Basic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsBasic Principles ofUltrasonic TestingTheory and PracticeBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsExamples of oscillationball ona springpendulum rotatingearthBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsThe ball starts to oscillate as soon as it is pushedPulseBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsOscillationBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systemso!ement of the ball o!er timeBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsTimeOne full oscillation T"re#uency"rom the duration of one oscillation T the fre#uency f $number of oscillations per second% is calculated&Tf1=Basic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems180 360 90 20PhaseTimea0The actual displacement a is termed as& sin A a =Basic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsSpectrum of sound"re#uency range '( Description Example) * +) ,nfrasound Earth #uake+) * +)-))) .udible sound Speech/ music0 +)-))) Ultrasound Bat/ 1uart( crystalBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systemsgas li#uid solid.tomic structureslo2 density2eak bonding forcesmedium densitymedium bonding forceshigh density strong bonding forcescrystallographic structureBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsUnderstanding 2a!e propagation&Spring 3 elastic bonding force Ball 3 atomBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsTdistance tra!elledstart of oscillationBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsTDistance tra!elled"rom this 2e deri!e&or4a!e e#uationDuring one oscillation T the 2a!e front propagates by the distance &Tc=f c =Basic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsDirection of oscillationDirection of propagation 5ongitudinal 2a!eSound propagationBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems"irection of propagationTrans!erse 2a!eDirection of oscillationSound propagationBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems4a!e propagation#ir$ater%teel& long%teel& trans330 m's1(80 m's32)0 m's)920 m's5ongitudinal 2a!es propagate in all kind of materials-Trans!erse 2a!es only propagate in solid bodies- Due to the different type of oscillation/ trans!erse 2a!estra!el at lo2er speeds-Sound !elocity mainly depends on the density and E*modulus of the material-Basic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems6eflection and Transmission.s soon as a sound 2a!e comes to a change in material characteristics /e-g- the surface of a 2orkpiece/ or an internal inclusion/ 2a!e propagation 2ill change too&Basic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic SystemsBeha!iour at an interface*edium 1 *edium 2+nterface+ncoming ,a!e Transmitted ,a!e-eflected ,a!eBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems6eflection 7 Transmission& Perspex * Steel,ncoming 2a!eTransmitted 2a!e6eflected 2a!ePerspex Steel8/9:8/))/9:Basic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems6eflection 7 Transmission& Steel * Perspex)/8;8/)*)/9:PerspexSteel,ncoming 2a!eTransmitted 2a!e6eflected 2a!eBasic Principles of Ultrasonic TestingKrautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems.mplitude of sound transmissions&Strong reflectionDouble transmission No reflectionSingle transmissionStrong reflection 2ith in!erted phaseNo transmission4ater * Steel