FILTRATION BASICS SHORT COURSE

Basic Solid/Liquid Separation&Basic Gas/Air FiltrationAmerican Filtration & Separation SocietyMarch 24, 2014Houston, TX10-2InstructorsWU CHENDow ChemicalB-1603Freeport, TX 77541e-mail: wuchen@dow.comERNEST MAYERE. Mayer Filtration Consulting, LLC806 Highfield DriveWilmington, DE 19713e-mail: emayer6@verizon.netDONALD KRAUSEFlow Ezy Filters, Inc.PO Box 1749Ann Arbor, MI 48106e-mail: donkrause@flowezyfilters.comSolid/Liquid Separation (in alphabetical order)20-3InstructorsGas/Air Filtration (in alphabetical order)KYUNG-JU CHOIAAF International215 Central Ave.Louisville, KY 40408e-mail: kchoi@aafintl.comTIM JOHNSONTSI Incorporated500 Cardigan RoadSt. Paul, MNe-mail: tim.johnson@tsi.comTHAD PTAKColumbus Industries2938 State Route 752Ashville, OH 43103-0257e-mail: tptak@colind.net3Now is Your Term to Introduce YourselfName

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Please give usyour feedback.6Chapter 1INTRODUCTION71-21-1 Introduction Global Market~US$ 20-40 BillionFiltrationused in many aspects of our lives81-3Filtration = Filter Media ?Fluid/Particle SeparationFiltrationFilter Media9Fluid/Particle Systems

Powder TechnologySolids ProcessingParticle TechnologyFluid/Particle Processing1-41-2 Fluid/Particle Systems Overview 101-5IncludeParticle FormationMixingSeparationsClassificationStorage TransportSize Reduction/ EnlargementDust Explosion, SafetyEtc.Fluid/Particle Systems111-2-1 Fluid/Particle SeparationsSolid-Liquid Separation(Liquid Filtration)

Gas/Air Filtration(Solid-Gas Separation)

Liquid-Gas Separation

Liquid-Liquid Separation1-6121-7Solid/Liquid SeparationSolid/Gas SeparationLiquid FiltrationAir FiltrationFiltrationSeparationFiltrationSeparationFluid/Particle Separation131-7Solid/Liquid SeparationSolid/Gas SeparationLiquid FiltrationAir FiltrationFiltrationSeparationSeparation with a filter medium Separation without a filter mediumFiltrationSeparationFluid/Particle Separation141-2-2 Solid/Gas Separation1-8-Solid/gas separation can be further divided into two major areas - filtration and separation depending on whether a filter medium is used.

-As filtration is the dominant mechanism in solid/gas separation and most applications involve air, the term air filtration is often used to refer to this technology. 151-9Solid/Gas SeparationFiltrationSeparationDirect SievingIndirect InterceptionInertiaElectrostaticCentrifugal (cyclone)-There are two key filtration mechanisms, direct sieving and indirect interceptions. *In direct sieving, the particles are larger than the openings of the filter medium and are filtered out. *The more commonly encountered filtration mechanism in gas filtration is indirect interception where the particles are collected by the filter media by inertial impaction, diffusion (Brownian motion), interception, and electrostatic effects.-In addition to filtration, there are also separation methods without filter media. These methods utilize inertia, electrostatic or centrifugal forces to achieve solid/gas separation.161-2-3 Solid/Liquid Separation1-10Solid/Liquid SeparationFiltrationSeparationStrainingCake FiltrationDepth FiltrationCross Flow FiltrationGravity Settling Centrifugal SettlingFlotationOthers (magnetic)-Solid/liquid separation technology can also be divided into filtration and separation. -Depending on the filtration mechanism, there are four sub-categories in liquid filtration.171-11Filtration MechanismsStrainingCake FiltrationDepth FiltrationCross Flow Filtration1-12*The simplest filtration mechanism is straining where particles are caught on the medium by direct sieving. Particles larger than medium openings are filtered out. *The second mechanism is cake filtration where the number of particles is high enough to form a particle bed called the filter cake. This cake becomes the primary filter medium and the original filter medium is not as important in the particle capture. *Sometimes the filter media are thick so the particles are caught inside the filter media. This type of filtration is called depth filtration. *Very fine particles tend to form a dense cake and retard the filtration rate, in these cases cross flow filtrations are commonly used to keep the particles from forming a cake. This technique is used by most membrane filters since they are used to separate very fine particles. 19Field Separation MechanismsGravity SettlingCentrifugal SettlingFlotationair bubbles-Particles can be separated from liquid without a filter medium.1-13-Beside filtration, solid/liquid separation can also be accomplished by methods without a filter medium. -The methods utilize gravitational or centrifugal forces where the particles are separated due to their density differences from the liquid phase. -Flotation, also utilizes gravitational force but the particles are made lighter than the liquid phase by attaching air bubbles to particles so they float to the top and are separated. -There are other field forces like magnetic and electrostatic forces used for separating particles from liquid streams. -Unlike solid/gas separation, the mechanisms of filtration and separation are equally used and none of the applications dominate the field of solid/liquid separation. Therefore, the commonly used term of liquid filtration is not a good representative term for solid/liquid separation.211-2-4 The Complexity of Fluid/Particle Separation1-14Example with Cake FiltrationGravityCentrifugalCake FiltersVacuumPressureCompressionBatch- nutscheContinuous- belt- tipping panBatch- nutsche- leafSemi-continuous- flat bedContinuous- drum- disc- table- belt- tipping panTank- nutsche- leaf- tray- candleFilter Press- plate and frame- chamberSemi -continuous- flat bed- towerContinuous- drum- disc- specialBatch- diaphragm - horizontal diaphragm- tubularContinuous- belt- screwBatch- vertical basket- peeler- invertingContinuous- pusher- worm screen- vibratory screen- screen bowl221-3 Examples of Applications 1-15ReactionCrystallizationSolid/LiquidSeparationSolidsTransferSolidsStorageChemical ProcessingGas Filtration231-16Wastewater TreatmentPrimary ClarifierSolid-LiquidSeparationSolids DisposalWastewatersludgeBiologicalTreatmentSecondaryClarifierTertiaryClarifierSolid-LiquidSeparationWaterDischargeSolid-GasSeparationwater241-17Beer BrewingMaltMillMeshingWort KettleHops SeparatorWort CoolerAging & CO22FermenterChillerP-6Mesh FilterYeast Filterbottle or kegAir FilterSolid-Liquid Separations BooksL. Svarovsky, Solid-Liquid Separation, 3rd ed., Butterworths, 1990.

D. Purchas, Solid-Liquid Separation Technology, Uplands Press, Croydon, 1981

D. Purchas and R. Wakeman, Solid-Liquid Separation Equipment Scaleup, 2nd ed. Upland Press, Croydon, 1986

M.E. Fayed, Handbook of Powder Science and Technology, 2ed ed., Chapman & Hall, 1997

R.H. Perry, D.W. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007

1-181-4 Resources26Gas Filtration BooksK. R. Spurny, Advances in Aerosol Filtration, Lewis, New York, 1998.

W. C. Hinds, "Aerosol Technology" Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles", John Wiley & Sons, 1982

R.C. Brown, "Air Filtration", Pergamon Press , 1993

C.N. Davis,"Air Filtration", Academic Press, 1973

Clyde Orr,"Filtration, Principles and Practices Part-I", Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1977

ASHRAE Handbook, 1999 (HVAC Applications), 2000 (HVAC Systems and Equipment), 2001(Fundamentals).

1-1927JournalsFiltration - The Filtration Society and American Filtration & Separation Society

Filtration and Separation - Elsevier (212) 633-3730

Filtration News - Free for AFS members (248) 347-3486 (800) 783-3491.

Other related journals include: Separation Science & Technology; AIChE J; Chemical Engineering Science; Separation & Purification;TAPPI;

1-2028OrganizationsAmerican Filtration & Separation Society www.afssociety.org (612) 861-1277

American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

North American Membrane Society (NAMES)

Others (TAPPI, INDA, ASHRAE, ACS, ASTM, ANSI, NFPA, SAE, etc.)1-2129