Basic Requirements for Global ETC Ver. 1.0

Basic Requirements for Global ETC

Ver 1.0

July 2007

Global ETC Promotion Group

This document provides the basic requirements of “Electronic Toll Collection Systems” (or “ETC” in this document) that enables the automatic toll payment on toll roads via wireless communication, and it is hopefully expected to be used as references for planning, investigation, technological development and marketing of ETC. The copyright belongs to Highway Industry Development Organization (HIDO) and no part of this document may be reproduced without prior written permission, however, the intention does not hinder each manufacturer’s independent activities such as planning, investigation, technological development and marketing of ETC. The functional details of each equipment that consist ETC in this document are provided in the following specifications.

・GETC-A07200N ETC Road Side Equipment （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07210N ETC On-Board Unit （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07220N ETC Application Interface (for Global ETC) Specification ・GETC-A07400N Road Side Display （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07410N Vehicle Detector （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07420N Automatic Gate （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07430N Enforcement Camera （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07440N Lane Display （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07450N Lane Monitoring Camera （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07600N Data Processing Equipment （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07610N IC Card Issuance and Account Balance Control Machine

（for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07620N Image Processing Equipment （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07630N Lane Monitoring Equipment （for Global ETC）Specification ・GETC-A07700N Central System （for Global ETC）Specification

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 General .........................................................................................................1

1-1 Scope ................................................................................................................................ 1 1-2 Definitions of Terms ........................................................................................................ 1 1-3 Explanation of Abbreviations ......................................................................................... 3 1-4 Outline of ETC................................................................................................................. 4

Chapter 2 System Requirements...................................................................................5 2-1 Lane Operation................................................................................................................ 5 2-2 IC Card Outline............................................................................................................... 5 2-3 Payment Methods............................................................................................................ 5 2-4 On-Board Unit Outline ................................................................................................... 5 2-5 Road Side Equipment Outline........................................................................................ 5 2-6 Communication Method.................................................................................................. 6 2-7 Security ............................................................................................................................ 6 2-8 Toll Evasion Countermeasures....................................................................................... 6

Chapter 3 ETC Configuration .......................................................................................7 3-1 Overall System Configuration........................................................................................ 7 3-2 Configuration of Road Side System ............................................................................. 10

Chapter 4 Basic Requirements for On-board Unit...................................................... 20 4-1 Applicable Standards .................................................................................................... 20 4-2 Configuration................................................................................................................. 20 4-3 Functions and Performances ........................................................................................ 21

Chapter 5 Basic Requirements for Data Processing Unit and Road Side System...... 25 5-1 Applicable Standards .................................................................................................... 25 5-2 Configuration................................................................................................................. 25 5-3 Functions and Performances ........................................................................................ 26

5-3-1 Data Processing Equipment .................................................................................. 26 5-3-2 Image Processing Equipment................................................................................ 27 5-3-3 Lane Monitoring Equipment ................................................................................. 28 5-3-4 Road Side Equipment (control processing equipment) ........................................ 28 5-3-5 Road Side Equipment (radio equipment) ............................................................. 30 5-3-6 Enforcement Camera ............................................................................................. 32 5-3-7 Lane Monitoring Camera....................................................................................... 32 5-3-8 Road Side Display .................................................................................................. 33 5-3-9 Automatic Gate ...................................................................................................... 33 5-3-10 Vehicle Detector.................................................................................................... 33 5-3-11 Lane Display (optional)........................................................................................ 34

5-3-12 Environmental Conditions .................................................................................. 34 5-3-13 Reliability ............................................................................................................. 35

Chapter 6 Basic Requirements for Central System .................................................... 36 6-1 Applicable Standards .................................................................................................... 36 6-2 Configuration................................................................................................................. 36 6-3 Functions and Performances ........................................................................................ 37

Chapter 7 IC Card Issuance and Account Balance Control Machine ......................... 39 7-1 Applicable Standards .................................................................................................... 39 7-2 Configuration................................................................................................................. 39 7-3 Functions and Performances ........................................................................................ 39

Basic Requirements – 1

Chapter 1 General 1-1 Scope

This document applies to the planning, designing and installation of the ETC and sets forth general technical criteria for these areas. In their applications, these technical criteria should be modified as appropriate to suit the local conditions of the country or the region where the ETC is being installed.

1-2 Definitions of Terms

The key terms used in this document are defined as follows.

Active : A communication method in which roadside

equipment and on-board unit are equipped with a transmitter respectively, and transmit radio wave equally from both side. It is a so-called “transceiver method”.

Authentication : Verifying the authenticity of a party on the other end of communication

Booth : A boxy structure built on an island in which a toll collector performs duties

Closed system (distance-based toll collection method)

: With the method, toll is collected based on the distance traveled.

Combined IC card : IC Card with the combined features of contact- and contact-less type cards

Contactless-type IC card

: IC card capable of data transmission/reception without contact to/from the reader/writer

Contact-type IC card : IC card for data transmission/reception via contact to/from the reader/writer

Decryption : Restoring the encrypted data back to make them readable

Encryption : Transforming data as per a set of rules to prevent the data from being read or altered by third parties

ETC vehicle : Vehicle equipped with an ETC on-board unit


Free flow : There are no facilities or structures, such as islands, at the toll collection spot that restrict or redirect the traffic. Toll payment can be made without causing any disturbance to the traffic.

IC card : Circuit-embedded card storing data required for toll collection

Island : Lane-dividing structure at a toll gate

Non-ETC vehicle : Vehicle not available for ETC

Non-stop : Enabling toll payment without the need to stop the vehicle

On-board unit : Device installed on the vehicle and capable of radio communication

Passive : A communication method in which on-board unit is not equipped with a transmitter and reflects radio wave transmitted from roadside equipment. It is a so-called “transponder method”.

Open system (flat rate toll collection method)

: With this method, a toll plaza is located at the end or in the middle of each toll road section and toll is collected per trip.

Prepayment : With this payment system, the motorist is allowed to use the toll road only after a set amount of prepayment is made. Additional payment when passing a tollgate is not needed if the toll does not exceed the account balance.

Reader / writer : Device capable of reading data stored in IC cards and writing data in IC cards

Re-charge : Re-charge is made to prevent negative toll account balance

Road side equipment : Equipment of the ETC that are installed on the road side

Security module : Component designed for encryption, decryption and other tasks

Simplex operation : Communication method in which data transmission is only one way and is made alternately

Toll collector : Person attended in a toll booth to issue tickets, collect tolls and perform other duties

Toll evasion : Passing the toll plaza without paying tolls

Toll gate : Toll collection facilities made up of island, booth, etc.

Toll plaza : Facilities on toll roads where toll is collected.


1-3 Explanation of Abbreviations

Abbreviations in this document are explained as follows;

AP ： Application

ARIB ： Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

ASK ： Amplitude Shift Keying

ASN.1 ： Abstract Syntax Notation One

AVR ： Automatic Voltage Regulator

DSRC ： Dedicated Short-Range Communication

EFC ： Electronic Fee Collection

ETC ： Electronic Toll Collection System

HMI ： Human Machine Interface

IC ： Integrated Circuit

ICC ： Integrated Circuit Card

ID ： Identifier

IEC ： International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE ： Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

I-KE ： Initialisation Kernel Element

ISO ： International Organization for Standardization

ITU ： International Telecommunication Union

LED ： Light Emitting Diode

LLC ： Logical Link Control

MAC ： Medium Access Control

MTBF ： Mean Time Between Failures

OBU ： On Board Unit

OS ： Operating System

PAL ： Phase Alternation by Line

RSE ： Road Side Equipment

R/W ： Reader/Writer

TCP/IP ： Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

TDD ： Time Division Duplex

TDMA ： Time Division Multiple Access

T-KE ： Transfer Kernel Element

VAN ： Value Added Network


1-4 Outline of ETC

(1) Enables electronic toll payment/collection and non-stop passing for motorists on toll

roads, using an IC card and the road side system that communicate with each other via an on-board radio-communication unit.

(2) Provides system with high accuracy and security including low occurrence rates of transaction error and difficulty in fraudulent utilization, and customer protection.

(3) Can be installed regardless of location (mainlines, toll plazas and others). (4) Can respond to a variety of transaction methods. (5) Can be interoperable with other services, for instance, integration with payment of

public transportation and parking charges. (6) Figure1 shows a basic data flow in the ETC.

・User (card ID) info ・Recharge info

・Charging info

・Toll table

Central system

On-board unit

・User (vehicle type) info

・Charging info

IC card issuance and account control

machine Data processing unit

・Account balance info・Charging info

・Toll table

Road side equipment

* This figure shows an example of toll collection scheme managed by a toll road operator.

IC card

・User info・Account

balance info

・Charging info

Figure1 Basic Data Flow in the ETC


Chapter 2 System Requirements 2-1 Lane Operation

(1) Operation is basically free flow with multiple lanes. A single-lane operation at toll plazas is also applicable.

(2) The passing mode of vehicles is “non-stop”. (3) Basically it is “exclusive”, limiting the passage of vehicles only to ETC vehicles.

“Mixed” lane operation that allows non-ETC vehicles to pass the lane is taken into consideration separately.

(4) The System is basically operated for 24-hour, 365 days basis. 2-2 IC Card Outline

(1) The IC card is basically a contact-less IC card conforming to the ISO/IEC14443 Type A or Type B standard while contact and combined type of IC cards based on the ISO/IEC7816 standard are offered as optional.

(2) Interoperability with services other than ETC is offered as optional. 2-3 Payment Methods

(1) Payment method should be basically prepaid. (2) Re-charge and account balance view opportunities should be provided to users

through IC card issuance and re-charging units at toll plazas and through other means.

(3) The System should be able to accommodate both Closed system (distance-based toll collection method) and Open system (flat rate toll collection method).

2-4 On-Board Unit Outline

(1) The on-board unit should be basically a two-piece type, with a possibility of one-piece type remains to be discussed.

(2) Power is basically sourced from the vehicle’s battery. (3) The unit should be able to withstand in-vehicle environment.

2-5 Road Side Equipment Outline

(1) A single antenna system should be employed in the road side equipment to cover three vehicle lanes. Further discussion is required when applying the system to


four or more lanes. (2) The roadside system does not employ vehicle classification feature. Tolls are

determined based on information including vehicle class registered to the on-board unit.

(3) Enforcement cameras should be installed to check vehicle license plates. (4) For free-flow application, vehicle detection devices are installed upon necessity

that is capable of triggering an enforcement camera for shooting license plates. 2-6 Communication Method

(1) DSRC should comply with the Active method requirements of Annex 1 on Recommendation ITU-R M. 1453.

(2) Basically, a single channel frequency is used. (3) Radio communication method between road side equipment and On-board unit is

based on a simplex system. 2-7 Security

(1) To ensure the security of all data transfers, data should be protected by encryption, decryption and other means.

(2) Data transferred over radio communication and stored in IC card should be encrypted, and mutual authentication between road side equipment and IC card should be performed.

2-8 Toll Evasion Countermeasures

(1) Enforcement cameras are mounted on the gantries or roadside to store images data of vehicle license plates.

(2) To detect vehicles that made toll evasion, license plate information obtained through road-to-vehicle communication and license plate images as explained in above (1) are matched.


Chapter 3 ETC Configuration 3-1 Overall System Configuration

(1) The ETC consists of the following equipment shown in Table 1.

Table1 Overview of Equipment Used for ETC Name of equipment Outline

Central system Collection and management of charging data and data used for IC card issuance or to account balance Re-charge, as well as settlement transactions.

Data processing unit Installed inside a building where monitoring staff always stays to display operational conditions of roadside systems or to collect or manage data transacted by roadside systems (charging data, license plate images, etc).

IC card issuance and account balance control machine

Installed inside a building at a toll plaza or others, for the issuance of prepaid IC cards, Re-charge transactions of account balance, and display of account balance.

Roadside system Installed at roadside or elsewhere to transmit or receive data that is required to pay tolls via radio communication between OBU, in addition to charging transactions.

OBU Installed inside a car, reads stored data from and writes data into an IC card that is inserted to OBU. Sends and receives data necessary for toll payments via radio communication between roadside systems.

IC card Stores data that is necessary for toll payments.

(2) As shown in Figure2, ETC has a structure of one central system connected with all

of data processing units and IC card issuance and account balance control machines. Each data processing unit is separately connected to multiple roadside systems.

Figure2 Overview of System Configuration

IC card IC card IC card IC card

OBU

・・・

・・・

OBU

Central system

OBU

・・・

OBU

・・・

IC card issuanceand account control machine

Data processing unit


IC card issuanceand account control machine

Roadside system

Roadside system

Roadside system

Roadside system


(1) The followings are the explanations of central systems, data processing units and IC

card issuance and account balance control machines.

(a) Central system This system is positioned at the highest level of ETC and provides settlement transactions. As being connected to all data processing units and IC card issuance and account balance control machines, it can manage data transacted in the equipment (charging data, and other data used for IC card issuance and account balance control transactions) in a unified way. In addition, the system provides toll tables and other information to all data processing units.

(b) Data processing unit This equipment is used to monitor manually the operational situation of roadside systems installed at each charging point and to identify the existence of illegally passing vehicles. It is installed inside a building where monitoring staff always stays. As being connected to multiple roadside systems, it can intensively monitor each roadside system’s operational situations and manage data transacted at each roadside system (charging data, license plate images of passing vehicles and others) in a unified way in order to improve efficiency of operation.

(c) IC card issuance and account balance control machine This is a terminal that can issue prepaid IC cards, Re-charge account balance

and confirm the amount of balance, basically installed inside a building of a toll plaza where staff such as security staff always stays to manage case transactions. However, if security measures for managing cash or places of installation as well as lines can be secured, not only for toll plazas, but also for other places including service areas or parking areas and information counters in the city may be suitable places for installation.

(2) By considering the roles of central systems and data processing units and

interoperable operation among different operators as shown in Figure 3-1.1, the structure shown in Figure 2 is set as a standard. Inside the same operator, multiple data processing units are placed based on the volume of traffic or systems of operation in order to disperse burdens of transactions.


Figure 3-1.1 Interoperable Operation among Multiple Different Operators

OBU

IC card

・・・


・・・

Central system

Operator Ａ Operator Ｂ


Roadside system

Roadside system

Roadside system

Roadside system


3-2 Configuration of Road Side System

(1) The roadside system consists of the following components as shown in Table 2.

Table2 Overview of Equipment Used for a Road Side System Name of equipment Outline

Image processing equipment Processes or records images taken by enforcement cameras.

Lane monitoring equipment Displays operational situations of each equipment consisting a roadside system.

Indoor system

Radio equipment (control processing equipment)

Manages communication between roads and vehicles, transacts charging, and monitor or manage outdoor equipment of various type.

Roadside equipment (radio equipment)

Sends and receives radiowave used for radio communication between on-board units.

Outdoor system

Enforcement camera Captures the image of passing vehicles’ license plates.

Lane monitoring camera Captures the images of operational situations of vehicle lanes.

Roadside display Notifies passing vehicles of the allowance or denial of passing and displays tolls.

Automatic gate Tells vehicles whether they can pass the gate by opening or closing the gate bar.

Vehicle detector Detects the passage of vehicles. Lane display

Displays the status of lane operation to passing vehicles.

(2) As shown in Table 3, the structure would be different based on operation methods. Table 3 Structure of Road Side System Equipment Based on Operation Method

Name of equipment Multiple lanes on mainlines Free-flow

Single lane at toll plaza（1）（*）

Single lane at toll plaza（2）（*）

Image processing equipment

Necessary Necessary Optional

Lane monitoring equipment

－

－

Necessary

Indoor system

Road side equipment （Control processing equipment）

Necessary Necessary Necessary

Road side equipment （Radio equipment）

Necessary Necessary Necessary

Enforcement camera Necessary Necessary Optional

Lane monitoring camera －

－

Necessary

Road side display － Optional Optional

Automatic gate －

－

Necessary

Vehicle detector Optional Optional Necessary

Outdoor system

Lane display Optional Optional Optional

*Single lane operation at toll plazas (1) shows a case in which vehicles can pass the gate regardless of normal or

illegal charging transaction.

*Single lane operation at toll plazas (2) shows a case in which vehicles are asked to stop the illegal charging transaction.


(1) Functions of equipment that consist of roadside system are shown in 5-3 “Functions and Performances”.

(2) For a free-flow lane operation on multiple lanes, if a normal charging transaction is not made for a vehicle, that vehicle is allowed of passage and the charge will be requested to the owner of the vehicle in later day. But, for a single-lane operation at a toll plaza, the vehicle can be stopped for the toll payment.

However, in order to stop a vehicle, the installation of automatic gate is required. Furthermore, as the installation of an automatic gate, the installation of vehicle detectors and lane monitoring equipment is also needed, thus the configuration of roadside system equipment will be different, as shown in Table 3.

In addition, the system layouts and basic configurations of ETC system are shown in the Figure 3-2.1 to Figure 3-2.8.


【Central System】

Central system

【Data processing unit】


Enforcement camera

Lane display (optional)

Contact-less IC card

On-board unit

※This figure shows a case to capture the images of vehicle license plates based on image processing.

【Vehicle】


Road side equipment(radio equipment)

【Indoor equipment】（Installed inside a roadside

quick-built unit）

Roadside equipment (control processing

equipment)

Image processing unit

Figure. 3-2.1 System Layout (free-flow operation) (1/2)


Figure 3-2.2 Basic System Configuration（free-flow operation）(1/2)

OBU

Note1：This figure shows a standard system configuration for free-flow operation in which license plate images of

passing vehicles are captured via image procession and road operators manage tolls.

Note2：The marks * in this figure can be explained as the following.

（*1）Shows a connection between toll payment systems of other operators/services. （*2）Shows a situation when connecting to a central system and an IC card issuance and account balance

control machines via a data processing unit. （*3）Shows a connection required to notify roadside equipment (control processing equipment) of operational

situations of an image processing unit. （*4）Shows a connection to make a single roadside equipment (control processing unit) to monitor and control

outdoor equipment installed at multiple charging points (for example, inbound and outbound lanes). （*5）Shows a connection to make a single image processing unit to monitor and control enforcement cameras

installed at multiple charging points (for example, inbound and outbound lanes). （*6）Shows a connection to monitor enforcement cameras.

Contactless IC card

Other systems（*1）

・・・

Other image processing units

・・・

Other roadside equipment （control processing equipment）

Other data processing units

・・・

Roadside system

（*2）Data processing unit IC card issuance and account balance control machines

Other IC card issuance and account balance control machines

・・・

Central system

Enforcement cameras at other charging points（*5）

・・・

Indoor system （Inside a roadside quick-built unit）

Roadside equipment

（radio equipment）

Lane display （optional）

Outdoor systems at other charging points （*4）

・・・

Outdoor system

（*3）

（*6）

Enforcement camera

Roadside equipment （Control processing equipment）



【Central system】

Central system



Enforcement camera


On-board unit 【Vehicle】

※This figure shows a case to capture the images of vehicle license plates based on vehicle detector trigger.

Vehicle detector




quick-built unit）


equipment)


Figure. 3-2.3 System Layout (free-flow operation) (2/2)


Figure 3-2.4 Basic System Configuration（free-flow operation）(2/2)

Note1：This figure shows a standard system configuration for free-flow operation in which license plate images of

passing vehicles are captured by a trigger of vehicle detection and road operators manage tolls.






installed at multiple charging points (for example, inbound and outbound lanes). （*6）Shows a connection to monitor and control enforcement cameras.

OBU

Contactless IC card


・・・


・・・

Other roadside equipment （control processing equipment）

Outdoor system


・・・

Roadside system



・・・

Central system

Enforcement cameras at other charging points（*5）

・・・

Indoor system （Inside a roadside quick-built unit）

Roadside

equipment (radio

equipment)


Outdoor systems at other charging points (*4）

・・・

（*3）

Vehicle detector

Enforcement camera



（*6）


Figure. 3-2.5 System Layout (single-lane operation at a toll plaza) (1/2)

Road side equipment (radio equipment)


Vehicle detector (optional)

On-board unit

【Vehicle】



Central system

Roadside display (optional)

Enforcement camera


quick-built unit）


equipment)




※This figure shows a case to capture vehicle license plate images via image procession and allow vehicles to pass the lane regardless of the normal or illegal charging transactions. Vehicle detector (optional) is installed in order to control a roadside display operation (optional).


Figure 3-2.6 Basic System Configuration（single-lane operation at a toll plaza）(1/2)

Note1：This figure shows a standard system configuration for single-lane operation at a toll plaza in which vehicle

license plate images are captured via image processing and road operators manage tolls. Vehicles are

allowed to pass the gate regardless of normality or abnormality in the charging transaction.

Note2：Vehicle detector (optional) is installed in order to control turning on and off the light of a roadside display.

(optional).







OBU

Contactless IC card


Enforcement

cameras in other lanes

(*5)

・・・

Indoor system （Inside a roadside quick-built unit or inside a building at a toll plaza ）

・・・


・・・

Other roadside equipment （control processing unit）


Outdoor systems in other lanes

・・・


Outdoor system


・・・

Roadside system

（*3）

（*2）Data processing unit IC card issuance and accountbalance control machines


・・・

Central system

Enforcement camera

（*4）

Vehicle detector

（optional）

Roadside equipment （Control processing unit）

Lane display（optional）

（*6）

Roadside equipment（radio equipment）


Lane monitoring camera


Roadside equipment (radio equipment)


Vehicle detector

Automatic gate (with an intercom)

On-board unit

【Vehicle】



Central system



【Indoor equipment】（Installed inside a roadside quick-built unit）


equipment)


Vehicle detector Roadside display

(optional)

Enforcement camera (optional)

IC card issuance and account

balance control machine

Image processing unit (optional)

※This figure shows a case to stop a vehicle when charging transactions are not normally completed. Vehicle detector (optional) is installed in order to control opening orclosing the bar at an automatic gate and a roadside display operation (optional).


Note1：This figure shows a standard system configuration for single-lane operation at a toll plaza in which road

operators manage tolls. Vehicles are requested to stop at the gate when abnormality is found in the charging

transaction.

Note2：Vehicle detector (optional) is installed in order to control opening or closing the bar at an automatic gate and turning on and off the light of a roadside display (optional).



control machines via a data processing unit. （*3）Shows a connection to notify operational situations of various outdoor systems collected by roadside

equipment (control processing equipment) to lane monitoring equipment. （*4）Shows a connection required to notify roadside equipment (control processing equipment) of operational





OBU

Contactless IC card


EnforcementCameras in other lanes（*6）

・・・

・・・


・・・ Other roadside equipment （control processing equipment）

Outdoor systems in other lanes（*5）

・・・

Image processing unit (optional)


・・・

Roadside system


・・・

Central system

Indoor system （Inside a building at a toll plaza）

Outdoor system

Lane monitoring cameras in other lanes and automatic gate

・・・

（*3）

Roadside equipment（radio equipment）

Lane monitoring

camera

Vehicle detector

Enforcement camera

(optional)

Roadside display

(optional)

Lane display(optional)


（*4）

（*7）


Automatic Gate (with an

intercom)



Chapter 4 Basic Requirements for On-board Unit 4-1 Applicable Standards

(1) The on-board unit should comply with ISO/IEC and other international standards. (2) DSRC should comply with the Active method requirements of Annex 1 on

Recommendation ITU-R M. 1453.

(1) The conformity to ISO/IEC and other international standards is aimed at ensuring common technical and other platforms among all countries and regions where the unit is used.

(2) This is as per Appendix 2 of this document. 4-2 Configuration

(1) The on-board unit is a two-piece type. One-piece type would be a possible option that needs further discussion.

(2) For the two-piece type OBU, the IC card is basically a contact-less IC card conforming to the ISO/IEC14443 Type A or Type B standard while contact type and combined IC cards conforming to the ISO/IEC7816 standard are offered as optional.

(1) In order to realize collaboration with other services including public transportation

and parking fee payments, and to minimize supposed damages happen when on-board units are stolen, two-piece type is used as a standard by consisting of the base unit and contact-less IC card. Figure 4-2.1 shows the configuration of the on-board unit.

Figure. 4-2.1 Configuration of On-board Unit

※AP : Application R/W: Reader / Writer HMI: Human Machine Interface

Radio

OBU

IC card Communication controller

HMI (optional)

IC card R/W

AP Antenna


(2) A contact-less IC card compliant with Type A or Type B of ISO/IEC 14443, which is the mainstream overseas and has high level of tolerance against high temperature and humidity, is used as a standard.

4-3 Functions and Performances

(1) Basically, a single channel is used and communication method is based on a simplex system.

(2) HMI for displaying account balance and passage history information is offered as an optional feature.

(3) On-board units should comply with the following environmental conditions. IEC60721-3-5 5K3/5B1/5C1/5S1/5F1/5M2 or above K: Weather conditions, B: Microbial conditions, C: Chemically active substances, S: Mechanically active substances, F: Fouling liquids, M: Mechanical conditions

(4) The reliability of on-board units should be as follows. Min. no. of communications per year：2,000 MTBF：0.5×105 hours Min. service life：5 years

(1) A single channel and a simplex system of radio communication are used as

standards in consideration to some countries where two channels are difficult to use. Table 4-3.1 outlines the specifications of the on-board unit.


Table 4-3.1 Outline of On-board Unit Specifications

Item Specification Radio frequency bands 5.8GHz bands Number of Channel 1 Operating method and multiple access Simplex

Access method TDMA-FDD Modulation method ASK Transmission data rate 1,024kbps

Layer 1

Communication zone Class 1, Class 2 Frequency selection － Association ✓ Point to point communication ✓ Point to multi-point communication

－

Retransmission control ✓ Duplication check ✓ Fragmentation / Defragmentation

－(when the maximum data size is limited to around 58 octets)

Scramble / Descramble ✓

Layer 2 (MAC sub-layer)

Wireless call number transmission

(✓)(When it is used for parking fee payment and others)

Type 1 operation ✓ Layer 2 (LLC sub-layer) Type 3 operation －

Link address Random number Normal association ✓ Simplified association －

Layer 7 (I-KE)

Release timer ✓ ASN.1 encoding / decoding ✓ GET primitives － SET primitives － ACTION primitives ✓

Layer 7 （T-KE）

EVENT-REPORT primitives ✓ Application interface Conformity to ISO/IEC 14906 (EFC) Security － Application Vehicle data registration (✓)(Required when charging is made based on vehicle type

classification) Physical interface Type A or Type B to ISO/IEC 14443 standard IC card Logical interface Commands etc. specified in ISO/IEC 7816 Part 4

※ For details, refer to ARIB STD-T75.


(2) HMI is basically offered as optional. However, as it is considered necessary to notify users of the situations listed in Table 4-3.2 somehow at least, minimum levels of HMI, such as LED or buzzer, should be available.

Table 4-3.2 HMI Functions

No. Situation Notification to user

1 Power ON Results of on-board unit Power ON self-test

2 IC card insertion Results of on-board unit / IC card self-test

3 Communication with road side equipment

Roadside commands to on-board unit or communication error

4 Completion of toll transaction Amount of toll to be paid

5 On-board unit error Detection of on-board unit error

(3)Environmental conditions requirements for on-board units and IC cards should be in

accordance with “IEC60721-3-5 Classification of environmental conditions Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities Ground vehicle installations.” Environmental tests on on-board units should be conducted in accordance with “IEC60068-1 Environmental testing. Part 1: General and guidance”, however, test parameters should be established by the manufacturer.

(4) Table 4.3-3, 4.3-4 show applicable classes for min. no. of communications per year, MTBF and min. service life, that are based on “ISO14815 Road transport and traffic telematics -- Automatic vehicle and equipment identification -- System specifications.” On-board units used should at least meet the requirements for the lowest classes, e.g. Class A4 for min. no. of communications per year and Class CB3 for MTBF. As for min. service life, on-board units used should at least meet Class B3 requirements. This is because service life is defined as the max. duration for which the device is operable, and is defined as no longer than MTBF.

Table 4-3.3 Min. No. of Communications per Year

Class Min. No. of communications per year

Ａ１ 20,000

Ａ２ 10,000

Ａ３ 4,000

Ａ４ 2,000

Table 4-3.4 MTBF

Class MTBF (hour)

ＣB１ 2 × 105

ＣB２ 1 × 105

ＣB３ 0.5 × 105


Table Appendix 2.4 Min. Service Life Class Min. service life

Ｂ１ 15 years

Ｂ２ 10 years

Ｂ３ 5 years

Ｂ４ 3 years

Ｂ５ 2 years

Ｂ６ 1 year

Ｂ７ 6 months

Ｂ８ 3 months

Ｂ９ 1 month


Chapter 5 Basic Requirements for Data Processing Unit and Road Side System

5-1 Applicable Standards

(1) The ETC roadside system should comply with ISO/IEC and other international standards

(2) The System’s DSRC should comply with the Active method requirements of Annex 1 on Recommendation ITU-R M. 1453.

(1) The conformity to ISO/IEC and other international standards is aimed at ensuring

common technical and other platforms among all countries and regions where the system is used.

(2) This is as per Appendix2 of this document. 5-2 Configuration

(1) Data processing unit has a structure in which it can consist of multiple roadside equipment (control processing equipment) and image processing equipment. It can also be applicable to the addition of roadside equipment (control processing equipment) and image processing equipment.

(2) Radio equipment (control processing equipment) is capable of carrying multiple components used for radio communication control, charging transaction and monitoring and controlling different outdoor equipment. One unit of roadside equipment (control processing equipment) is capable of implementing functions such as radio communication control and charging transaction required at each charging point.

(3) Data processing units and roadside systems consist, if required, a redundant structure.

(1) To uniformly monitor the status of operation of each outdoor system installed at

each charging point as well as toll evasion, data processing unit is capable of multiple roadside equipment (control processing equipment) and image processing equipment. It can be also applied to the addition of roadside equipment (control processing equipment) and image processing equipment.

However, the maximum number of radio equipment (control processing equipment) and image processing equipment that can be connected to the data processing equipment is not provided in this document and is to be determined based on the discussion with road operators.

(2) By aggregating functions including radio communication control, charging transaction and monitoring and controlling of different outside equipment to a single unit of roadside equipment (control processing equipment), efficient


maintenance is made possible. However, the maximum number of radio equipment (radio equipment) and other

outdoor systems that can be connected to the data processing equipment is not specified in this document and is to be determined based on the discussion with road operators.

(3) To reduce burdens of costs and operations, a redundant structure is applied as necessary, by considering traffic volume and other factors.

5-3 Functions and Performances 5-3-1 Data Processing Equipment

(1) The Data processing equipment stores and retains (for up to approx. one month) data sent from road side equipment (control processing equipment), and stores toll tables sent from the central system. The charging server communicates with the central system to send/receive data. In a case without adequate communication network, data exchange between the charging server and the central system should be performed off-line using external storage media.

(2) The Data processing equipment display each charging location’s status of operations of various outdoor system components.

(3) To identify vehicles that illegally passed tollgates, images accumulated in image processing equipment and data sent from road side equipment (control processing equipment) (license number information obtained through vehicle-infrastructure communication) should be matched.

(1) Data received from road side equipment (control processing equipment) should be

stored for approx. one month in case communication link with the central system may fail or when data exchange with the central system needs to be performed off-line using external storage media if local communication network is inadequate.

(2) As monitoring results of various outdoor system components are sent from per radio equipment (control processing equipment), the results are displayed for each charging location. Table 5-3.1 shows an example of displayed items.


Table 5-3.1 Displayed Items

Item Outline Status of outdoor system Shows the status of outdoor systems per charging point if

they are normal or abnormal. Abnormal system is not uniquely identified, and the display shows the situation uniformly.

Result of road-to-vehicle communication

Displays whether radio communication between on-board units is normal or abnormal, for per charging point.

Number of vehicle Displays the number of vehicles passed for per charging point.

Status of lane operation Displays the status of a lane operated exclusively at a toll plaza in terms of if it is normally operated or suspended.

RSE（control processing equipment） operation mode

Displays the status of radio equipment (control processing equipment) used for charging transaction for single-lane operation at a toll plaza、in terms of if it is normally operated, in a waiting mode or in maintenance and checking mode.

Status of automatic gate(optional) Displays the status of time required for automatic gate while it is opening, in terms of if it is normal or abnormal.

Status of lane display (optional) Displays the status of displayed items on a lane display.

(3) Images of license plates are included in the image processing unit, which are verified with vehicle data sent from road side equipment (control processing equipment)（VehicleLicencePlateNumber：See Appendix 1） in order to identify illegally passing vehicles. Automatic identification of illegally passing vehicles is possible when license plates are detected at image processing equipment.

5-3-2 Image Processing Equipment

(1) Images captured by enforcement cameras are processed by a simple difference detection based, and recorded with time information.

(2) With vehicle detectors, vehicle license plates are captured by detecting the passage of vehicles, and recorded with time information.

(3) As an option, vehicle license plate numbers are detected and read by character identification.

(1) In order to reduce stored data volume in a data processing unit, the difference

detection method, that is available with relatively low costs as compared to other image processing methods, is used to detect moving objects, start and finish recordings. Image data for about two months are stored. When a storage capacity of the media is filled, it overwrites automatically from the oldest data. However, the time frame of storage capacity will vary by traffic volume, it is necessary to consider traffic volumes and operations.

(2) This is a method to capture vehicle license plates by vehicle detector trigger. In this case, as the above data for about two months should be kept, and when the storage capacity is filled, automatically the oldest data should be overwritten.


(3) To decrease burdens of manual identification of illegally passing vehicles, as an option, automatic detection and reading of license plate number based on character identification is available.

5-3-3 Lane Monitoring Equipment

(1) This equipment displays images captured by lane monitoring cameras or operational situations of various outdoor equipment that are collected by roadside equipment (control processing equipment).

(1) Images captured by lane monitoring cameras and operational conditions of various

outdoor equipment collected by roadside equipment (control processing equipment) are always displayed, so that office staff can promptly address the situation, when a vehicle is forcibly stopped due to the shortage of account balance in a single-lane operation at a toll plaza.

5-3-4 Road Side Equipment (control processing equipment)

(1) The road side equipment (control processing equipment) controls the radio equipment of the road side equipment, performs toll transactions based on data received, and sends the results of the transactions to the radio equipment of the road side equipment.

(2) The control processing equipment also monitors and controls the outdoor system components.

(3) Basically, a single road side equipment (control processing equipment) is installed. In multi-lane application, multiple slots are used to perform radio communication control and toll transactions by slot.

(1) Table 5-3.2 outlines the specifications of the road side equipment (radio equipment

and control processing equipment).


Table 5-3.2 Outline of Specifications for Road Side Equipment

(radio equipment and control processing equipment) Item Specification

Radio frequency bands 5.8GHz bands Number of channel 1 Operating method and multiple access

Simplex

Access method TDMA-FDD Modulation method ASK Transmission data rate 1,024kbps

Layer 1

Communication zone Class 1, Class 2 Frequency selection － Association ✓ Point to point communication ✓ Point to multi-point communication

－

Retransmission control ✓ Duplication check ✓ Fragmentation / Defragmentation

－(when the maximum data size is limited to around 58 octets)

Scramble / Descramble ✓

Layer 2 (MAC sub-layer)

Wireless call number reception (✓)(When it is used for parking fee payment and others)

Type 1 operation ✓ Layer 2 (LLC sub- layer) Type 3 operation －

Normal association ✓ Simplified association － Association in linked communication zone

－ Layer 7 (I-KE)

Release timer ✓ ASN.1 encoding / decoding ✓ GET primitives － SET primitives － ACTION primitives ✓

Layer 7 (T-KE)

EVENT-REPORT primitives ✓ Application interface Conformity to ISO 14906 (EFC)

Application Security ✓

※ For details, refer to ARIB STD-T75.

(2) Monitoring and controlling of each outdoor equipment are made by this unit, and the

result of monitoring is sent to a data processing unit. Examples of monitoring and controlling items are shown in Table 5-3.3.


Table 5.3-3 Examples of Monitoring and Controlling Items

Status Item Outline Status of outdoor system Monitors the status of outdoor systems per

charging point and per system if they are normal or abnormal.

Result of road-to-vehicle communication

Monitors whether radio communication between on-board units is normal or abnormal, for per charging point.

Number of vehicle Accumulates the number of vehicles passed for per charging point.

Status of lane operation Monitors the status of a lane operated exclusively at a toll plaza in terms of if it is normally operated or suspended.

RSE（control processing equipment） Operation mode

Monitors the status of radio equipment (control processing equipment) used for charging transaction for single-lane operation at a toll plaza、in terms of if it is normally operated, in a waiting mode or in maintenance and checking mode.

Status of automatic gate (optional) Monitors the status of time required for automatic gate while it is opening, in terms of if it is normal or abnormal.

Monitoring

Status of lane display (optional) Monitors the status of displayed items on a lane display.

RSE（control processing equipment）shift of operation mode

Orders a shift to normal operation or waiting mode in roadside equipment (control processing equipment) .

Control of image capturing by enforcement camera (optional)

In a case when vehicle detectors and enforcement cameras are cooperated, vehicle detection signal of vehicle detectors will be orders to capture images by enforcement cameras.

Automatic gate control (optional) Orders opening or closing of a bar at an automatic gate.

Control of turning on and off of roadside display (optional)

Vehicle detection signals of vehicle detectors order the turning on or off of roadside displays.

Controlling

Lane display item control (optional) Directs which items to be shown on a lane display.

(3) Basically, a single road side equipment (control processing equipment) is installed

indoors to control and monitor the outdoor system components in a single-lane application or a multi-lane application by unit. However, the entire server function may cease to function in an accident. Therefore, the number of road side equipment (control processing equipment) to be installed should be decided in consideration of that and traffic volume other relevant factors.

5-3-5 Road Side Equipment (radio equipment)

(1) The road side equipment (radio equipment) should be capable of exchanging toll transaction data with the on-board unit over the radio communication.

(2) In free-flow applications, the communication zone should cover 16 m longitudinally and 3.5 m x 3 lanes laterally, at a height of 1 m from the ground.

(3) The communication zone for a single lane operation should cover 4 m in the


longitudinal (vehicle travel) direction and 3 m in the lateral direction, at a height of 1 m from the ground.

(4) A single channel is used and communication method is based on a simplex system. (5) The height and width of the installation area of road side equipment (radio

equipment) should be decided by considering the conditions of the toll road operator.

(1) This is as per “Configuration of Road Side System” in 3-2. (2) In a free-flow application, the communication zone should basically cover 16 m

longitudinally and 3.5m x 3 lanes (approx. 10 m) laterally, at a height of 1 m from the ground, to enable three-lane applications. This, however, is subject to change for adaptation to different numbers of lanes and lane widths.

Communication zone

Longitudinal (vehicle travel) direction

6 m

Road surface

Road side equipment (Radio equipment)

3.5 m x 3 lanes

1 m

16 m

Figure. 5-3.1 Communication Zone in a Free-Flow Application (3) In consideration of typical layout of outdoor system components and lane width, the

communication zone for a single-lane operation at toll plazas should cover 4 m in the longitudinal (vehicle travel) direction and 3 m in the lateral direction, at a height of 1m from the ground. Multi-lane applications served with a single road side equipment (radio equipment) are exempted from this coverage requirement.


Communication zone

Longitudinal (vehicle travel) direction

5 m

Road surface

1 m

4 m3 m

Road side equipment (Radio equipment)

Figure. 5-3.2 Communication Zone at a Toll Plaza

(4) The number of channel frequency and communication method used are specified in “2-6 Communication Method” of this document. The specifications for the road side equipment (radio equipment) are outlined in Table 5-3.2.

(5) Regarding the construction standard or lane width of the road, situations in the country, region, road operator and so forth should be taken into consideration.

5-3-6 Enforcement Camera

(1) The enforcement camera captures images of license plates of passing traffic. (2) One camera is installed per lane. (3) The camera can capture the image of license plate at the maximum vehicle speed of

up to 180km/h, with or without road lights.

(1) Cameras are installed to enable monitoring toll evasion in a free-flow system. (2) One camera is installed per lane to capture images of vehicles basically from the

front. (3) License plates of passing traffic are captured by image processing or vehicle detector

trigger. (4) Image processing equipment is an optional system that can automatically read

license plate numbers. 5-3-7 Lane Monitoring Camera

(1) Lane monitoring camera is located where operational situations of lanes can be manually confirmed.

(1) For a single-lane operation at a toll plaza, images of lane are captured for all the

time so office staff will promptly address the situation, when a vehicle is forcibly stopped due to the shortage of account balance.


5-3-8 Road Side Display

(1) The roadside display shows the driver whether passage is allowed or not, the amount of toll to be paid, etc.

(2) Texts and the numbers of letters are selected by the toll road operator.

(1) The roadside display should show the driver on the entrance lane of Closed system whether data transaction is successfully completed or not. The roadside display should show the driver on the exit lane of Closed system or the driver on the lane of Open system the amount of toll to be paid or whether passage is allowed or not.

(2) Considering the availability of a variety of languages and currencies, specifics of display messages should be decided upon situation of the toll road operator.

5-3-9 Automatic Gate

(1) The automatic gate should be capable of opening and closing the lane across the full width.

(2) The automatic gate can be either a single or double swinging type. (3) The time required to complete the action of an automatic gate after receiving a

control signal from road side equipment (control processing equipment) is 0.5s or less.

(1) The automatic gate is intended to ensure correct toll and data transactions for a

single-lane operation at the gate by indicating the driver not to pass or pass the gate by closing or opening the lane. Therefore, the automatic gate should be capable of opening and closing the lane across the full width.

(2) There are two types of automatic gates: single-swing type and double-swing type. Of these two types, the single-swing type is preferable because its piping and wiring works do not need to be installed across the lane. The single-swing type, however, is subjected to greater wind load. Therefore, in windy regions, the possibility of employing double-swing bars should be considered.

(3) As a smooth movement is required for opening and closing a bar in order to order the permission or non-permission for per passing vehicle, the time required to complete the action of an automatic gate after receiving a control signal from road side equipment (control processing equipment) is 0.5s or less.

5-3-10 Vehicle Detector

(1) If used as a trigger to capture the image of passing vehicles’ license plates in free-flow operation, the detector is to be installed at a gantry to enable the detection of each vehicle driving in a row at a maximum speed of 180km/h.

(2) If used to control the closing of a bar of automatic gate in single-lane operation at a toll plaza, the detector can identify each vehicle driving in a row at a maximum speed of 80km/h.


(1) If used in free-flow operation, an enforcement camera must accurately capture the

images of multiple vehicles’ license plates that are driving at a high speed or by keeping a short distance between vehicles. According to this, as a requirement for a vehicle detector, it is set to have a capability of detecting each vehicle driving in a row at a maximum speed of 180km/h.

(2) Vehicle speed in single-lane operation at a toll plaza is slower than the speed for driving a mainline. According to this, as a requirement for a vehicle detector, it is set to have a capability of detecting each vehicle driving in a row at a maximum speed of 80km/h.

5-3-11 Lane Display (optional)

(1) Each toll road operator should decide on what they want to display, texts and the numbers of letters.

(1) The lane display (optional) shows the driver entering the ETC lane the operation

status of the lane. As the language and other elements displayed differ between countries, each toll road operator should decide on the details of their display.

5-3-12 Environmental Conditions

(1) Outdoor system components should comply with the following environmental conditions. IEC60721-3-4 4K2/4Z7/4B1/4C2/4S3/4M4 or above K: Weather conditions, B: Microbial conditions, C: Chemically active substances, S: Mechanically active substances, F: Fouling liquids, M: Mechanical conditions

(2) The same environmental conditions requirements that are applicable to the outdoor system components should be applied to the indoor system components, except the following.

Min. air temperature ：0℃ or above Humidity ：80% or less Precipitation and solar radiation ：No specification

(1) Environmental conditions requirements for outdoor system components should be in

accordance with “IEC 60721-3-4 Classification of environmental conditions – Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities – Stationary use at non-weather protected locations.”

(2) As with the outdoor system components, the environmental conditions requirements

for the indoor system components should be in accordance with “IEC 60721-3-4 Classification of environmental conditions – Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities – Stationary use at non-weather protected locations,” except that: max. air temperature should be 0℃ or above;


humidity should be 80% or less; and there should be no specification for precipitation or solar radiation, assuming that the indoor system components are installed inside air-conditioned buildings.

5-3-13 Reliability

(1) Each device is operated continuously 24 hours per day, seven days per week. The availability should not drop below 99.5%.

(2) Target MTBF should be 0.5×105 hours or more.

(1) Availability should be no less than 99.5% as specified in “ISO14815 Road transport and traffic telematics -- Automatic vehicle and equipment identification -- System specifications.”

(2) Target MTBF should be at least 0.5×105 hours to satisfy the lowest class as specified in “ISO14815 Road transport and traffic telematics -- Automatic vehicle and equipment identification -- System specifications.” Calculation of MTBF should be based on publicized parts failure rates, actual performance data for similar parts, etc. Replaceable drive components are excluded from MTBF target schemes.


Chapter 6 Basic Requirements for Central System 6-1 Applicable Standards

(1) The central system should comply with ISO/IEC and other international standards.

(1) The conformity to ISO/IEC and other international standards is aimed at ensuring common technical and other platforms among all countries and regions where the system is used.

6-2 Configuration

(1) The configuration is capable of connecting all data processing equipment, IC card issuance and account balance control machines, toll payment systems of other operators and others.

(2) If communication networks are not deployed, sending and receiving data between data processing equipment, IC card issuance and account balance control machines, toll payment systems of other operators and others is made off-line by using an exterior storage media.

(3) A redundant structure is set as necessary, to ensure the credibility of the system. (1) This is as per “Overall System Configuration” in 3-1 in this document. (2) A central system is capable of connecting all data processing equipment and IC card

issuance and account balance control machines, in addition to toll payment systems of other operators as necessary, which needs a large communication networks as the ETC system expands. Therefore, as a measure to address a case without well-structured communication networks, off-line data exchange is made between data processing equipment, IC card issuance and account balance control machines, other operators’ toll payment systems and others.

(3) In order to avoid after-the-fact denial by users over the use of service, and to enable the settlement transaction among multiple operators, data collected by a central system must be accurately managed. According to this, as necessary, a central system requires a redundant structure.



(1) The interface with data processing equipment and IC card issuance and account balance control machines should use toll road operators’ own existing communication networks or public lines supported by VAN, and should be built on a star network. TCP/IP IEEE802.3 should be used as the transmission protocol.

(2) The storage should be capable of approx. a two-month period (previous and current months) of storing data that is sent from data processing equipment and IC card issuance and account balance control machines.

(3) Toll tables should be sent out upon each revision to data processing equipment. (4) The central system should be capable of performing the following analyses based on

charging and traffic volume data that are sent from data processing equipment. ・ Daily and monthly cumulative totals ・ Hourly traffic volume ・ Traffic volume by vehicle type (standard-sized, large-sized, etc.) ・ Volume of normal and abnormal (without card insertion) ETC vehicles

(5) To provide for possible long power outage, UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) system should be provided as optional, which prevents system crash such as by sending signals to terminate running applications and shut down OS in normal manners. Also, AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) should be provided in anticipation of possible significant voltage fluctuation.

(6) Self diagnostic function should be provided that automatically detects faults when component malfunction arise.

(1) From the viewpoints of the installation cost of lines as well as ensuring security, the

connection with data processing equipment and IC card issuance and account balance control machine is made based on a network configuration of star-type, by using existing public line networks such as existing in-house communication networks of road operators or VANs.

(2) In order to avoid after-the-fact denial by users over the use of service, data sent from data processing equipment, IC card issuance and account balance control machines (charging data, records of IC card issuance and account balance control transactions, and others) is accumulated for two months (For the month and the previous month).

(3) Toll tables are used to make charging transactions at roadside equipment (control processing equipment), and uniformly managed at a central system in order to implement efficient and assured data management. If toll tables are changed due to the revision of toll rates, the tables are sent to per roadside equipment (control processing equipment) via data processing equipment.

(4) For the effective utilization of data sent from each data processing equipment and IC card issuance and account balance control machines, the central system has a function


to create a statistical data based on charging and traffic volume data sent from per data processing equipment.

(5) For the stable supply of electronics, a permanent power supply and an automatic voltage controller are used.

(6) To make an early detection of loss in function, the system has a self-checking function.


Chapter 7 IC Card Issuance and Account Balance Control Machine

7-1 Applicable Standards

(1) Regardless of country and region, ISO/IEC and other international standards are

adopted to unify the technologies. 7-2 Configuration

(1) IC card issuance and account balance control machine is used to make transactions of

the issuance of prepaid IC cards or the Re-charge of account balance. As it deals with cash transactions, after-the-fact denial by users over the Re-charged amount must be avoided. According to this, the machine connects to a central system to uniformly manage the records of transactions including IC card issuance and account balance control transactions.


(1) Based on the commands written in ISO/IEC 7816 Part4, the machine can read or

write the contactless IC cards consistent to Type A and Type B of ISO/IEC 14443. According to this, reading of the account balance from the data stored in an IC card or writing the balance after the Re-charge to the card are made based on the commands identified in ISO/IEC 7816 Part4.

(1) International standards including ISO/IEC are adopted.

(1) By connecting with a central system, a structure is made possible to send records of IC card issuance or account balance control transactions. However, if communication networks are not deployed, sending data of IC card issuance and account balance control transactions is made off-line by using an exterior storage media.

(1) For the IC cards identified in ISO/IEC 14443, the machine can display the amount of balance as well as write data including the amount after Re-charge, based on the commands written in ISO/IEC 7816 Part4.

(2) Approximately for one month, the records of transactions of IC card issuance as well as account balance control are stored.


(2) When a problem occurs in the network connected to the central system, or the network is not well deployed, off-line data exchange is required by using an exterior storage media. With the consideration of these cases, the machine is capable of storing records of transactions of IC card issuance as well as account balance control approximately for one month.

Basic Requirements Appendix 1 - 1

Appendix 1

Examples of Communication Transaction 1. Definitions of Data

(1) Data Items Defined in ISO14906

AttributeID Attribute Length in

Octet Data Group

0 EFC-ContextMark 6

1 ContractSerialNumber 4

2 ContractValidity 6

Contract

5 ReceiptServicePart 13

36 ReceiptFinancialPart 23

13 ReceiptAuthenticator 8

Receipt

16 VehicleLicencePlateNumber 10

17 VehicleClass 1

18 VehicleDimensions 3

19 VehicleAxles 2

Vehicle

25 EquipmentICC-Id Variable

26 EquipmentStatus 2

Equipment

33 ReceiptData1 28

34 ReceiptData2 28

Receipt

121 ICFile2 30

122 ICFile5 30

46 Acount 4

98 Spare 13

Others


(2) Data Used in Transactions

AttributeID Attribute Length in

Octet +ID+Length

0 EFC-ContextMark 6 -

1 ContractSerialNumber 4 6

2 ContractValidity 6 8

5 ReceiptServicePart 13 15

36 ReceiptFinancialPart 23 25

16 VehicleLicencePlateNumber 10 12

17 VehicleClass 1 3

26 EquipmentStatus 2 4

46 Acount 4 6

(3) Data Exchanged at Entrance / Exit Data to get (at entrance / exit) Data to set (at entrance)

ContractSerialNumber ContractValidity

ReceiptServicePart

+Authenticator

ReceiptServicePart EquipmentStatus VehicleLicencePlateNumber ReceiptFinancialPart VehicleClass ReceiptFinancialPart At the entrance, Acount is sent out from RSE as part of charging information. 2. Service Primitives

Service primitives in ISO14906 that are used in transactions No. Request Response 1 Get_Stamped.rq Get_Stamped.rs 2 Transfer_Channel.rq Transfer_Channel.rs 3 Set_Stamped.rq Set_Stamped.rs 4 Debid.rq Debid.rs 5 Set_Mmi.rq Set_Mmi.rs


3. Example of Transactions (closed system)

(1) Entrance

RSE OBU ICC

ICC insertion

BST

BST

VST

Get_Stamped.rq(ContractSerialNumber etc.)

Get_Stamped.rs(data)

Transfer_Channel.rq(Get(Challenge))

Transfer_Channel.rs(Challenge)

Transfer_Channel.rq(Set(Authentication))

Transfer_Channel.rs(AuthenticationResponse)

Set_Stamped.rq(ReceitServicePart etc.)

Set_Stamped.rs

Set_Mmi.rq(OK)

Set_Mmi.rs

Transfer_Channel.rq(InternalAuthentication)

Transfer_Channel.rs(InternalAuthenticatinResponse)

Internal Authentication

SELECT

ATS

Get Challenge

Response

External Authentication

Response

Response


(2) Exit

ICC insertion

RSE OBU ICC

BST

BST

VST

Get_Stamped.rq(ReceitServicePart VehcleClass etc.)

Transfer_Channel.rq(InternalAuthentication)

Transfer_Channel.rq(Get(Challenge))

Get_Stamped.rs(data)

Transfer_Channel.rs(InternalAuthenticatinResponse)

Transfer_Channel.rs(Challenge)

Transfer_Channel.rq(Set(Authentication))

Transfer_Channel.rs(data) Response

External Authentication

Response

Get Challenge

Response

Internal Authentication

ATS

SELECT

Set_Mmi.rq(OK)

Set_Mmi.rs

・・・


Appendix 2

Features and Transaction Performance of Active System 1. Summary Active system has, different from passive system, an in-built oscillator in the on-board unit to enable two-way road-to-vehicle communication based on direct wave, which has the following features. As it can secure a wider communication zone (at a maximum of 30m) in

comparison with passive system, the active system can establish the following communication zones depending of the purpose of use, by changing roadside antennas and transmission power.

Singe ETC lane (Communication zone : 4m) ETC multilane (Communication zone : 16m) ITS multilane (Communication zone : ～30m)

Especially for ETC case, high reliability in transaction is achieved as direct wave

is also used for uplink. In addition, compared to passive system in which a single antenna usually communicates with a single vehicle due to the restraint in communication zone, the communication frame of active system is structured on condition that a single roadside antenna communicates with multiple vehicles as the system can secure wider communication zone. 2. Structure of Communication Frame Active system (ARIB STD-T75) adopts Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) so as to enable communication between a single roadside antenna and multiple vehicles simultaneously. Figure Appendix 2.1 shows a structure of communication frame adopted by ARIB STD-T75. This frame is time-shared by a fixed-length section called slot, in which slots are allocated respectively for communication and control. Communication slots consist of MDSs that exchange data between roads and vehicles, and multiple MDSs are positioned in the communication frame to enable simultaneous communication with multiple vehicles. Slots for control include necessary control information for road-to-vehicle communication, and consist of FCMS, which stores structural information of


communication frame sent by roadside radio equipments and usage data of communication slots, and ACTS that sends a signal requesting communication access from on-board units for access to roadside radio equipments.

FCM S ACTS M DS M DS M DS

Slot Com m unication fram e

FCM S: Fram e Control M essage Slot M DS: M essage Data Slot ACTS: Activation Slot

Figure Appendix 2.1 Structure of Communication Frame (ARIB STD-T75) Figure Appendix 2.2 shows the image of road-to-vehicle communication based on this communication frame. In this figure, a single roadside radio equipment simultaneously communicates with three on-board units, while receiving an access request from the fourth on-board unit.

FCMS

Receive a frame control

message OBU-A

OBU-B

OBU-C

MDS (OBE-B)

MDS (OBE-A)

MDS (OBE-C) ACTS


message


message

Send data (Uplink)

FCMS MDS (OBE-B)

MDS (OBE-A)

Send data (Uplink)

Receive data (Downlink）

RSE

Receive data (Downlink)

Send data (Uplink)

OBU-D


message

Send an access

request


message


message


message


message

Figure Appendix 2.2 Example of Road-to-Vehicle Communication


3. Transaction Performance 3.1 Calculation of Transaction (1) Conditions of calculation

・Transaction：Exit transaction shown in Appendix 1 ・Random numbers: 128 bits ・Authentication data: 8 bytes

(2) Communication time ・RSE communication time : 31.2 ms (Simultaneous communication with three

vehicles) ・OBU communication time : 31.2 ms

(3) Processing time ・RSE processing time : 21 ms (assumption) (Simultaneous communication with

three vehicles) ・OBU processing time : 24 ms (assumption) ・IC card processing time : 20ms (assumption)

(4) Total time The total time required for communication and procession described above equals to 127.4 ms.

3.2 Actual Transaction The calculation result in the section 3.1 shows minimum necessary time for communication and transaction, however, it needs to include time for retry and other actions when communication errors occur. Considering this point, Case 2 of transaction time is shown in Table Appendix 2.1, by assuming communication time as 1.5 times of the necessary time. When a card used for public transport is applied to ETC, PSAM (Purse SAM), which is usually supplied by the card company, needs to be installed inside the roadside unit to make transaction processing. Transaction time of this case is also shown in Table Appendix 2.1 as Case3, by setting transaction time in PSAM as 75ms. Transaction time for passive system is unclear, however, according to an examination report from the Transport for London (TfL), the time required for PSAM was reported as 220ms, which is almost the same when compared to active system. (See Reference) In addition, transaction time of a passive system in the production catalogue of a Chinese company is set as 200～250ms (depending on OBU model), which is almost the same value as the transaction time above.


OBU Type

Necessary Time

Passive System (2PC)

Active System （2PC）

Remarks

Case１ -- 127.4ms*１ Minimum time

Case２ -- 158.6ms ×1.5 Assumed value for communication time

Case３ 220ms*２

233.6ms (Approx. 240ms)

Operation time considered including PSAM*4

200-250ms*3

Table Appendix 2.1 Transaction Time

*1：Based on Section 3.1. *2：Based on report from Transport for London（TfL）（See Reference） *3：Based on a production catalog of a Chinese company

(http://www.genvict.com/en/page.asp?cId=13) *4：PASM (Purse SAM) is a module for security transaction concerning

electronic money. Usually installed within a RSU. 3.3 Relationship Between Communication Zone and Vehicle Speed

Following the explanation above, relationship between communication zone and vehicle speed is shown in Figure Appendix 2.3 by setting transaction time as an average value of 230ms.


Communication Area vs. Processable Speedin Case of 2PC-OBU

both for Active and Passive Communication

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Communication Area(m)

Pro

cess

abl

e S

peed(

Km

/h)

Figure Appendix 2.3 Relationship Between Communication Zone and Vehicle Speed

4. Conclusion Above leads us to the followings conclusions.

・In a passive system, communication zone is projected to be around 6m, as the

roadside antenna receives reflected waves from OBU. The allowable vehicle speed is around 90km/h for a two-piece passive type OBU with an IC card, which is difficult for use at free-flow traffic on expressways where maximum vehicle speed is 180km/h.

・In contrast, active system can secure 15m or more communication zone as the

communication antenna receives direct waves from OBU. Therefore, an active type OBU is sufficient enough for use at free-flow traffic on expressways where maximum vehicle speed is 180km/h.

・Communication zone for a single roadside antenna of passive system to

secure almost equals to a width of a single vehicle lane. When applying passive system in building a free-flow system, roadside antenna is required as the same number as those of vehicle lanes. On the other hand, a single roadside antenna of active system can secure a width enough to cover around three vehicle lanes. Consequently, active system

Communication Area of Passive

Communication Area of Active


allows a free-flow system to be built with less number of roadside equipment compared to passive system (See Figure Appendix 2.4 ).

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

Number of Lane

Req

uir

ed n

um

ber

of er

uip

men

tPassive

Acvtive

Figure Appendix 2.4 Required Number of Road Side Equipment

<Reference> A Comparison of Transaction Time by OBU type for Passive System Transaction time including processing time for a card has been reported in the material currently reviewed at Transport for London (TfL). According to this report, 220ms is required for procession including IC card and PSAM transaction time, as well as a need for wide communication zone and constraints in vehicle speed.


引用：Congestion charging technology trials, Stage 2 final report October 2006 (TfL 発行) Source (TfL) Source : Congestion charging technology trials, Stage 2 final report October 2006 (TfL)


Appendix 3

Specifications of Communication Circuit Design for Free-flow Communication Zone in Global ETC System

１．Summary In building a free-flow ETC system, a free-flow communication zone is assumed. A standard free-flow communication zone is designed as a height of 1m from ground, a length of 16m toward traveling direction, and a width of 3.5m per ETC lane for three lanes. Based on these conditions, a specification for communication circuit design shown in this section is designed. For the actual implementation of the specification, an ETC service zone as shown in Figure Appendix 3.1 is designed by securing a width of 10.5m (equal to a width of three lanes) toward traveling direction coupled with a length of 16m toward traveling direction and by adapting transmission power and sensitivity of reception on the side of roadside radio communication units to make the margin of this circuit design as close to ’0dB, as possible. In addition, ETC OBU antennas are designed to be installed at the height of 1m above ground, with ETC roadside radio communication units installed at 6m above ground from the center of a lane width. Consequently, within the communication zone designed based on the ETC system conditions, there will be no obstacle to operate the system in terms of communication circuit design. 2. Calculation Base Point for Communication Circuit Design Figure Appendix 3.1 shows the calculation base points. In this section, the calculation is made by setting two points including P1, the antenna direction as antenna boresight, and P2, the furthest end of a communication zone. The conditions of installing roadside radio communication units are a height of 6m from ground plus a degree of 55°from ground as an installation degree.


Figure Appendix 3.1 Global ETC Communication Zone and Calculation Base Points for Communication Circuit Design

3. Specifications of Communication Circuit Design Specifications of communication circuit design are shown below in terms of Global ETC communication zone as well as calculation base points of communication circuit design (P1, P2) in the Table Appendix 3.1.

P2

P1

Traveling direction


Communication zone

Road surface

3.5m×3 lanes


Table Appendix 3.1 Specifications of Communication Circuit Design for Global ETC Free-Flow Zone（Part１） : Downlink (1) Circuit Design of Free-Flow ETC : Downlink

Point : p1 Point : p2 Point : p1 Point : p2

Frequency (MHz) 5,795

Antenna direction Zone end Antenna direction Zone end Remarks

TYP TYP MIM MIN

Trasmission power (mW) 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00

Trasmission power (dBm) 14.77 14.77 14.77 14.77

Attenuator to adjust transmission Power (dB) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

H/W Loss in transmission systems (dB) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Antenna gain in transmission (dBi) 12.80 12.80 12.80 12.80

Transmission e.i.r.p. (dBme.i.r.p.) 22.57 22.57 22.57 22.57

Variation in transmission power (dB) 0.00 0.00 3.01 3.01

Reduction in antenna gain in trasmission (dB) 0.00 7.00 0.00 7.00

Transmission distance (m) 7.07 18.17 7.07 18.17

Transmission loss (dBm) -64.69 -72.89 -64.69 -72.89

Variation margin (dB) 3.00 3.00 5.10 5.10

Reception e.i.r.p. (dBme.i.r.p.) -45.12 -60.32 -47.22 -62.42

Antenna gain in ETC OBU (dBi) 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

Loss in RF cable (dB) 1 1 1 1

Reduction in antenna gain (dB) 3 3 3 3

Input level of receiver (dBm) -43.12 -58.32 -45.22 -60.42

Threshold (dBm) -60.50 -60.50 -60.50 -60.50

Marigin for circuit design (dB) 17.38 2.18 15.28 0.08


Table Appendix 3.2 Specifications of Communication Circuit Design for Global ETC Free-Flow Zone（Part2） : Uplink (2) Circuit Design of Free-Flow ETC : Uplink

Point : p1 Point : p2 Point : p1 Point : p2

Frequency (MHz) 5,835

Antenna direction Zone end Antenna direction Zone end Remarks

TYP TYP MIM MIN

Trasmission power (mW) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

Trasmission power (dBm) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

Loss in RF cable (dB) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Antenna gain in ETC OBU (dBi) 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

Reduction in antenna gain in trasmission (dB) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Variation in transmission power (dB) 0.00 0.00 3.01 3.01

Transmission e.i.r.p. (dBme.i.r.p.) 12.00 12.00 8.99 8.99

Transmission distance (m) 7.07 18.17 7.07 18.17

Transmission loss (dBm) -64.69 -72.89 -64.69 -72.89

Variation margin (dB) 3.00 3.00 5.10 5.10

Antenna gain in transmission (dBi) 12.80 12.80 12.80 12.80

Reduction in antenna gain in reception (dB) 0.00 7.00 0.00 7.00

Attenuator to adjust reception Power (dB) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

H/W Loss in reception systems (dB) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Input level of receiver (dBm) -53.89 -69.09 -59.00 -74.20

Threshold (dBm) -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00

Marigin for circuit design (dB) 21.11 5.91 16.00 0.80

Basic Requirements for Global ETC July 2007 Ver1.0 Edited by: Global ETC Promotion Group

Published by: Highway Industry Development Organization Sumitomo Fudosan Building 2F Tsukiji 7-17-1, Chuo Ward, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan TEL +81-3-3545-6633 FAX +81-3-3545-6660 http://www.hido.or.jp/ITSHP_e/

No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written permission of Highway Industry Development Organization

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Basic Requirements for Global ETC Ver. 1.0

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