Basic Power System Engineering

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Introduction to PowerSystem Engineering

JAYSON A. FRANCISCO, REE 2010

[email protected]

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

College of Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering



Course Objectives

To facilitate the Electrical Engineering students’

understanding on how the electric power system generation,

transmission, and distribution is planned, developed,

operated, and controlled.

Understanding the language of

Power System Engineers



Power System Engineering

Power engineering, also called power systems

engineering, is a subfield of electrical

engineering that deals with

the generation, transmission and

distribution of electric power as well as the

electrical devices connected to such systems

including generators, motors and transformers.

Source: Wikipedia



Areas of Power System Engineering

1. Fault Studies

2. Load Flow Studies

3. Power System Reliability

4. Power System Operations and Control

5. Economic Operations of Power System

6. Power System Protection

7. Surge Protection and Power Transient

8. Power System Planning9. Power Quality

10. Power System Dynamics and Stability




Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Generation Transmission Subtransmission Distribution






























Electric Power Industry Structure:

MONOPOLY

• Generation–

NPC, IPPs (IPPs - wholesale contrac t wi th NPC

and some dis t r ibut ion

companies)

•

Transmission–

NPC• Distribution and supply –

distribution utilities, electric

cooperatives, directly-

connected customers

IPPsNPC

GenCoNPC

GenCoIPPs

NPC

DU EC Direct(Bulk-users)

DU/EC

End-users



Generation




Electric Power Industry Structure:

COMPETITIVE MARKET•

Competitive generation• Wholesale electricity spot

market (WESM)

• Open access to high

voltage wires

• Regulated transmission

and distribution system

• Open access todistribution networks

• Retail competition

IPP IPP IPP IPP

WESM

(Market Operator)

DU Supplier/Aggregator

Direct(Bulk-

users)

DU

End-users

Network Service Provider

System Operator



Electricity Supply Meets Demand Instantaneously

Generation Transmission Subtransmission Distribution

• Electric energy is generated in response to demands from consumers to keep

balance between load and generation.

• The processes of generation, transmission, distribution and consumption areinstantaneous: the moment load is switched on energy must be produce to meet

demand.

• A delay of the generation response to demand will cause imbalance in the in the

power system and will be reflected as an error in system frequency

• Any failure in the processes mentioned can also cause an imbalance in the power

system and will be reflected as a system frequency deviation.



System Load and Generation Balance

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

0 : 0 0 : 0 0

0 : 5 9 : 5 6

1 : 5 9 : 4 8

2 : 5 9 : 4 1

3 : 5 9 : 5 7

4 : 5 9 : 5 4

5 : 5 9 : 4 7

6 : 5 9 : 4 0

7 : 5 9 : 3 4

8 : 5 9 : 3 2

9 : 5 9 : 2 7

1 0 : 5 9 : 2 2

1 1 : 5 9 : 4 5

1 2 : 5 9 : 4 3

1 3 : 5 9 : 3 7

1 5 : 0 0 : 0 0

1 5 : 5 9 : 5 8

1 7 : 0 0 : 0 4

1 8 : 0 0 : 0 0

1 8 : 5 9 : 4 3

1 9 : 5 9 : 3 7

2 0 : 5 9 : 3 6

2 1 : 5 9 : 2 8

2 2 : 5 9 : 2 1

Time (hh:mm:ss)

D e m a n

d ( M W )

Generation

Schedule

SystemLoad

System Load Sample Date: August 18, 2006



Analogy of Load-Generation Balance

in Relation to System Frequency

60

Generation = Load; System Frequency = 60 Hz

System

Frequency

Generation

Transmission

Loads

Generation < Load; System Frequency < 60 HzGeneration > Load; System Frequency > 60 Hz



System Frequency Indicates Balance

59.40

59.60

59.80

60.00

60.20

60.40

60.60

F r e q u e n c y ( H z )

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

0 : 0 0 : 0 0

1 : 0 0 : 1 3

2 : 0 0 : 1 7

3 : 0 0 : 2 4

4 : 0 0 : 5 5

5 : 0 1 : 0 3

6 : 0 1 : 0 3

7 : 0 1 : 0 7

8 : 0 1 : 1 1

9 : 0 1 : 2 0

1 0 : 0 1 : 2 5

1 1 : 0 1 : 2 8

1 2 : 0 2 : 0 1

1 3 : 0 2 : 1 0

1 4 : 0 2 : 1 3

1 5 : 0 2 : 4 5

1 6 : 0 2 : 5 1

1 7 : 0 3 : 0 0

1 8 : 0 3 : 0 4

1 9 : 0 3 : 1 0

2 0 : 0 3 : 1 5

2 1 : 0 3 : 2 8

2 2 : 0 3 : 3 3

2 3 : 0 3 : 3 7

Time (hh:mm:ss)

D e m a n d ( M W )

Sample Date: August 28, 2006



A closer look at system balance …

Sample Date: August 28, 2006

59.40

59.60

59.80

60.00

60.20

60.40

60.60

F r e q u e n c y ( H z )

3,900

4,000

4,100

4,200

4,300

4,400

7 : 0 0 : 0 0

7 : 0 4 : 5 6

7 : 0 9 : 5 3

7 : 1 4 : 4 9

7 : 1 9 : 4 6

7 : 2 4 : 4 3

7 : 2 9 : 4 0

7 : 3 4 : 3 7

7 : 3 9 : 3 4

7 : 4 4 : 3 0

7 : 4 9 : 2 7

7 : 5 4 : 2 4

7 : 5 9 : 2 1

Time (hh:mm:ss)

D e m a n d ( M W )

Note: Blue line indicate zero load forecast error and zero dispatch tolerance.

Maximum positive intra-hour variation

Maximum negative intra-hour variation

Linear

ramping



Ensuring Load-Generation Balance

Load Forecasting –

hourly demand projection within tolerance limit

Outage Scheduling – accurate planning and implementation of outages

Dispatch Scheduling – adequate operating margin for reserve and energy

Dispatch Implementation – linear ramping within dispatch tolerance limits

Compliance Monitoring – real-time energy and reserve dispatch

Reserve Response – adequate reserve capacity allocation and response



60

Reserve Maintains

Load-Generation Balance

Reserve

Reserve

used to

compensate

imbalance



606060

Insufficient Reserve can Lead to Load

Interruption

Load

Dropping



Causes of Imbalances in the Grid

• Intra-hour load variations

• Hourly forecast errors

• Dispatch target deviations

• Loss of generating unit

• Depleted reserve capacity



Reserves as Ancillary Services are

Categorized and Defined Based on

Their Purpose:

Regulating Reserve- also called Frequency Regulation and Load

Following; a generating capacity from a Qualified Generating Unit

allocated to cover intra-hour variations in demand, deviations from

generation schedules and hourly forecasts errors.

Contingency Reserve - a generating capacity from a Qualified

Generating Unit allocated to cover loss of a synchronized generating unit

or power imported from a single-circuit interconnection.

Dispatchable Reserve - generating capacity from a QualifiedGenerating Unit allocated to replenish or free up Contingency Reserve

allocations within a trading interval.



Basic Characteristics of Reserves

1. Adequacy–

sufficient capacity must beallocated to cover the imbalance

within the specified period

2. Timing–

the speed of response shouldsatisfy frequency control requirement

3. Accuracy – the response should be

correctly proportional to theimbalance



Power Generation Process

Grid

Electrical

EnergyGeneratorMechanical

EnergyTurbine

Valve/GateEnergy Source

Speed Governor

Energy Management System/ Automatic Generation Control

Manual Control

Frequency

Increase/decrease

generation

• Frequency

• Voltage

• Real Power • Reactive Power

• Breaker Status

• RTD Target

Primary Control

Secondary Control

Feed-forward

Controls

Hydro

Geothermal Oil thermal

Coal thermal

Combined-cycle

Gas turbine



Relative Time Frame of Reserve Responses

Primary Regulating Reserve

Secondary Contingency Reserve

Secondary Regulating Reserve

Primary Contingency Reserve

Dispatchable

Reserves

Automatic Load Dropping

Manual Load Dropping

Over Generation

Trading Interval = 1 hr

Time

Dispatch Interval ≈ 5 min

≈ 60 sec

Generator Tripping

Generation Reduction

N e w M a r k e t D i s p a t c h S c h e d u l e



TRANSMISSION SYSTEM













Electric Power System

Coal

Plant

Hydro Plant

EndUsers

End

Users

Transmission

System

Distribution

System

Generation

System

(Embedded Generators)Geothermal Plant



Transport electricity from the generating plants to thedistribution facilities.

Transmission System

• Operates at very high voltages

• Uses a loop configuration

• Interconnect one Electric Power System to another

Source:Unknown

How is Electricity Transported and Distributed?



Distribution System


The system of wires and associated facilities that

are owned and operated by a franchised

distribution utility.

Used to deliver electric energy to

End-Users;

Extends between Transmission

System and End-User premises;



Power = Voltage x Current

• Transporting bulk power (large amount of energy in short time) will require

large current. This means bigger conductors.

• Transporting the same bulk power in higher voltage will result in lower

current. This means smaller conductors.




STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER




Power Transformer at

High Voltage Substation

(Power Plant and Transmission)




Power Transformer at

Distribution Substation


PDUs:69/13.8 kVECs67/13.2 kV



Source: IEEE-USA

Transmission Lines




Loop Configuration

500KV

2X650MW

SCFTPP

LABRADOR

~~

KADAMPAT

SAN MANUEL

NEW

MCFTPP

BPPCBAUANG

LA

TRINIDAD

BINGA

SAN MANUEL

OLD

MEXICOSAN JOSE

HERMOSA

SUBIC

OLONGAPO

BOTOLAN

LOAD CENTER

2X300MW

500KV

500KV

230KV

230KV

230KV

Transmission System




Outdoor High Voltage Switchyard




• Three Transmission Grids:

Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao

• Transmission Voltages

Luzon : 230 and 500 kV

Visayas : 69, 138 and 230 kV

Mindanao : 69 and 138 kV

• Luzon and Visayas Grids are interconnected via a 350kV HVDC submarine cable




Primary Distribution Lines

(Main Feeder)

Substation

Transformer

Residential

Subtransmission Lines

Primary Distribution Lines

(Laterals)

Distribution

Transformer

Commercial Industrial

Misc Loads

Secondary Distribution Lines

Service

Drop

Distribution System




Distribution Lines


Primary Voltage

13.2kV (Three Phase)7.6kV (Single Phase)Secondary Voltage

240V



Pole-MountedTransformer

Pad-MountedTransformer

Distribution Transformers




RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INDUSTRIAL

How is Electricity Consumed?




12 4 8 12 4 8 12

100

60

20

40

80

P e r c e n t o f P e a k L o

a d

Load Profileof Residential

Customer

OFF-PEAK

PEAK



12 4 8 12 4 8 12

100

60

20

40

80

P e r c e n t o f P e a k L o a

d

Load Profile of Commercial

Customer

OFF-PEAK

PEAK




12 4 8 12 4 8 12

0

100

60

20

40

80

P e r c e n t o f P e a k L o a

d

Load Profileof Industrial

Customer

OFF-PEAK

PEAK




Demand Peak

Demand Average Factor Load

hrskWh Annual

Time Energy Demand Average

8760

Demand Peak kWh Annual Factor Load

8760/




COINCIDENT PEAK

NON-COINCIDENT PEAK

• By Customer Class

• By Delivery Point




True or False?

• When electrical current is given multiple

conductive paths on which to flow,

current will only take the path of least

resistance (impedance).



Grid Power Flow

• Flow from generation pointto purchase point usesevery transmission pathavailable

• Flow on each intermediatetransmission facility isdetermined by itsimpedance



What happens a when line opens?

•Line A from 1 to 3 is closedfrom region A.

• Color

represents flow on Line A

• What happens when Line A( from 1 to 3 ) open?

Line A



What happens a when line opens?

•

Line A from 1 to 3 trips.• Power Flow

must go elsewhere !!!

• Conditions change immediately

all over the grid.

• This “rerouting” of power flow

can create another abnormal

situation and additional trip.

Line A



When Electric Current Flows: Work is Done (Light, heat, motion is produced)

Energy is the Work done (measured in watt-hours)

1 kilowatt-hour of electric energy = 1,000 watt-hours

Power is the rate at which Energy is generated,transported or consumed

(measured in watts, kilowatt, Megawatts)

Power and Energy



Energy (kW-Hr)Power (kW) =

Time (Hr)

Power of Electric Bulbs

Low Power

Fewer Electrons perhour High Power

More Electrons per hour

Power and Energy



100 kW-Hrs

kW

20

1 2

10

543Hrs

kW20

1 2

10

Hrs

50

30

40

1 0 0 k W - H r s

Rate of Consuming 100 kW-Hrs of Energy

5 Hrs vs. 2 Hrs

Which requires larger electrical equipment?

Power and Energy



• Active Power – Real Power Consumed (W, kW, MW)

• Reactive Power – Power required by energy conversion equipment

but not consumed (Var, kVar, Mvar)

• Apparent Power – Vectorial Sum of Active and Reactive Power (VA,

kVA, MVA)

Power and Energy

Power in AC Circuits (Power System)

Active Power (kW)

Reactive Power (kVar)



Active Power kW

Reactive PowerkVar

Apparent Power

kVA

Active Power

Power Factor =

Apparent Power

Power Factor - measures the efficiency of utilizationof power equipment

PF = Cos

Definition of mostengineers???

Power and Energy



POWER FACTOR

100 kW

80 kVar? kVA

PF = PF =

100 kW

40 kVar

? kVA

Power and Energy



Reactive and Apparent Power at different powerfactor for constant Active Power

100 KVA 111.11 KVA 125 KVA 142.86 KVA 166.67KVA

PF = 1.00 PF = 0.90 PF = 0.80 PF = 0.70 PF = 0.60

100KW

100KW

100KW

100KW

100KW

48.43KVAR

75KVAR

102KVAR

133.33KVAR

Power and Energy

POWER FACTOR



Active Power that can be supplied by the sameequipment at different Power Factor

100 KVA 100 KVA 100 KVA 100 KVA 100 KVA

PF =1.00 PF = 0.90 PF = 0.80 PF= 0.70 PF = 0.60

100

KW90KW

80KW

70KW

60KW

43.59KVAR 80

KVAR

71.41KVAR

60KVAR

Power and Energy

POWER FACTOR



Power System

Operation and Control



Coal

Plant

Hydro Plant

EndUsers

End

Users

Transmission

System

Distribution

System

Generation

System

(Embedded Generators)Geothermal Plant

How is the Power System Operated?



0

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

HOUR

M W

System Demand

Operating Criteria

• Frequency Regulation

•

Voltage Regulation• Outage Contingency

• Economic Operation

Spinning Reserves

Standby Reserves


Economic Operation



Economic Operation(Generation Control)

The objective of economic operation is to ensure that theproduction cost of electricity is a minimum.

The optimization is done in stages, usually an annual

optimization (long range), followed by a monthly or bi-

weekly optimization period (midterm), and finally a daily

optimization period with hourly intervals (short term).

Annual Hydro-Thermal Coordination

Optimize the electric energy consumption from hydro-electric power plants

Unit Commitment

Bi-weekly or monthly schedule of available thermal generating plants Economic Dispatch

• Hourly schedule of committed generating plants over a twenty four hour

period, the result in minimum production cost

Economic Operation



Economic Operation(Generation Control)

• The annual optimization considers seasonal changes (La Nina, El Nino)

• The Optimization study must also take into account the rate of every

hydro plant and the effects of the hydro plants in cascade.

Hydro Plant

Rule Curve

MARKET TRADING MECHANISMS



MARKET TRADING MECHANISMS

Dispatch Instructions:• Dispatch targets

Revenue Meters:

• Metered values

Market Results:

• Prices and Schedules

System Condition:

•System Snapshot

•Outages/contingencies

•Transmission limits

•Reserve Requirements

Settlement and Billing

• Collections and Payments

Market

Management

System

Market Input Data:

• Energy offers and bids

• Reserve offers

System Demand

Forecast

Market Dispatch

Optimization Model

(MDOM)

•Pricing and Scheduling

Market Network

Model

Trading Participant (TP) Market Operator (MO) System Operator (SO)Power Market Power System

Generator DU/EC/Bulk-users

Economic Operation



Unit Commitment Consider Interval i

Form Unit Selection List

Examine one combination of units

PERFORM DISPATCH

Compute Total Cost & Store

Most Economical Strategy

Satisfy Op. Constraints &

Spinning Reserve?

Anymore Combinations?

No

Yes

Yes

Last intervalNo

Output UC Schedule

NoYes

Economic Operation

Scheduling and Dispatch



Scheduling and Dispatch

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

H O U R

COAL BASED PLANT

OIL BASED PLANT

GEOTHERMAL

HVDC - LEYTE

BASE HYDRO

PEAKING HYDRO

MERALCO IPP'S (STA RITA,QPL,DURACOM)

SYSTEM DEMAND

(Dry Season)



The Electricity Market under EPIRA

GenCo1

TRANSMISSION COMPANY

(NGCP)

GenCo2

DU 1

GenCoN

DU 2 DU n

End

Users

End

Users

End

Users

Generators

SPOT MARKET BILATERALCONTRACTS

Suppliers

Competitive

Competitive Retail Market

R e g

u l a t e d

Dispatch Sched ling in WESM



Three generating companies “A” with capacity of 3

00MW at “price” of P 1500

“B” with capacity of 3

0


“C” with capacity of 5

0


Demand:

550MWh at P 7500 - effectively fixed demand

150MWh at P 2100 - dispatchable load that will only

be used if the price is below P2100 per MWh

Dispatch Scheduling in WESM

Dispatch Schedule in WESM



G4

Price

(P/MWh)

System Demand

Offers to Sell

Quantity (MW)Quantity

System Marginal Price

G1

G2G3G3

Determining Schedules and System Marginal Price

p




Frequency must bemaintained at 60 Hz

bl



Major Problem

• Generation – Load Imbalance • If generation is less than load ->frequency drops

• If generation is greater than load

-> frequency rises

• If frequency goes too far from 60

Hz the generators are taken off the line.

• Often happens if you isolate part

of the power system.

Generation vs Load Balance

GenerationLoad

h d



How is the Power System Operated

• PGC 3.2.2.2 – The control of system frequency shall be the

responsibility of the System Operator.

– The System Operator shall maintain thefundamental frequency within the limits of 59.4and 60.6 during the normal conditions.

– However, the System Operator shall intervenewithin the frequency limits of 59.7 Hz and 60.3 Hzare breached.

i h S O d



Transmission

System

Back-up Power Plant

Spinning Power Plant

Scheduled Power Plant

Frequency Regulating Power Plant

How is the Power System Operated



• Load- Following Reserve

• Spinning Reserve• Backup Reserve

• Reactive Power Support

• Black Start

ANCILLARY SERVICES



60HZ 60.3HZ59.7HZ

Regulating Reserve

In Any Order of

PriorityMOT

Plants

MOT

Contingency Reserve

Dispatchable Reserve

MRU

Demand Control




5051

52

53

54

55

56

5758

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time (sec)

F r e q u e

n c y

60.3 Hz

59.7 Hz

PGC Limits

Frequency

Regulation




• In case the Power System Frequencymomentarily rises to 62.4 Hz or falls to 57.6

Hz, all Generating Units shall remain in

synchronism with the Grid for at least five (5)seconds to allow the System Operator to

undertake measures to correct the situation.


d l C l



Frequency and Voltage Control

Frequency Control. Can be achieved by thetimely use of Frequency Regulating Reserve,Contingency Reserve and Demand Control.

Voltage Control. Can be achieved by

managing the reactive power supply in theGrid through the use of:

Synchronous Condensers;

Static VAR Compensators;

Shunt Capacitors and Reactors; and

On-Load Tap ChangingTransformers.



Contingency Reserve. Generating capacitythat is intended to take care of the loss of thelargest synchronized generating unit or the

power import from a single gridinterconnection, whichever is larger.Contingency reserve includes SpinningReserve and Back-up Reserve.

Frequency Regulating Reserve. Refers to agenerating unit that assists in frequencycontrol by providing automatic primary and/orsecondary frequency response. Also calledload following reserve.

Operating Margin



The reduction in demand for the control of thefrequency when the Grid is in the EmergencyState. This includes:

Demand Control

Automatic Load Dropping;

Manual Load Dropping;

Customer Demand Management; and

Voluntary Load Curtailment



System Islanding

An island grid is created when a generating

plant or a group of generating plants is

isolated from the rest of the Grid but is

capable of sustaining the supply of electricityto the customers within the island grid.

Whenever an island grid exists, the System

Operator shall undertake the resynchronization

of the island grid with the rest of the Grid.

l k



Partial System Blackout. The condition whena part of the Grid is isolated from the rest of the Grid and all generation in the isolated part

of the Grid has shut down.

System Blackout

Total System Blackout. The condition allgeneration in the Grid has ceased and the

entire system has shut down.

BROWNOUT?

Black Start



The process of recovery from a total systemblackout using a generating unit with thecapability to start and synchronize with thesystem without an external power supply. The

process includes:

Black Start

Creation of Island Grids;

Integration of Island Grids; and

Restoration of the entire Grid.

H i th P S t O t d?



Loss of one:

* Lines

* Transformers

* Generators

* Major Loads

Single Outage Contingency Criteria

Shall not result in power quality degradation and customerinterruption


H i th P S t O t d?



• PGC 6.2.2.3

– The Security and Reliability of the Grid shall

be based on the Single Outage Contingency

criterion. This criterion specifies that the Gridshall continue to operate in the NORMAL

STATE following the loss of one Generating

Unit, transmission line, or transformer.


H i th P S t O t d?



PGC 6.2.1.1 The Grid shall be considered to bein the NORMAL State when:

The Operating margin is sufficient;

The Grid frequency is within the limits of 59.4 and60.6 Hz, as specified in Section 3.2.2;

The voltages at all Connection Points are within

the limits of 0.95 and 1.05 of the nominal value,

as specified in Section 3.2.3;


Ho is the Po er S stem Operated?



• PGC 6.2.1.1 The Grid shall be considered to be inthe NORMAL State when: – The loading levels of all transmission lines and

substation Equipment are below 100% of themaximum continuous ratings of the phase

conductors and transformers as certified andsubmitted by the Grid Owners. Deviations mayonly be acceptable on contingency that dependson the condition of the facility subject tomonitoring of the GMC;

– The Grid configuration is such that any potentialfault current can be interrupted and faultedEquipment can be isolated from the Grid.




The Bulk Power Supply



The Bulk Power Supply

• Elaborate, complex, interconnection of power componentswhich make up an interconnected power system

• When we talk about reliability and security of powersystems, we are interested in what we call “BULK POWER

SUPPLY SYSTEM”.

• The part of the network which connects the power plants,the major substations, and the main EHV/HV lines.

• Interruptions in the bulk power supply are very serious – Many Users are affected by these interruptions are very serious

– They can be costly

Reliability



Reliability

Reliability of a power system refers to theprobability of its satisfactory operation over the long

run. It denotes the ability to supply adequate electric

service on a nearly continuous basis to supply

adequate electric service on a nearly continuous

basis, with few interruptions over an extended time

period.-IEEE Paper on Terms and Definitions 2004

Reliability



Reliability

Reliability has two (2) components:

1. Security – the ability of the electric power system to

withstand sudden disturbances such as electric short

circuits or unanticipated loss of system elements.

2. Adequacy – the ability of the electric power system to

supply the aggregate electric demand and energy

requirements of their customers at all times, taking intoaccount scheduled and reasonably expected unscheduled

outage of system elements.

Reliability



Reliability

Security

OverloadSecurity

TransformerOverload

LineOverload

VoltageSecurity

LowVoltage

UnstableVoltage

Angle/FrequencySecurity

Frequencyinstability

Rotor’s

angleinstability

Static Security Dynamic Security

“Any consequence of a

credible disturbance

that requires a limit.”

Requirements of a Reliable




1. Steady-state and transient voltages and frequency must be

held within close tolerances.

2. Steady-state flows must be within circuit limits.

3. Synchronous generators must be kept running in parallel

with adequate capacity to meet the load demand.4. Maintain the “integrity” of the bulk power network (avoid

cascading outages)

Requirements of a Reliable




ONE ASPECT OF SYSTEM SECURITY IS THE

ABILITY OF THE SYSTEM TO “STAY

TOGETHER”. THE KEY IS THAT THE

GENERATORS CONTINUE TO OPERATE “INSYNCHRONISM” OR NOT TO “GO OUT OF STEP”.

THIS IS THE PROBLEM OF POWER SYSTEM

STABILITY



Power System

Planning

The Power System Planning Problem



PLANNING

HORIZONS

Perspectives

> 15 YearsLong Term

5 – 15 Years

Medium Term

2 –

5 YearsShort Term

1hr – 2 Years


Lead Times DISTRIBUTION

TRANSMISSION

PEAKING CYCLING

BASE FOSSIL

HYDROELECTRIC

NUCLEAR

STRATEGIC PLANNING

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Source: Expansion Planning Guidebook, IAEA




Committed Period: 1 to 5 years

Committed projects

Patching Period: beyond 5 years

Indicative Projects to determine future system

operations


Committed and Patching Period

Planning Horizon



Lead Times and Demand Forecasting

Planning

Horizons

Lead Times Demand Forecasting

Perspective > 15 years ahead Qualified guess based onsuitable indicator

Long Term 5 - 15 years Main Indicators & sector analysis

Medium Term 2 - 5 years Trends and Spatial

Operational 1 hour - 2 years Historical and Weather

Planning Horizon

Planning Process



End-Use Demand Economics & Demographics

Conservation MWh Demand

Load Shape MW Demand

Generation Planning

Transmission Planning

Distribution Planning

LEAST COST SERVICE

Electricity

Prices

Fuel

Prices

Demand Forecasting

Planning Process

Planning Process



Planning Process

Generation Planning

LOLP

Reliability

Production Cost

Investment Cost

Generation Planning



LEAST COST SERVICE

LoadDemands

Gen. Reliability& Maintenance Data

Demand Forecast

$/MW

P/kWhMinimize:

Investment

Fuel

O&M

Losses

Pl i P



Transmission Lines

Short Circuit

Reliability

Generation Planning



LEAST COST SERVICE

Demand Forecast

Substation

Stability

Planning Process


Planning Process



Feeder

Power Quality

Reliability

Generation Planning



LEAST COST SERVICE

Demand Forecast Substation

System Loss

Planning Process


Regulatory Framework of EPIRA and Pl i I ti f DU



Planning Imperatives for DUs

PowerSupplyPlannin

Planning ProcedureDemand Sales customer economic



Demand, Sales, customer, economic,demographic, plant, network & loaddata

Data Gathering and Updating

Forecasting

Performance Assessment of Distribution System

Technical Evaluation

Formulation of Alternatives

Economic Evaluation

Demand, Sales and Customers

Identify and quantify Capacity,Safety, Power Quality, Reliability,Stability and System Loss problems

Generate Project Ideas(Solutions to Problems)

Analyze technical feasibility

Least-Cost, NPV and B/C Analysis

1

2

3

4

5

6

Development PlanFinancing & Rate

Impact Analysis7

Evaluation, Prioritization & Approval




STANDARDS-DRIVEN LEAST COST PLANNINGPROCESS, PRIORITIZATION & APPROVAL

FOR APPROVAL

Evaluation Prioritization & Approval




BENEFIT/COSTEVALUATIONANDPRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIONAL

PROJECTS

FOR APPROVAL

Planning Coordination




GenerationPlanning

WholesaleMarket

Planning

Transmission

Planning

DistributionPlanning




Planning Coordination Philippine Grid Code

Generation Plan

• Prepared by DOE

• Committed and Indicative Power Plant Retirements and

New Capacity Projects

• Input to NGCP Transmission Development Planning

Distribution Plan• DDP Prepared by Distribution Utilities (PDUs and Ecs)

• First 5 years Committed CAPEX Projects

• Beyond 5 years Indicative Projects

• Input to NGCP Transmission Development Planning

Transmission Plan

• TDP Prepared by NGCP in consultation with DOE• 5 years Committed CAPEX Projects submitted to ERC

through PBR

References:1. Power System 101 Training Materials from UP-NEC



2. Competition and Choice in Electricity by S. Hunt & G. Shuttleworh, J. Wiley &

Sons, Ltd., 1996

3. Energy Economics and Technology by P. G. LeBel, 19824. Electrical Engineering 101 by D. Ashby, Elsvier Inc., 2006

5. Electric Power System by S. A. Nasar, 1990

6. RA No. 9136 – Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001

7. Philippine Grid Code Amendment No. 1 – April 2, 2007

8. Philippine Distribution Code9. Electrical Power System by D. Das, New Age International Limited, Publishers,

2006

10. Electrical Distribution Engineering 3rd Ed., by Pansini A. J., The Fairmont Press,

Inc. 2007

11. Market Operations in Electric Power System by M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin, Z. Li,Wiley & Sons, Inc,., 2002



BE HONESTEven if other are notEven if other will notEven if others can notProverbs 10:9

Thank o fo NOT Sleeping!!!

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Basic Power System Engineering

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