for completing and submitting the report of your

experiment automatically to the responsible supervisor.

2.5 PREPARATION OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. Prepare yourself by reading the associated theory in the book, indicated in the

description of the experiment.

2. Carefully read the detailed description of the experiment.

3. Methodologically describe the approach in a number of steps.

2.6 EXECUTION OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. Check whether the experimental setup is correct.

2. Perform the measurement. Repeat measurements if possible and check whether the

results are consistent. Note this in your lab journal.

3. The supervisor determines when the measurement phase is completed based on the

progress and time remaining, and your notes in the lab journal.

2.7 PREPARATION OF THE REPORT

1. Report writing can start after permission by the supervisor that the experimental results

are sufficient.

2. The report is written jointly by the team. A format for the report will be provided.

3. The report must be submitted electronically within two working days after completion

of the experiment, so latest on the Tuesday after before 23:59.

4. The format of the report must be according to: “STRUCTURE OF A LAB REPORT.pdf”

available in the appendix of this document and as extra document on ELEUM.

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3. Overview of experiments

NOTE: these pages only contain general information on the experiments. Detailed

descriptions on the experiments can be found on the course page on ELEUM.

MECHANICS

1. MEC-2-01: Gyroscope dynamics. An experimental arrangement for Gyroscope

dynamics. PASCO CI-8963, ME-8960 (p, 200-201)

2. MEC-2-02: 2D collisions. An experimental arrangement for validating the conservation

laws in mechanics: energy, momentum, angular momentum in 2D collisions.

3. MEC-2-03: Universal Gravitational Constant Experiment. Measuring the Universal

Gravitational Constant. PASCO EX-9908 (p,365)

4. MEC-2-04: Driven Damped Harmonic Oscillator Analysis of the Driven Damped

Harmonic Oscillator EX-9970 (p,373)

QUANTUM MECHANICS

1. QM-2-01: Photoelectric Effect System. Students investigate the Photoelectric Effect.

PASCO AP-8209

2. QM-2-02: Blackbody Radiation. Students investigate the Blackbody Radiation. PASCO

EX-9971.

3. QM-2-03: Atomic Spectra. Students investigate the Atomic Spectra. PASCO EX-9955.

4. QM-2-04: Bohr’s H-atom and stable time-independent patterns . Students investigate

Bohr’s H-atom and stable time-independent patterns . PASCO SF-9405, WA-9607, SE-

7319 (all: pp, 292-293).

ELECTROMAGNETISM and MAXWELL THEORY

1. EM-2-01: Coulomb’s Law. Validate Coulomb’s law. PASCO EX-9930

2. EM-2-02: Charge of an Electron. Milican’s experiment.PASCO EX-9929 (p,344)

3. EM-2-03: Faraday's Law Experiment: Study and analyse Faraday’s law. PASCO EX-9957

(p,390)

4. EM-2-04: charge-to-mass ratio of the electron: e/m. Study and analyse e/m, i.e. the

charge-to-mass ratio of the electron, PASCO SE-9625, SE-9638 (p,344)

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I. MECHANICS

EXPERIMENT MEC I-01: Newton's Laws Experiment An experimental arrangement for determining all three of Newton's Laws

Summary An experimental arrangement for experimentally determining all three of Newton's

Laws:

• Newton's First Law: Students use a Motion Sensor to collect data for various sliding,

rolling and hovering objects. Using the data and their observations, students better

understand that an object's motion will not change unless acted upon by an external net

force.

• Newton's Second Law: Students use a Force Sensor and Motion Sensor to discover the

relationships between force, mass and acceleration.

• Newton's Third Law: Using two Force Sensors, students prove that forces between

objects are equal in magnitude yet opposite in direction. These experiments include

both tug-of-war exercises and collisions between cars.

EXPERIMENT MEC-01A - Newton's 1st Law

The purpose of this experiment is to determine how external forces influence an

object's motion. The following objects are pushed briefly: a Hover Puck, a Cart and a

Friction Tray. The resulting velocity is measured with a Motion Sensor. An analysis of

this motion yields Newton's 1st Law.

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EXPERIMENT MEC-01B - Newton's 2nd Law The purpose of this experiment is to determine Newton’s 2

nd Law. A modified version of

Atwood’s machine is set up with a mass tied to string that hangs over a pulley at the end

of a table. The other end of the string is tied to a Force Sensor mounted on a cart. A

Motion Sensor records the velocity of the cart.

EXPERIMENT MEC1C - Newton's 3rd Law The purpose of this experiment is to determine the relationship between interacting

forces. Two Force Sensors are used to measure the paired forces in a rubber band tug-o-

war and the paired forces in a collision of two carts.

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EXPERIMENT MEC I-02: Conservation of Impulse and Momentum An experimental arrangement for validating the conservation laws in

mechanics: total energy, impulse, momentum,and angular momentum

EXPERIMENT MEC I-02-A: Conservation of Impulse

In this experiment, the impulse on a cart is determined in two ways, by measuring the

change in velocity and by finding the area under a force versus time curve.

SUMMARY

A cart runs down a slightly inclined track and collides with a Force Sensor equipped with either a

clay bumper, spring bumper, or magnetic bumper. To determine the change in momentum

(impulse), the speeds before and after the collision are measured using a photogate. This

photogate is also used to trigger the beginning of data collection for the Force Sensor. To

confirm the impulse, the force versus time is plotted and the impulse is determined by finding

the area under the curve.

MEC I-02-B: Conservation of Momentum INTRODUCTION

Elastic and inelastic collisions are performed with two dynamics carts of different masses.

Magnetic bumpers are used in the elastic collision and Velcro® bumpers are used in the

completely inelastic collision. In both cases, momentum is conserved.

Figure 1: Setup (Note: 1.2-m track is pictured. The 2.2-m track has levelling feet as shown

in Figure 2.

Cart velocities are recorded using two Rotary Motion Sensors connected to the carts by string

wrapped around pulleys. This measurement method adds very little friction to the experiment

and, since the velocities are continuously monitored, any deceleration due to friction can be

measured. The total kinetic energy before and after the collision is also studied.

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MEC I-03: Projectile Motion Analysis of the orbits of ballistic projectiles

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to predict the horizontal range of a projectile shot

from various heights and angles. In addition, students will compare the time of flight for

projectiles shot horizontally at different muzzle velocities.

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MEC I-04

Mechanical waves: 3D modes of vibration

A. Chladni Plates as a dramatic example of resonance

In the early nineteenth century, Ernst Chladni added another dimension to wave

experiments by sprinkling sand on a thin plate and using a violin bow to induce

vibrations. The sand collected along the nodal lines of the wave patterns painted clear

and beautiful pictures of the various modes of vibration.

The Chladni Plates Kit and Mechanical Wave Driver allow continuous vibrations to be

produced at measurable frequencies. Students can determine the resonant frequencies

of the plates and examine the modes of vibration at any frequency.

B. Chladni Violin Plate

This 40 cm-long plate is shaped like a standard violin. Place sand on the plate and excite

with either a violin bow or wave driver.

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Material:

The Chladni Plates Kit includes a 24 cm x 24 cm square plate, round plate, 0.8 kg of

extra-fine sand and a sand shaker. The round plate can be vibrated about its center or

an offset point to investigate both symmetric and asymmetric modes of vibration.

Manual: see additional documentation: Chladni-Plates-Kit-Manual-WA-9607.pdf

C. Longitudinal Wave Spring

Longitudinal Wave Spring

Using the Longitudinal Wave Spring accessory, it is easy to demonstrate and visualize

the nodes and antinodes of longitudinal waves.

Manual: see additional documentation: Longitudinal-Wave-Spring-Manual-WA-9401.pdf

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II. THERMODYNAMICS

EXPERIMENT THER-1-01: Thermal Energy, Equilibrium

Temperature, Specific Heat

Applications Heat, heat transfers, specific heat and calorimetry.

Summary The purpose of this activity is to determine the specific heat of a metal object and

identity the metal. A Temperature Sensor is used to measure the change in temperature

of a known quantity of water at room temperature when a metal object of known mass

and known initial temperature of is put into the water. DataStudio is used to record and

display the data.

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EXPERIMENT THER-1-02: Ideal Gas Law Experiment

Applications The relation between pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal gas.

Summary The temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas are measured simultaneously to show

that they change according to the Ideal Gas Law. Special cases of constant volume,

constant temperature, and adiabatic are also investigated.

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III. LIGHT and OPTICS

EXPERIMENT OPT-1-01: Reflection and Refraction

Applications

The law of reflection, flat and curved mirrors, the law of refraction, indexes of refraction

and dispersion.

Summary The purpose of this activity is to experimentally confirm the Law of Reflection, for flat, concave,

and convex mirrors. The activities will also use the Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law) to determine

the index of refraction of a piece of acrylic. The Basic Optics Light Source is used to produce a

single beam of light. The Ray Optics Kit includes all mirrors and acrylic pieces that will be used.

45°

Incident rays Reflected rays

Flat Mirror Template

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IV. ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

EXPERIMENT ELC-1-01: Basic Electricity Experiments

Summary

These experiments compound a number of basic studies in DC electronics. The purpose

of this is to become familiar with the Circuits Experiment Board, to learn how to

construct a complete electrical circuit, and to learn how to represent electrical circuits

with circuit diagrams. These experiments vary from the basics of Ohm’s Law through

simple series and parallel circuit analysis, Kirchhoff's circuit laws, and into some

elementary aspects of electronics where they will build circuits using capacitors,

transistors and diodes.

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EXPERIMENT ELC-1-02: Magnetoelectronic Digital/Analog

Electronics Breadboard Experiments

Summary By using digital and analog components that connect through magnetic attraction to the

board, students are able to quickly check and expand their knowledge of electronics

concepts.

Applications The MR Board is a reusable magnetic breadboard device that eliminates the need to

solder or strip wires when constructing an electronic circuit. By using components that

connect through magnetic attraction to the board students are able to quickly check and

expand their ideas regarding electronics concepts.

•Basic Circuits •Parallel and Series Circuits •Short Circuit

•Kirchhoff’s Law •Bias Circuits •RC and RL Circuits

•Basic Gates •Combinational Gates •Boolean Expressions

•De Morgan’s Theorems •Duality of Logic Function •Binary System

•Half Adder •Full Adder •Half Subtractor

•Full Subtractor •Magnitude Comparator •Decoder

•Encoder •Multiplex •Demultiplex

•Seven Segments •Clipper •Clamper

•RS Latch •RS Flip-Flops •JK Flip-Flops

•D Flip-Flops •Shift Register •Timer

•Synchronous Sequential

Circuit

•Asynchronous Sequential

Circuit

•Counter Schmidt Trigger

•Multivibrator

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EXPERIMENT ELC-1-03: LRC Resonance Experiment

Summary

The current through a series LRC circuit is examined as a function of applied frequency

and the effects of changing the values of the resistance, inductance, and capacitance are

observed. The phase difference between the applied voltage and the current is

measured below resonance, at resonance, and above resonance.

Applications The RLC Circuit Board is the basis for studying introductory AC Circuit Theory. Vary all

parameters, including resistance, capacitance, and even the inductance of the coil by

using the included iron core. To study the resonance curve for a series LRC circuit, use

the device to automatically scan through the driving frequencies while simultaneously

measuring the response current. The amplitude of the current is plotted versus

frequency and the resonant frequency is determined. The value of the resistance is

changed to see how the resonance curve changes.

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APPENDIX: THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SCIENCE LAB REPORT

Writing your science lab report is an essential part of the learn experience of this practical and

determines a significant part of your grade. Here's a format for a science lab report you can use

to write and include in the different parts of the report. A lab report is how you explain what

you did in an experiment, what you learned, and what the results meant. Here is a standard

format. If you prefer, you can print and fill in the science lab report template at the end of this

paper.

1.Title Page

This is a single page that states:

•The title of the experiment.

•Your name and the names of any lab partners.

•Your instructor's name.

•The date the lab was performed or the date the report was submitted.

2.Title

The title says what you did. It should be brief (aim for ten words or less) and describe the main

point of the experiment or investigation. An example of a title would be: "Effects of Ultraviolet

Light on the Photo-Electric Effect". If you can, begin your title using a keyword rather than an

article like 'The' or 'A'.

3.Introduction / Purpose

Usually the Introduction is one paragraph that explains the objectives or purpose of the lab. In

one sentence, state the hypothesis. Sometimes an introduction may contain background

information, briefly summarize how the experiment was performed, state the findings of the

experiment, and list the conclusions of the investigation. Even if you don't write a whole

introduction, you need to state the purpose of the experiment, or why you did it. This would be

where you state your hypothesis.

4.Materials

List everything needed to complete your experiment.

5.Methods

Describe the steps you completed during your investigation. This is your procedure. Be

sufficiently detailed that anyone could read this section and duplicate your experiment. Write it

as if you were giving direction for someone else to do the lab. It may be helpful to provide a

Figure to diagram your experimental setup.

6.Data

Numerical data obtained from your procedure usually is presented as a table. Data encompasses

what you recorded when you conducted the experiment. It's just the facts, not any

interpretation of what they mean. Don’t provide pages of dulle numbers but summarize your

data in apt form such as graphs or tables. If you think it is necessary to make your experimental

data available, then store it in the public domain (e.g. a website or ftp site) and mention the link

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(e.g.: “Additional empirical data can de downloaded from:

http://www.MSC.edu/MSCyear1/ourdatapage.html”).

Graphs and figures must both be labeled with a descriptive title. Label the axes on a graph,

being sure to include units of measurement. The independent variable is on the X-axis. The

dependent variable (the one you are measuring) is on the Y-axis. Be sure to refer to figures and

graphs in the text of your report. The first figure is Figure 1, the second figure is Figure 2, etc.

7.Results

Describe in words what the data means. Sometimes the Results section is combined with the

Discussion (Results & Discussion).

8.Discussion or Analysis

The Data section contains numbers. The Analysis section contains any calculations you made

based on those numbers. This is where you interpret the data and determine whether or not a

hypothesis was accepted. This is also where you would discuss any mistakes you might have

made while conducting the investigation. You may wish to describe ways the study might have

been improved.

9.Conclusions

Most of the time the conclusion is a single paragraph that sums up what happened in the

experiment, whether your hypothesis was accepted or rejected, and what this means.

11.References

If your research was based on someone else's work or if you cited facts that require

documentation, then you should list these references.

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TEMPLATE for your Science Lab Report:

Title:

Date:

Lab Partners:

Purpose:

Introduction:

Materials:

Methods/ Procedure:

Data:

Results/Discussion/Analysis:

Conclusions:

References: