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Basic Physics
Scalarmagnitude
Vectormagnitude and direction
Kinematics
distancedisplacementvelocity
average instantaneous
accelerationaverageinstantaneous
Dynamics
Newton’s Three LawsLaw of InertiaF = maAction-Reaction
Momentum-Impulsep = mvF = time rate of change of momentum
Work and Energy
Workforcedisplacementparallel
Work-Energy TheoremKinetic EnergyConservative ForcesPotential EnergyNon-Conservative Forces
Rotational Motion
angular displacementangular velocityangular accelerationmoment of inertiarotational kinetic energytorque
Thermodynamics
TemperatureFirst Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of ThermodynamicsEfficiencyCarnot Engine
Electricity
Voltage
Electric Potential Differencepotential energy/chargemeasured in Volts (J/C)
VA – VB > 0
Equipotential Surface
B
A
+-
Capacitors
Way of storing energyC = Q/VFarad = Coulomb/Volt• typical units are F
Parallel Plate capacitor
Conducting Plates
Dielectric
Current
flow of electrical chargeI = q/t
DCcurrent flows in one direction
ACdirection of current flow alternates
Generators
Inductionchanging magnetic flux* can produce an emf
Transformersstep-upstep-down
Resistance
ability of an object to resist the flow of currentdepends
on material (resistivity () or conductivity ())on shape
• long – high resistance• wide – low resistance
on temperature
ConductorsInsulatorsSemi-Conductors
Ohm’s Law
V = IRPower = IV = I2R = V2/R
implications for energy delivery
Symbol for resistance
Combinations of Resistors
Series Parallel
1
21q ...
11
RRRe
...21q RRRe
Light Bulbs
IncandescentFluorescent
Nuclear Physics
E = mc2
Atoms
Nucleusprotonsneutrons
ElectronsAtomic Number (Z) = # of protonsAtomic Mass (A) = # of protons (Z) + neutrons (N) XA
Z
Radioactive Decay
– decay particle consists of two protons and neutrons (bare helium nucleus)atomic number goes down by 2atomic mass goes down by 4
α X' X 4-A2Z
AZ
α Pb Po 20682
21084
Radioactive Decay
– decay particle is an electronatomic number increases by 1atomic mass is unchanged
e-A
1ZAZ e X' X
e-90
399038 e Y Sr
Radioactive Decay
– decay particle is high energy photonatomic number is unchangedatomic mass is unchanged
Sr Sr* 8738
8738
X X* AZ
AZ
Fission
Heavy nucleus splits into two smaller pieces
Fusion
Smaller nuclei combine to form larger nucleus
Fission of Uranium-235
Released Energy
Kinetic Energy of Fragments
83.5%
Instantaneous -rays 2.5%
Kinetic Energy of Neutrons
2.5%
-decay of products 3.5%
rays from products 3.0%
Neutrinos 5.0%
Fission of Uranium-235
CeLaBaCsXe
stableZrYSr
nXeSrnU
14058
14057
14056
14055
14054
9440
9439
9438
10
14054
9438
10
23592
)(
2
nKrBanU 10
8936
14456
10
23592 3
Fission of Uranium-235
Released Energy
Kinetic Energy of Fragments
83.5%
Instantaneous -rays 2.5%
Kinetic Energy of Neutrons
2.5%
-decay of products 3.5%
rays from products 3.0%
Neutrinos 5.0%
Fusion
smaller nuclei fuse to form larger nucleuspower source of the Sunhydrogen to heliumending mass < beginning mass
Proton-Proton Chain
1H + 1H 2H + e+ + 2H + 1H 3He +
3He + 3He 4He + 2 (1H)4 protons converted to one
helium
CNO cycle1H + 12C 13N + 13N 13C + e+ + 1H + 13C 14N + 1H + 14N 15O + 15O 15N + e+ + 1H + 15N 12C + 4He